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History of Medieval India from 1000-1707 A.D DHIS102 History of Medieval India From 1000-1707 A.D DHIS102 Edited by Dr. Manu Sharma Dr. Santosh Kumar HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL INDIA FROM 1000–1707 A.D. Edited By: Dr Manu Sharma and Dr Santosh Kumar Printed by LAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD. 113, Golden House, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 for Lovely Professional University Phagwara SYLLABUS History of Medieval India from 1000–1707 A.D. Objectives • To expand students knowledge in the field of medieval India and to make them aware of the cultural heritage of India during the medieval times. • To make students aware of the social and political changes in India during medieval period. • To help the students to prepare for competitive exams. Sr. No. Topics 1 Rise of Islam: Sources; Rise of Islam, Arab conquest of Sindh: condition of India on the eve of Arab conquest, Arab conquest; Administration. Map: Important Historical places of Medieval India 2 India on the eve of Muslim conquest: Multan, Hindushahi kingdom, Kashmir, Kanauj, Chandelas, Chauhans, Chalukyas. 3 Rise and fall of Ghaznavides: Alaptgin, Subuktgin, Mahmud Ghazni; expeditions and estimate. Muhammad Ghori: Early career; Battles; estimate; causes of Muslim success and Rajput failure. 4 The Slave Dynasty: Qutub-din-Aibak; Iltutmish; Balban. 5 The Khalji Dynasty: Jalal-ud-din, Ala-ud-din. 6 The Tughlaqs: Consolidation by Ghias-ud-din; Innovations of Muhammad Tughlaq; Administrative reforms of Firoz Tughlaq and the Decline of Delhi Sultanate. 7 The Lodhi Dynasty: Sikander Lodhi, Bahlol Lodhi, Ibrahim Lodhi and the first battle of Panipat. 8 The Mughal Empire: Establishment and consolidation under Babur; Humayun. Akbar the Great: early life and Conquests of Akbar, Din-i-Illahi.; Bairam khan. Aurangzeb(1658- 1707). Maps: Empire of Akbar, Empire of Aurangzeb 9 Vijaynagar Empire: Martial character of the state; features of Nayak system; Role of Brahmins & Temples. 10 The Marathas: Shivaji(1647-80); Maratha administration under the Peshawas; Chauth and Sardeshmukhi. Map: Extent of Marathas CONTENT Unit 1: The Rise of Islam 1 Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University Unit 2: India on the Eve of Muslim Conquests 21 Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University Unit 3: The Rise and Fall of Ghaznavis 33 Ripudaman Singh, Lovely Professional University Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University Unit 4: The Slave Dynasty 61 Ripudaman Singh, Lovely Professional University Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University Unit 5: The Khilji Dynasty(1290-1320) 82 Harpreet Singh, Lovely Professional University Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University Unit 6: The Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414) 110 Harpreet Singh, Lovely Professional University Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University Unit 7: The Lodhi Dynasty 146 Ripudaman Singh, Lovely Professional University Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University Unit 8: Babur (1526-1530) 159 Ripudaman Singh, Lovely Professional University Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University Unit 9: Humayun (1530-1556) 179 Harpreet Singh, Lovely Professional University Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University Unit 10: Sher Shah Suri 199 Harpreet Singh, Lovely Professional University Ripudaman Singh, Lovely Professional University Unit 11: Akbar (1556-1605) and His Successor Rulers 211 Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University Unit 12: Mughal Persian Literature, Architecture Skills and Trade 240 Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University Unit 13: Vijaynagar Empire 299 Harpreet Singh, Lovely Professional University Ripudaman Singh, Lovely Professional University Unit 14: The Marathas 319 Harpreet Singh, Lovely Professional University Ripudaman Singh, Lovely Professional University Unit 15: Map Work Ripudaman Singh, Lovely Professional University 341 Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University Unit-1: The Rise of Islam Unit-1: The Rise of Islam Notes Contents Objectives Introduction 1.1 Life and Teachings of Prophet Mohammad Sahib 1.2 Political Condition of India in the Beginning of the 8th Century 1.3 Administrative, Social, Religious and Economic Conditions of India in the Beginning of the 8th Century 1.4 Arab Conquest on Sindh 1.5 Arab Administration on Sindh 1.6 Impact of Arab Conquest on Sindh 1.7 Summary 1.8 Keywords 1.9 Review Questions 1.10 Further Readings Objectives After studying this unit students will be able to : y Explain the life and teachings of Prophet Mohammad Sahib. y Understand the political condition of India in the 8th century. Introduction In the first quarter of seventh century A.D. Hazrat Mohammad Sahib brought the message of Islam and within the 80 years of short span after his death, this religion spread over many parts of the world like Iran, Syria, western Turkey, Sindh, Egypt and southern Spain. According to V.A. Smith, ''The way prophet Mohammad’s religion Islam spread with lightening speed and the way his followers became the mighty sovereign power has been an amazing event. We can call it a miracle of History.'' 