a semi-annual publication of the Winter 2005–2006 philem n foundation Volume 1, Issue 2 JUNG HISTORY: A Semi-Annual Publication of the CONTENTS Philemon Foundation, Volume 1, Issue 2 FROM THE UNCOLLECTED JUNG : JUNG IN OXFORD, 1938 : PAGE THREE The Philemon Foundation was founded at the end of Sonu Shamdasani 2003, and since this time, has made critical contribu - SYSTEMA MUNDITOTIUS AND SEVEN tions to a number of ongoing projects preparing for SERMONS : SYMBOLIC COLLABORATORS publication the still unpublished works of C. G. Jung. IN JUNG’S CONFRONTATION WITH THE The Foundation is grateful to its donors who have DEAD : PAGE SIX made this work possible. Jung History, which will Barry Jeromson appear semi-annually, will provide accounts of some TINA KELLER’S ANALYSES WITH C. G. JUNG of the ongoing research sup ported by the Philemon AND TONI WOLFF : PAGE ELEVEN Foundation and other news. In addition to schol - Wendy Swan ars funded by the Philemon Foundation, Jung History will present reports of significant historical research AN INTRODUCTION TO CAROL SAWYER and publications in the field. In recent years, an BAUMANN (1897–1958) : PAGE SIXTEEN increasing amount of new historical research on C. G. Amy Colwell Bluhm Jung has been undertaken, based on the study of hitherto unknown primary materials. However, the SOME CRITICAL ISSUES ABOUT JUNGIAN publication of such research has been widely dis - ANALYSIS : PAGE TWENTY persed, which has led to the desirability of a publica - Vicente de Moura tion to gather together such work and make it better known. Jung History sets out to fill this need. Jung IN MEMORIAM : PAGE TWENTY-FOUR History will be freely distributed to donors, collabo - PATRONS AND COLLABORATING rating institutions, and interested readers. To receive INSTITUTIONS : PAGE TWENTY-FIVE each issue in print form, please send an e- mail to editorial @philemonfoundation.org. Jung History will also be available for download at www.philemonfoundation.org. For further infor - mation concerning the Philemon Foundation, please send an e-mail to info @philemonfoundation.org.

The Editors — Sonu Shamdasani, Editor Wendy Swan, Editor Stephen A. Martin, Consulting Editor Eugene Taylor, Consulting Editor

Copyright for the articles in Jung History remains with the authors. Cover image: Systema Munditotius (The System of All Worlds) painted by C. G. Jung, 1916. © Erbengemeinschaft C. G. Jung, reproduced with permission. : from the president : page one

