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Mughal Empire (1526-40 and 1555- 1857)

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Mughal Empire (1526-40 and 1555- 1857) Mughal Empire (1526-40 and 1555- 1857) The Mughal empire was one of the greatest empires that ruled over India for over 300 years. Rules of Mughal Empire are given below. Babur (1526-30) • The Mughal empire was founded by Babur after defeating Ibrahim Lodhi in the battle of Panipat on April 21, 1526. • In 1527, Babur defeated Rana Sanga of Mewar at Khanwa which is known as the battle of Khanwa. • In 1528, he defected Medani Rai of Chaneri at Chanderi and which is known as the battle of Chanderi. • In 1529, he defected Muhammad Lodhi (uncle of Ibrahim Lodhi) at Ghaghra. • In 1530, he died at Agra. • Babur tomb is at Kabul. • He wrote his autobiography Tuzuk-i-Baburi in Turki. Humayun (1530-40 and 1555-56) • Humayun was the son of Babur and ascended the throne in 1530. • He fought two battles against Sher Shah at Chausa (1539) and at Kannauj/Bilgram (1540) and was completely defeated by him. • He escaped to Iran where he passed 12 years of his life in exile. • After Sher Shah’s death, Humayun invaded India in 1555 and defeated his brothers the Afghans. He once again became the ruler of India. • He died while climbing down the stairs of his library (at Din Panah) in 1556 and buried in Delhi. • His sister Gulbadan Begum, wrote his biography Humayunama. • He built Din Panah at Delhi as his second capital. Sur Empire (Second Afghan Empire): 1540-55 Sher Shah Suri (1540-45) • Sher Shah was son of Hasan Khan, the Jagirdar of Sasaram. • He established the Suri empire and took control of the Mughal empire after defeating Humayun is 1538 AD. He issued the first Rupiya from Taka and reorganized the postal system of the Indian sub-continent. • He revived the historical city of Pataliputra as Patna. • He extended the Grand Trunk Road from Chittagong to Kabul. He built Purana Qila and Qila-i-kuhna mosque in the periphery of Purana Qila in Delhi. • He died during the siege of the kalinjar fort and buried at Sasaram, mausoleum of Sher Shah. • He was succeeded by son Islam Shah Suri. At the Battle of Sirhind in 1555, with last Suri King Sikandar Shah Suri, Humayun re-established the Mughal Empire. Akbar (1556-1605) • Akbar was the greatest ruler of the Mughal Empire. He was the eldest son of Humayun, ascended the throne under the title of Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar Badshah Ghazi at the young age of 14 at Kalanaur, Punjab, and hist tutor Bairam Khan was appointed as the regent. • The Second Battle of Panipat (5 Nov 1556) was fought between Hemu and Bairam Khan, Hemu was defeated, captured, and slain by Bairam Khan. • Akbar has ended the regency of Bairam Khan in 1560 and at the age of 18 assumed the reigns of the kingdom. • Akbar abolished Jaziya (AD 1564), Built Lbadat Khana (Hall of prayer) at Fatehpur Sikri and formulated religious order Din-e-Illahi (AD 1582). • Akbar Introduced the Manasabdari system (holder of rank) to organise mobility and army. Chand Bibi (queen of Ahmednagar) opposed Emperor Akbar. • The battle of Haldighati (1576) was fought between Rana Pratap of Mewar and Mughal Army led by Man Singh of Amer. Rana Pratap was defeated but he did not submit and continued the struggle. Important Point to Remember: Akbar built:- Fatehpur Sikri, Agra Fort, Lahore Fort, and Allahabad Fort, and Humayun’s Tomb at Delhi. Navaratna i.e. nine jewels of Akbar: 1. Birbal (administrator), 2. Abul Fazal (scholar and statesman), 3. Faizi (scholar and statesman, brother of Abul Fazl) 4. Todarmal (Finance Minister, Dahsala Bandobast/Jabti) 5. Bhagwandas (Mansabdar, son of Bharmal) 6. Man Singh (Mansabdar, son of Bharmal) 7. Tansen (Musician) 8. Abdur Rahim Khanekhana (Statesman, Hindi poet) 9. Mulla Do Pyaja Tulsidas (Ramcharitamanas) also lived during Akbar’s period. When Akbar died, he was buried at sikandara near Agra. Akbar is considered the real founder of the Mughal empire in India. Akbar was the first Mughal ruler who divorced religion from politics. Birbal was killed in the battle with Yusufzai Tribe (1586). Abul Fazi was murdered by Bir Singh Bundela (1601). Akbar gave Mughal India one official language (Persian). Jahangir (1605-27) • Jahangir became the next Mughal ruler after Akbar’s death in 1605. He issued 12 ordinances. • He is known for his strict administration of Justice. He established Zanjir-i-Adal (i.e. Chain of Justice) at Agra Fort for the seekers of royal justice. • English merchants captain Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roy visited the court of Jahangir and East India Company was established in India during his reign. • In 1611, Jahangir married Mihar-un-nisa, widow of Sher Afghan, a Persian nobleman of Bengal. Later on she was given the title Nurjahan. • He wrote his memoirs Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri in Persian. • He was buried in Lahore. Shahjahan (1628-58) • Shahjahan’s mother’s name was Jagat Gosai/Jodha Bai (daughter of Raja Jagat Singh). • Shahjahan ascended the throne in 1628 after his father’s death. • Three years after his accession, his beloved wife Mumtaj Mahal (original name – Arzumand Bano) died in 1631. To perpetuate her memory, he built the Taj Mahal at Agra in 1623-53. • In 1631-31, he defeated the Portuguese. War of Succession War of Bahadurpur, Near Banaras Feb, 1658 Dura and Shah Shuja War of Dharmat, Near Ujjain April, 1658 Dara and Aurangzeb-Murad War of Sumugarh, Near Agra May, 1658 Dara and Aurangzeb-Murad War of Khajua, Near Allahabad Dec, 1658 Aurangzeb and Shah Shuja War of Deorai, Near Ajmer Mar, 1659 Aurangzeb and Dara Aurangzeb: 1658-1707 • Aurangzeb defeated Dara at Dharmat (1658), Samugarh (1658) and Deorai in which Samugarh was decisive one and Deorai was last one. • After the victory, Aurangzeb was crowned at Delhi under the title Alamgir. He ruled for 50 years till his death in Feb 1707 in Ahmadnagar. • Aurangzeb captured Guru Teg Bahadur, the 9th Guru of Sikhs in 1675 and executed him when he refused to embrace Islam. The 10th and last Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, son of Guru Teg Bahadur, organized his followers into a community of warrior called Khalsa to fight the Muslim tyranny and avenge the killing of his father, Guru Gobind Singh was, however, assassinated in 1708 by an Afghan at Nander in Deccan. Banda Bairagi, a trusted disciple of Guru Gobind Singh continued the war against Mughals. • Aurangzeb left the North in 1682 and for the next 25 year (1682-1707) made desperate bids to crush the Marathas. • Aurangzeb died in 1707. He was buried at Khuldabed (Daulatabad). • He was called Zinda Pir, the living saint. Important Years of Aurangzeb’s religious policy 1659 Forbade inscription of kalama on the coins, celebration of Nauroj Festival, Appointment of Muhatasib. 1663 Ban on Sati custom 1668 Ban of Hindu Festival 1669 Ban on Jharokha darshan, Forbade music in the court. 1670 Ban on Tuladan (weighing of the emperor) 1679 Re-introduction of Jaziya. For more visit :- https://educagk.com .
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