1.1 Life and Teachings of Prophet Mohammad Sahib Prophet Mohammad has been universally recognized as a noble and highly reuered person. He is regarded as a great benefactor of humankind like Bhagwan Krishna, Mahatma Buddha, Jesus Christ and Guru Nanak. His life and teaching can be under following heads: 1.1.1 Early Life Prophet Mohammad Sahib was born in 570 A.D. in a hostile region of Arab called Mecca. At that time Mecca was a highly materialistic trade centre where greed and money lending were prevalent, people LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 1 History of Medieval India From 1000–1707 A.D. Notes used to spend their leisure time on gambling, women and wine, where Might was right and widows, orphans and old were considered a curse on society. Prophet Mohammad was born after the death of his father and lost his mother when he was only six years old. He was brought up by his paternal uncle Abu Jalib. His childhood was full of adversities and hardships. He did not go through schooling and was an unlettered person. According to doctor Tarachand, “The miseries and humiliation inflicted by his own people left a deep impression on his soul- searching mind." Marriage: At the age of 25, Mohammad Sahib came in contact with great businesswoman, Khadija, who was 40 at that time. He became a helping hand in her trade activities. She was deeply impressed by his personality and proposed herself for marriage with Prophet Mohammad. His married life with Khadija proved to be very pleasant and peaceful but it could not stop him from his quest for religion. The revelation: From childhood, he had a religious bent of mind. He used to climb in a cave in mount Hira and stayed there meditating for hours in search of true religion. When he reached the age of 40, an important event took place in his life. A messenger of God brought to him a message from Allah that he was born for a great mission and religion. That unfolded the mystery of life and removed the veil of ignorance and love for worldly things. Thus, he became the messenger and prophet of God. Like other religious prophets, Mohammad Sahib too showed great religious zeal and behavioural intelligence. At the end, he became the messenger of a new religion. Unpopularity of Mohammad in Mecca: There were three main components of Arabic religion— meaningless rituals, worship of heavenly bodies and idol worship. They could not distinguish between good and bad. Human killing was not considered as a crime and they did not have sacred value for marriages. There was no rights for women. Nobody cared for faithfulness, loyalty or good character and it was an era of sensuality. Prophet Mohammad preached to believe in Allah, speak the truth and make one's life pious. He also criticized idol worship and superstitiousness but unluckily people of his own tribe were priests of ‘Kaaba’, where 360 idols were kept and they made their livelihood from religious offerings or gifts. They started opposing Prophet Mohammad and used abusive language against him. He was stoned and people tried to assassinate him. Disheartened by the opposition and atrocities done by his own people, he decided to leave his birthplace and migrate to a nearby region or town. Notes Prophet Mohammad Sahib was born in 570 A.D. at a place called Mecca in Arab. Migration, 622 A.D. (Hijrat): In the year 622 A.D., Prophet Mohammad, along with some of his followers, migrated to Yathrib which was called 'Medinatal Nabi' meaning 'City of the Prophet'. This incident has been popularly known as Hijrat and it is taken as a first year of Islamic calendar started on July 622 A.D. that year. It was the people of Medina who welcomed the message of Prophet Mohammad and became his followers. It is here that he compiled the message of God in the form of Quran. Spreading of message: He devoted the rest of his life in spreading the message of Islam. He got immense success. Within a short span of time, he became an executive emperor and the popular messenger of God in Arab world. He visited Mecca and this time he influenced people amazingly. Death 632 A.D.: Prophet Mohammad passed away in 632A.D. in Medina. The story of his passing away is like this: after doing his regular prayer (Namaz) the soul of Prophet Mohammad Sahib left for another world which he called meeting ‘Rafiq at Aala ‘. All of his admirers refused to believe that 2 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY Unit-1: The Rise of Islam their prophet has died. At that critical moment, one of his lieutenants Abu Bakr got up and told his Notes colleagues that prophet was essentially a human being and after accomplishing his mission, he has died. 1.1.2 Teachings of Mohammad Prophet Mohammad did not preach any deep philosophy. According to Dr Tarachand, "His religion was very simple. There were little theories or any of essential sanctifying or purificatory sites because according to Quran, God wishes to lessen the burden of the people and make their life easy.
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