WELCOME

Like high alpine mists , the scope mology and the development of Analytical Psychology. of genius can often shroud the true historical land - Wendy Swan fills another important historical gap scape that lies behind it. Such is the case for C. G. with her paper about Tina Keller, an early analysand Jung. The immensity of his intellectual and psycho - and subsequent colleague of Jung, whose use of logical achievement has engendered, since portions techniques of active imagination in her personal and of it have been published, lively discussion, astute professional work illuminates the critical importance interpretation and not a little bit of controversy. played by this methodology in the practice of analy - This shroud is what undoubtedly prompted Sonu sis. Amy Bluhm explores the life of another of Jung’s Shamdasani in Jung and the Making of Modern Psychology: less well known but highly gifted analysands and col - The Dream of a Science to write on the first page of this leagues, Carol Sawyer Baumann. Baumann chose remarkable volume: “... the very proliferation of courageously to “follow her own nature” by eschew - ‘Jungs’ leads one to question whether everyone (who ing conventional married life to pursue her own speaks of Jung) could possibly be talking about the individuation in Zurich, analyzing with Jung and same figure” 1 The discernment of the towering becoming an integral part of the Jungian community. reality that stands behind these clouds of projection Finally, Vicente de Moura, curator of the Picture is at the heart of the mission of the Philemon Archive at the Jung Institute in Zurich, poses, among Foundation. In service to this mission, and in addition other questions a singularly compelling one: “How to preparing for publication the accurate, scholarly did Jung himself work with patients.” Against the editions of Jung’s unpublished work free from a backdrop of Jung’s encouragement of his analysands multiplicity of Jungs, Jung History was created. As the to paint, the products of which form the basis of semi-annual organ of the Philemon Foundation its the Picture Archive, de Moura makes an insightful attendant aim is to contribute to the evolution of attempt at an answer. With the publication of the New Jung Scholarship founded upon accurate this second issue of Jung History, the Philemon historical research as opposed to theoretical debate. Foundation adds to its significant progress since the To this end the current issue is an evolution of our Spring of 2005 when the first issue appeared. Since first. In it and in all succeeding issues smaller then we are pleased to report major advances on a pieces of unpublished Jung will be included so that number of fronts. In November 2005 formal notifi - in addition to the volumes of the Philemon Series cation came from The Andrew W. Mellon that require a far greater amount of time to reach Foundation that the Philemon Foundation had been the reading public, a steady flow of new Jung mate - awarded a $40,000 matching grant to fund the rial will be insured. Shamdasani’s piece on Jung’s transcription of over 100 unpublished manuscripts partic ipation at the Tenth International Medical and seminars by C. G. Jung housed in the Jung Congress for Psychotherapy, held at Oxford, Archives at the ETH in Zurich. This award is of England in the fateful year of 1938, just before the the greatest importance as it is not only a significant outbreak of the Second World War, inaugurates vote of confidence in our mission but also revives this commitment. Our other articles continue the meaningful relationship between the publication our focus of presenting material about critical, often of Jung and the Mellon family that originally funded overlooked aspects of Jung History. In his article, the Bollingen Foundation and the publication of Barry Jeromson raises to awareness the seminal rela - Jung’ Collected Works. The transcription process has tionship between Jung’s Seven Sermons to the Dead and already begun and is expected to last for at least his very first mandala, illustrated on the front cover, three years. In addition to coordinating this impor - entitled Systema Munditotius (The System of All tant task that will significantly aid the broader edi - Worlds). For as much attention as the Seven Sermons torial process, the Philemon Foundation must also has received, the inverse is true about this remark - meet the challenge of raising the $40,000 in match - able painted image. Jeromson demonstrates that ing funds required by this grant. Another impor - both of these creations are inextricably related, 1 Shamdasani, Sonu. Jung and the Making of Modern Psychology: The Dream equally vital components of Jung’s own psychocos - of a Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 1. : jung history 1: 2

tant event occurred almost at the same time. After Philemon Series. Ernst Falzeder has completed his work two years of negotiation the Philemon Foundation and on the Children’s Dream Seminar and that fascinating the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of seminar is ready for publication. Angela Graf-Nold Medicine at University College London have con - continues to make steady progress on Jung’s ETH cluded an agreement whereby the Philemon Readership Lectures and we are looking forward to the manu - in Jung History has been established, initially for ten script of the first volume of that long series to be years. Dr. Sonu Shamdasani, General Editor of the ready sometime in 2006. In the last year alone she Philemon Foundation, will occupy this endowed has recovered twenty-eight hitherto unknown tran - chair. It will be the vehicle by which, with the back - scripts of these lectures by Jung. Finally, and most ing of the world’s foremost institution for the study importantly, the Red Book, edited by Sonu Shamdasani, of the history of medicine and psychiatry, Dr. is moving closer to formal publication. If all goes Shamdasani will pursue his editorial and scholarly well, we are expecting a 2007 publication date. On work, train a new generation of historians of Jung the docket for the not so distant future, we are lin - and collaborate with a diverse group of scholars to ing up additional seminars and manuscripts for the develop the field of Jung History. Over the long editorial process including some of Jung’s English term, the institutional support of the Centre will and German seminars and a completed unpublished greatly assist the Philemon Foundation to complete text on alchemy. Our donor base is broadening. its mission. Our scholar editors have also been With the Mellon Grant, we have now received sig - very busy this year. Ann Lammers, Adrian Cunningham nificant support from four public and private foun - and Murray Stein have completed their editorial dations as well as hundreds of individual donors for work on the correspondence between Jung and which we are immensely grateful. We, at the Victor White, and its expected publication date is Philemon Foundation, look forward to the continua - 2006. It will be the first volume in the on-going tion of this encouraging trend. Finally, as Jung History was about to go to print, we were informed that the Executive Committee of the International Association for Analytical Psychology (IAAP), the credentialing organization representing Jungian analysts worldwide, had awarded the Philemon Foundation a grant to support our ongoing ETH Lecture project. Their collegial support is deeply appreciated and welcomed.

