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Personal Names Around the World by Richard Ishida, W3C

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Personal Names Around the World by Richard Ishida, W3C Global-Z Report Personal Names Around The World By Richard Ishida, W3C People who create web QUESTION forms, databases, or How do people’s names differ around the world, and what are the ontologies are often implications of those differences on the design of forms, databases, ontologies, etc. for the Web? unaware how different people’s names can be People who create web forms, databases, or ontologies are often unaware how different people’s names can be in other countries. They build their forms or in other countries. databases in a way that assumes too much on the part of foreign users. This article will first introduce you to some of the different styles used for personal names, and then some of the possible implications for handling those on the Web. This article doesn’t provide all the answers – the best answer will vary according to the needs of the application, and in most cases, it may be difficult to find a ‘perfect’ solution. It attempts to mostly sensitize you to some of the key issues by way of an introduction. The examples and advice shown relate mostly to Web forms and databases. Many of the concepts are, however, also worth considering for ontology design, though we won’t call out specific examples here. Thank you to the W3C. Reprinted with permission. http://www.w3.org/Consortium/ Legal/2015/doc-license 395 Shields Drive, Bennington, VT 05201 USA - globalz.com - [email protected] - 1.802.445.1011 Global-Z Report SCENARIOS Björk’s father, Guðmundur, was the son of Gunnar, so is known as There are a couple of key scenarios to Guðmundur Gunnarsson. consider. Icelanders prefer to be called by their 1. You are designing a form in a given name (Björk), or by their full single language (let’s assume name (Björk Guðmundsdóttir). Björk English) that people from wouldn’t normally expect to be called around the world will be Ms. Guðmundsdóttir. Telephone filling in. directories in Iceland are sorted by given name. 2. You are designing a form in one language but the form will Other cultures where a person has one be adapted to suit the cultural given name followed by a patronymic differences of a given locale include parts of Southern India, when the site is translated. Malaysia and Indonesia. In reality, you will probably not be In the Malay name Isa bin Osman able to localize for every different the word ‘bin’ means ‘son of’ (‘binti’ culture, so even if you rely on is used for women). If you refer to approach 2, some people will still use this person you might say Mr. Isa, or a form that is not intended specifically if you know him personally, Encik Isa for their culture. (Encik is a Malay word rather like Mr.). EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENCES Different order of parts To get started, let’s look at some examples of how people’s names can In the Chinese name 毛泽东 (Mao be different around the world. Ze Dong) the family name is Mao, ie. the first name when reading (left to Given name and patronymic right). The given name is Dong. The middle character, Ze, is a generational In the Icelandic name Björk name, and is common to all his Guðmundsdóttir Björk is the given siblings (such as his brothers and name. The second part of the name sister, 毛泽民 (Mao Ze Min), 毛泽 indicates the father’s (or sometimes 覃 (Mao Ze Tan), and 毛泽紅 (Mao the mother’s) name, followed by ‑son Ze Hong)). for a male and ‑dóttir for a female, and is more of a description than a Among people who are not on family name in the Western sense. familiar terms, Mao may be referred 395 Shields Drive, Bennington, VT 05201 USA - globalz.com - [email protected] - 1.802.445.1011 2 Global-Z Report to as 毛泽东先生 (Mao Ze Dong xiān Brazilians have similar customs, and Spanish-speaking shēng) or 毛先生 (Mao xiān shēng) may even have three or four family (xiān shēng being the equivalent of names, drawing on the names of people will commonly Mr.). Although not everyone has other ancestors, such as José Eduardo have two family names. a generational name these days, Santos Tavares Melo Silva. especially in Mainland China, those who do have one expect it to be used Typically, two Spanish family together with their given name. Thus, names would have the order if you are on familiar terms with paternal+maternal, whereas someone called 毛泽东, you would Portuguese names in Brazil would normally refer to them using 泽东 (Ze be maternal+paternal. However, this Dong), not just 东 (Dong). order may change. Note also that the names are not Furthermore, some names add short separated by spaces. words, such as de or e between family