Stephen A. Martin, Psy.D., President : sonu shamdasani : page three

FROM THE UNCOLLECTED JUNG: JUNG IN OXFORD, 1938 SONU SHAMDASANI

n addition to the mountain of This investigation reveals an aetiology reaching down into unpublished manuscripts, correspon - the depths of the personality and thereby transcending the limits dences and seminars of Jung, there of the conscious mind. are contemporary accounts and Psychotherapy calls the dark portion of the psyche the reports that fill gaps in the existing unconscious. The investigation leads first to the discovery of record, like small mosaic pieces. The unconscious fixations on crucial situations and persons signifi - following accounts from The Lancet, cant in the patient’s childhood. These fixations have both a The British Medical Journal and The Times causal and a purposive aspect and set tasks for future fulfilment. provide information concerning The illumination of the factors out of which the illness Jung’s participation at the Tenth developed and continued is one of the tasks of psychotherapy. i International Medical Congress Its method is the analysis and interpretation of all forms for Psychotherapy held at of expression. Oxford between 30 July and 6 August 1938. The therapeutic development of the patient depends on the The congress commenced with Jung’s presidential relationship between him and the physician. This relationship address, (reproduced in CW 11, §§ 1069–1074). In also forms the basis of the patient’s relationship to society. this, Jung spoke of the need to unify the profession In treatment this relationship takes on the specific forms of of psychotherapy, and spoke of how the committee a transference, which is the projection of unconscious contents for psychotherapy of the Swiss Society for Psycho- and appears as a transference neurosis. therapy had attempted to formulate fourteen points The reduction of the transference neurosis shows it to have upon which all psychotherapists using psychological been laid down in the unconscious fixations of childhood. analysis (except from those using hypnosis) could Back of these individual fixations collective unconscious agree. The BMJ reported “the motive behind this factors are assumed. enterprise was, he said, to lay a basis for practical The new contents must be realised as parts of the personal - work and to abandon futile discussion of theory.” 1 ity because it is only in this way that the patient can feel his In the version published in the Collected Works, responsibility towards them. 2 Jung stated that he was presently going to discuss these fourteen points, but the discussion was not Jung did not present a paper at the congress, reproduced. However, a fuller account of what he but answered some written questions. Michael said was reported in The Lancet, where the points Fordham, who was present at that occasion, recalled were indicated as follows: that “the idea was that he would present himself well in this way and so ward off some of his detrac - Psychotherapy, having been developed by physicians, makes use tors. I do not think that it was a success.” 3 Jung’s of medical techniques. Its first objective is a diagnosis, and to comments were reproduced in The Lancet: this end it has recourse to an anamnesis. The patient recounts his difficulties and on the basis of what he says together with the Prof. Jung at the close of the congress, answered a number of symptoms an attempt is made to find out the specific nature of written questions. He emphasised that psychology was such a the illness. large and difficult subject that the medical psychotherapist could The results show that there are forms of illness which have not rest on his own training alone, but must borrow from phi - nothing to do with bodily disturbances, but which are only intelligi - losophy, anthropology, history and literature. Many difficulties ble in terms of the psyche or mind. would vanish with a better knowledge of primitive psychology. Therefore this method of diagnosis does not focus on the seat Primitives had few traces of the phenomenon we called “will” of the illness but on the general psychic disposition of the sick person. or “volition”; they had to work themselves up ceremonially into The method of investigation is adapted to the study of the psyche a state of doing anything unusual. During the ages man had and is put on a broader basis than that obtained in pathology. detached a controllable amount of energy from the universe, and It takes into consideration all possible ways in which a could call it his will power, but when the task was too difficult person may express himself: his premeditated speech, his free the amount was inadequate. We all acted largely on instinct, associations, his fantasies, his dreams, his symptoms and symp - and that had no moral value. A man could sublimate on will tomatic actions, and his demeanour. but not on instinct. Asked about the difference between the two : jung history 1: 2

halves of life, he said that up to about 36 the personality During the congress, Jung was awarded an hon - expanded into life like an exploding celestial body. After 40, orary degree (D. Sc.). Barbara Hannah recalled that depression was very frequent among those who had not reached “A great many universities awarded honorary fulfilment of their ambition. In the second half of life something degrees on him, but the only time I remember Jung within asked: What next? Where are you going now? The dis - being at all excited by such an honour was at agreeable answer was: Death. Since time immemorial man had Oxford. This was not because of his own recogni - rejoined that death was a goal. The great religions were prepa - tion, but because the whole traditional ceremony, rations of the second half of life. Those who in the first half of the many treasures belonging to the colleges, the life shirked the risk of their love adventure or their career, and buildings themselves, and the medieval atmosphere those who in the second half of life shirked that mental develop - which still hung over Oxford at that time delighted ment, became neurotic. It was the same thing. Those who in the and fascinated him.” 5 An account of the ceremony first half refused to live, in the second half refused to die. Where was reported in The Times : were the schools for adults to teach them about the second half of In Convocation to-day, the Vice Chancellor presiding, the hon - life? The subject was taboo, and so they became neurotic and orary degree of Doctor of Science was conferred on Professor psychotic. Religious experience was as valid as any other experi - Charles Gustave Jung, Professor of Psychology in the University ence. There was no criterion of validity of experience. Conclusions of Zurich. Dr. Jung is at present presiding over the Tenth drawn from experience might be criticised as valid or nor, but International Medical Congress for Psychotherapy which is meet - the experience itself was absolute. One might as well say: “Is it ing in Oxford, this being the first time that the congress has met a valid fact there are elephants?” If a man had a religious expe - in an English-speaking country. rience, nothing could be said but that he had a religious experi - In presenting Professor Jung, the PUBLIC ORATOR ence. It was a world-wide and universal phenomenon. If any - said that while Plato had divided the human soul into three parts, one did not know what religious experience was, he was not rationem, spiritum, libidem, [reason, spirit, desire] sometimes normal; it meant that he did not recognise his own religious in conflict and sometimes in harmony, modern philosophers had to experience and that some other part of his life was exaggerated these three added others, quas inscius “sub limine,” ut aiunt by that amount of energy which should go into religious experience. “reprimit” unus quisque nostrum [which are unknown to It was an insanity of the white man that he had lost the religious us ‘below the threshold,’ as one says, ‘repressed’ in our interior]. order of life. With these words he wished to close the congress. 4

“Since time immemorial man had rejoined that death was a goal. The great religions were preparations of the second half of life.” : sonu shamdasani : page five

Outstanding among these philosophers was Professor Jung. Dr. Jung with the words: — Vir egregie, animi humani He had made a study of general psychology, and also shown scrutator simul et medicator, qui res penitus latentes how to bring to light and cure the flaws of individual patients, in medium protulisti.” [Honoured man, you have menda et vitia in lucem proferre docuit et sanare [he researched and healed the human soul at the same time, you have has taught how to bring to light faults and defects, and to cure brought to light deeply hidden things.] 6 them]. One of his methods was that of “free association,” “Heus tu, quid tibi in mentem revocat hoc verbum? responde It was noted in the BMJ that after the ceremony, statim.” respondes: “quid illud? quid tertium?” [“pay attention, “On his return in his robes to the congress hall del - what comes to mind with this word? Respond immediately.” egates stood and applauded. Dr. H. Crichton Miller You reply: “What is the second? What is the third?”] said that their applause expressed their appreciation, By this and other methods of investigation he would discov - and that of Oxford and the world, of his great serv - er your type, cui “typo” sis adscribendus, utrum ratio ices to psychotherapy.” 7 S te an sensus gubernet, utrum mens tua ad te ipsum 1 6 August, 1938, vol. 2, p. 298. “introversa” sit an ad res externas “extraversa.” 2 The Lancet, 6 August 1938, p. 332. [Which ‘type’ you belonged to, whether thinking or feeling 3 Michael Fordham, The Making of an Analyst: A Memoir, (London, Free Associations, 1993), p. 79. directed you, whether your mind was ‘introverted’ towards 4 The Lancet, 6 August 1938, p. 336. yourself or ‘extraverted’ towords external things.] 5 Barbara Hannah, C. G. Jung: His Life and Work. A Biographical Memoir, (New York, Perigree), p. 256. But determination of type, and even cure, were in 6 The Times, 1 August 1938, p. 12. Cf. Fordham, The Making of an Analyst, p. 80. Professor Jung only preliminaries to the patient’s fuller life, I would like to thank Alfons Reiter and Barbara Zipser for assistance with the Latin. neque animo aegrontati satis mederi quemquam 7 BMJ 13 August 1938, vol. 2, p. 370. credit nisi simul ad vitiam meliorem et ampliorem rerum adspectum instituere conetur: nam dubio procul his rebus sua cuique voluntas principium dat. [He did not believe that one could heal a sick soul without at the same time attempting to teach a better life and a wider view of things: since without doubt in these things one’s own will gives the beginning.] The VICE-CHANCELLOR admitted : jung history 1: 2