names, such as Carreño de Quiñones, Other cultures, such as in Japan, or Tavares e Silva. Korea, and Hungary, also order names as family name followed by Variant word forms given name(s). We already saw that the patronymic Chinese people who deal with in Iceland ends in ‑son or ‑dóttir, Westerners will often adopt an depending on whether the child additional given name that is easier is male or female. Russians use for Westerners to use. For example, patronymics as their middle name but Yao Ming (family name Yao, given also use family names, in the order name Ming) may write his name for givenName‑patronymic‑familyName. foreigners as Fred Yao Ming or Fred The endings of the patronymic and Ming Yao. family names will indicate whether the person in question is male or Multiple family names female. For example, the wife of Борис Николаевич Ельцин Spanish‑speaking people will (Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin) is commonly have two family names. Наина Иосифовна Ельцина For example, María-Jose Carreño (Naina Iosifovna Yeltsina) – note Quiñones may be the daughter of how the husband’s names end in Antonio Carreño Rodríguez and consonants, while the wife’s names María Quiñones Marqués. (even the patronymic from her father) end in ‑a. You would refer to her as Señorita Carreño, not Señorita Quiñones. 395 Shields Drive, Bennington, VT 05201 USA - globalz.com - [email protected] - 1.802.445.1011 3 Global-Z Report Middle initials apellidos, became Pérez Quiñones because his father’s apellidos were Americans often write their name Pérez Rodríguez and his mother’s with a middle initial, for example, apellidos were Quiñones Alamo. John Q. Public. Often forms In time, he courted a girl with the designed in the USA assume that this apellidos Padilla Falto. When they is common practice, whereas even in married, her apellidos became Padilla the UK, where people may indeed de Pérez. Their children were called have (one or more) middle names, Pérez Padilla, and so on. The point this is often seen as a very American here is that only the children in the approach. People in other countries family have the same apellidos. who have more than two names and I have slightly changed Manuel’s don’t usually initialise them may be name here. In fact, he typically spells confused about how to deal with such his name with a hyphen (Pérez‑ forms. Bear in mind, also, that many Quiñones) to get around confusion in people who do use an initial in their the USA about how his name works. name may use it at the beginning. Others may do this too. Inheritance of names You should also not simply assume that name adoption goes from It would be wrong to assume that husband to wife. Sometimes men take members of the same family share their wife’s name on marriage. It may the same family name. There is a be better, in these cases, for a form growing trend in the West for wives to to say ‘Previous name’ than ‘Maiden keep their own name after marriage, name’ or ‘née’. but there are other cultures, such as China, where this is the normal Mixing it up approach. In some countries the wife may or may not take the husband’s Many cultures mix and match these name. If the Malay girl Zaiton differences in personal names, and married Isa, mentioned above, she add their own novelties. may remain Mrs. Zaiton, or she may choose to become Zaiton Isa, in which For example, Velikkakathu Sankaran case you might refer to her as Mrs. Isa. Achuthanandan is a Kerala name from Southern India, usually written Some Hispanic names approach this V. S. Achuthanandan which follows slightly differently. In 1996 Manuel the order familyName‑fathersName‑ A. Pérez Quiñones described the givenName. names in his family. As mentioned above, his family names, known as In many parts of the world, parts of names are derived from titles, 395 Shields Drive, Bennington, VT 05201 USA - globalz.com - [email protected] - 1.802.445.1011 4 Global-Z Report locations, genealogical information, Shinawatra has the nickname In Thailand people have caste, religious references, and so on. Maew (แม้ว). Often they will have Here are a few examples: different nicknames for family a nickname, that is and friends. usually not related to • the Indian name Kogaddu Birappa Timappa Nair follows In Vietnam, names such as their actual name, and the order villageName- Nguyễn Tấn Dũng follow the will generally use this fathersName‑givenName- order familyName‑middleName‑ lastName. givenName. Although this seems name to address each • the Rajasthani name similar to the Chinese example above, Aditya Pratap Singh Chauhan even in a formal situation this Prime other in non-formal is composed of givenName‑ Minister of Vietnam is referred to situations.
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