SYSTEMA MUNDITOTIUS AND SEVEN SERMONS: SYMBOLIC COLLABORATORS WITH THE DEAD BARRY JEROMSON

had painted the first the chronology of these two works raise intriguing ” mandala in 1916 after writ - possibilities about the nature of the parapsychologi - ing Septem Sermones: naturally cal events in Jung’s home that reputedly triggered I had not, then, understood it.” 1 the writing of Sermons . Jung’s first mandala sits in This study is topical. Jung’s Red book is now in isolation as the frontispiece of publication under the editorship of the Jung historian CW9i 2, where it is labelled ‘a Sonu Shamdasani. Contemporaneous with Sermons mandala of a modern man’. and Systema , the Red book is the notebook in which The title inscribed on the Jung recorded and illustrated his waking fantasies drawing itself is Systema mundi - during this period. It constitutes primary data on ...i totius, the system of all Jung’s theories. What other treasures akin to Sermons the worlds. Systema also and Systema lie within it? appears in Jaffe’s illustrated biography of Jung. 3 There it is accompanied by a commentary written SYSTEMA UNDER THE MICROSCOPE by Jung nearly forty years after he drew the original. Systema is hand-inscribed with a medieval Gothic script Largely, though, Systema has been ignored by favoured by Jung in recording his waking fantasies. The writers on Jung’s symbolism, marginalised as little inscriptions are in Latin, with a smattering of Greek. more than a Jungian relic. Nowhere, is there any Systema consists of fourteen rings centred on a discussion of the place of Systema in the wider sixteen-point star. It appears to be a cross-section domain of Jung’s ideas. Without any apparent through a series of concentric spheres. It is a com - warning, it just appeared, fully formed. Why did plexio oppositorum. The oppositional symbols that Jung draw this symbol? What prompted it? become evident in translating the inscriptions are The above quotation gives us a clue. It links oriented in three ways: vertically, horizontally and Systema chronologically with Jung’s obscure gnostic inner/outer. The opposites paired vertically and tract, Septem sermones ad mortuos (Seven sermons to the horizontally combine to create a symmetric cross, dead) .4 Unlike Systema , Sermons has attracted interest concentric with the circles. over the years as various commentators struggled to The outer set of four rings corresponds to the interpret its meanings. However, any comprehensive macrocosm. Inside this is a ring of fire, that Jung link between it and Systema has remained unexplored. called the ‘inner sun’. Moving inwards, the outer set The purpose of this article is to establish this of rings is repeated, although inverted vertically. link. Systema is analysed Another ring of fire then and compared with appears, followed by a Sermons . New insights further iteration of the emerge into Jung’s ‘con - four outer rings. frontation with the con - Although scale did not scious’, that period of permit the detail, Jung deep introspection from describes this sequence as 1913 to 1919, when he sought to rebuild his per - repeating endlessly towards the centre wherein lies sonal myth and work out the structure and dynam - the microcosm. Representing his inner and outer ics of his own system of analytical psychology. worlds, then, Systema is best described as Jung’s psy - These two works unite as two dimensions of an chocosmology. experiment conducted by Jung on himself in the development of waking fantasies, what he later SEVEN SERMONS TO THE DEAD called active imagination. Motifs contained in the Sermons was supposedly prompted by parapsycholog - poetic imaginings of Sermons are mirrored geometri - ical happenings — a poltergeist visitation — in cally in Systema . In turn, they presage themes later to Jung’s household in 1916. 5 The spirits of the dead appear in the structure and dynamics of Jung’s psy - overwhelmed Jung’s home, prompting him to sit for chological theories. Moreover, new facts concerning three days and write Sermons . On completion, the : barry jeromson : page seven

IN JUNG’S CONFRONTATION

dead disappeared. Jung writes through the voice muses Jung, ‘Abraxas would be its manifestation’. of Basilides, a semi-legendary Alexandrian gnostic In sermon III, Jung elaborates in detail on Abraxas of the second century AD. Consequently, Sermons is as transcending all oppositions, including good replete with gnostic themes reputed to have origi - and evil personified in God and the devil. nated with Basilides. 6 Why did Jung call Abraxas ambivalent? In sermon I, Jung/Basilides preaches that the Historically, controversy surrounds the Basilides/ essential for created beings is the principle of indi - Abraxas link, arising, in part, from the dual nature viduation. The emptiness of of the divine typical in gnostic theology. 9 A tran - material creation is compared scendent god, eternal and androgynous, existed dominus with the fullness of the pleroma beyond the universe in the pleroma. This contrasted mundi which is both nothing and every - with a creator god or demiurge, a flawed being who thing. It is the fullness of God’s gave rise to the material world, including humans, powers and, in it, all opposites balance each other. 1 Jaffé, A. & Jung, C. G., Memories, dreams, reflections, Vintage Books, New York, In sermons II and III, we meet Abraxas, the supreme 1989, p. 195. god of Jung/Basilides’ pleroma. Abraxas is superior 2 Jung, C. G., The archetypes and the collective unconscious, the Collected works of CG Jung, vol. 9, part I, Princeton University Press, 1990. to all other gods. In sermon IV, Jung/Basilides talks 3 Jaffé, A., C. G. Jung: word and image, Princeton University Press, 1979, p. 76. about various lesser gods. In sermons V and VI, 4 Jung, C. G., Septem sermones ad mortuos, Stuart & Watkins, London, 1967. 5 Jaffé, A. & Jung, C. G., Memories, dreams, reflections, Vintage Books, New York, Jung/Basilides addresses the libido problem and the 1989, pp. 190-191. connection between sexuality and spirituality, a 6 Basilidean gnosticism is documented in Mead, G. R. S., Fragments of a faith forgotten, 2nd ed’n, Kessinger Publishing, USA, 1930, pp. 253-284. See also major theoretical concern for Jung at the time. Rudolph, K., Gnosis: the nature and history of gnosticism, Harper, San Francisco, Finally, in sermon VII, Jung` reveals that there is a 1987, pp. 309-311. 7 Jaffé, A., op. cit., p. 75. single star within, a fragment of the pleroma, which is [humanity’s] goal.

SYSTEMA AND SEVEN SERMONS COMPARED Jung describes Systema as portraying ‘the antinomies of the microcosm within the macrocosmic world and its antinomies’. 7 It is thus the inner and outer world of human experience, beset on all sides by dualities and contradictions. Likewise, Sermons is replete from start to finish with lists of the opposi - tions and paradoxes that overwhelm ‘the dead’. Systema lies within the pleroma, the divine realm of the gnostics, within which all dualities are dis - solved. So too does Sermons , where Jung’s discussion of the pleroma constitutes sermon I.

THE AMBIVALENT ABRAXAS At the bottom of the vertical axis of Systema appears the god Abraxas, with the body of a serpent and the head of a lion surmounted by a ten-pointed halo. Jung labels Abraxas as dominus mundi, the lord of the world. He is the dominant figure of both Sermons and Systema . In his commentary on Systema , Jung refers to Abraxas as ambivalent. 8 In Sermons , Abraxas is introduced in sermon II as a ‘god above God’, as standing ‘above the sun [god] and the devil’. ‘Had the pleroma a being’, : jung history 1: 2

as the lowest sphere of degenerate creation. logos and Eros, of rationality and relatedness, sym - Unaware of the transcendent god, the demiurge bolised in Systema by a winged mouse (representing believed himself to be the supreme god. science) and a winged serpent (representing the arts) Prior to 1842, Abraxas was regarded as the just beneath the figure of Phanes. In sermon III, supreme or transcendent god of the Basilideans. 10 Phanes is heard fleetingly in a list of the many However, in a manuscript discovered in that year attributes of Abraxas as ‘the hermaphrodite of the and tentatively attributed to Hippolytus of Rome, earliest beginning’. In Sermons , Abraxas is without a Christian heresiologist, the status of Abraxas was opposition. This is rectified in Systema , where Phanes much lower, approximating that of a demiurge or becomes the source of psychic energy ultimately less. 11 Jung’s reference to Abraxas as ambivalent is resolved in and transcended by Abraxas. Here is evi - further reinforced by all sources cited here who dence of a theoretical role of Systema . It is Jung’s agree that the Abraxas/Basilides connection is at first attempt to model geometrically the complex best tenuous. Holroyd suggests that Abraxas, which nature of the libido or psychic energy. figured on many popular talismanic gemstones, In Systema , Phanes is lit from below by Eros in was elevated to divine status as an attempt by the form of a seven-branched candelabra, or burning detractors to associate the Basilideans with vulgar bush. Both Eros and its opposite, the tree of life, are superstition. 12 elaborated in sermon IV. There, also, Jung identifies In Sermons , Jung followed the earlier tradition in the four points of the cross of Systema as the princi - according Abraxas the higher status, as the transcen - pal gods: the sun god, Eros, the Tree of Life and dent god. In exploring his personal mythos, Jung the devil. The sun god illuminates the left side of seemed drawn to Abraxas as his personal god, with - Systema , while the right side, Satanas, is in darkness. in which all opposites were reconciled: good and Here are the light of consciousness and the dark evil, light and dark, life and death and, as we shall unconscious. There is more than a hint here also of see below, sexuality and spirituality. However, in sun god as ego and devil as shadow. the commentary on Systema written nearly forty years hpikana later, Abraxas is distinctly demiurgic. 13 Perhaps, by SEXUALITY AND SPIRITUALITY then, Jung was trying to counteract the poetic A further pair of opposites on the horizontal axis licence he exercised in 1916. of Systema contains the heavenly mother as double beaker and earthly father as double phallus. These PHANES AND THE PRIMAL LIBIDO feature in sermons V and VI, at the centre of Jung’s In Systema , Jung provides Abraxas with an alter ego reflections on the opposites of sexuality and spiritu - not obvious in Sermons . At the top of the vertical ality. Jung talks of masculine sexuality as earthly, axis, in a winged egg, is the figure of a child named while that of the feminine as spiritual and of the Erikapaios or Phanes. In his commentary to Systema , heavens. At the same time, he sees masculine spiritu - Jung describes Phanes as ‘reminiscent of a spiritual ality as heavenly, while that of the feminine as earth ly. figure of the Orphic gods’. 14 Elsewhere, Jung dis - The interplay of masculine/feminine and sexuality/ cusses Phanes in the context of transformations of spirituality is represented on the horizontal axis of the libido. 15 Phanes is identified variously as the first Systema by the partly feminine serpent entwined in created, the god of love, bisexual and the cosmogo - the double masculine phallus, and the partly mascu - nic principle. He thus appears to represent the pri - line Holy Spirit as dove flying in the realm of the mal libido or psychic energy enclosed in a cosmic celestial mother as double beaker (womb). These egg. This in turn gives birth to the opposites of symbols are the subject of sermon VI. : barry jeromson : page nine

The relationship between sexuality, spirituality PROJECTION and the libido lay at the heart of Jung’s theoretical The remaining symbols of Systema include a multi - differences with Freud. In Psychology of the unconscious, plicity of unnamed daemones and gods represented Jung sought a broader definition of libido as psy - by stars. These are also seen in sermon IV where chic rather than just sexual energy. 16 In Systema , he Jung discourses on the ‘multiplicity and diversity of moves towards a geometric resolution of this prob - the gods’. Moreover, each god has a light and dark lem by structuring it two-dimensionally, along mas - side: ‘Each star is a god, and each space that a star culine/feminine and sexuality/spirituality axes. filleth is a devil’. According to the gnostic writer, Within this framework, each of the symbols on the Stephan Hoeller, continual references to gods as horizontal axis of Systema is dualistic. The serpent, stars, suns, moons, fire, trees, mythical monsters and for example, is both feminine and masculine, and so forth in Sermons represent projections from the both phallic and spiritual. In each case, while one microcosm of the psyche into the macrocosm of the pole of each duality is overt at any instant, the other external world. 18 is hidden or repressed. In sermon VII, Jung talks of man as lying between these two domains. ‘Man is a gateway, through THE DIVINE SPARK which from the outer world of gods, daemons and At the centre of Systema is a star/sun. In typical gnos - souls ye pass into the inner world’. In Systema , Jung tic theology, man’s nature is dual, consisting of a per - mediates microcosm and macrocosm by the physical ishable physical body and a soul that is a fragment of human body. Between the outer spheres of the the pleroma, a ‘divine spark’. 17 By attaining gnosis of world and the innermost infinity of the microcosm this divinity within, man enables it to be released on is the corpus humanum et deus ␮␱␷␱␵ interiores minoresque death to rejoin the pleroma. If gnosis is not attained, (the human body and one god and the inner and then, on death, the ‘divine spark’ is hurled back to lesser world 19 ). There it is symbolised by a red reincarnate in the physical world. The core of Systema sphere of blood and an inner sun. The projection of then corresponds to the ‘divine spark’. the gods outwards is achieved in Systema by the verti - At the foot of the vertical axis, within the physical cal inversion of the inner world, as though light were world or macrocosm are symbols of death and rebirth passing through a single lens. The spheres represent - in that realm (labelled mors et vita futura). In one sense, ing the human body are thus metaphors for the these symbolise the failure of the ‘divine spark’ to human eye. S reunite with the pleroma. 8 Ibid. The fragment of the pleroma which is the divine 9 According to Holroyd, S., The elements of gnosticism, Element Books, Dorset, spark is heard in sermon I, where Jung refers to the UK, 1995. 10 ibid., p. 47. pleroma as ‘the smallest point ... in us’. It is heard 11 Mead, G. R. S., op. cit., p. 282; Rudolph, K., op. cit., p. 311. again in sermon VII when Jung talks of an innermost 12 Holroyd, S., loc. cit. 13 Jaffé, A., loc. cit. infinity, wherein, ‘at immeasurable distance standeth 14 ibid. one single star in the zenith ... This star is the god 15 Jung, C. G., Psychology of the unconscious: a study of the transformations and symbolisms of the libido, the Collected works of CG Jung, supp. vol. B, Princeton University and goal of man’. To attain oneness with this star, Press, 1991, p. 131. the message of Sermons is that man must first experi - 16 ibid. 17 Holroyd, op. cit., p. 5. ence and then transcend the opposites through the 18 Hoeller, S. A., The gnostic Jung and the seven sermons to the dead, Theosophical Publishing House, Wheaton, Ill., 1994, pp. 176-177. principium individuationis, fighting against primeval same - 19 Thanks to Ulrich Hoerni for identifying the Greek monos in Jung’s otherwise ness, towards distinctiveness. Here in embryonic Latin inscription. 20 Jung, C. G., The structure and dynamics of the psyche, the Collected works of CG form is Jung’s core process of individuation leading Jung, vol. 8, Routledge, London, 1960, para’s 131–193. towards a unity with the Self, the inner star. : jung history 1: 2

SYSTEMA AS DYNAMIC SYSTEM From the foregoing analysis, Systema can be seen as CONCLUSION: an attempt by Jung to represent geometrically psy - A REVISED chological problems, both personal and theoretical, CHRONOLOGY of major concern to him at the time. On the hori - This analysis casts a new zontal axis of Systema appear the tensions between light on the relationship the opposites: the spiritual and the sexual poles of between Sermons and Systema . They can now be seen the libido, the light and dark sides of nature, good as joint symbolic products of Jung’s exploration of and evil, and masculine and feminine. the unconscious. Moreover, the chronology in the The vertical axis represents movement. The pri - quotation at the start of this article and the evidence mal libido represented by the androgynous Phanes presented above points to Systema as some sort of in the cosmic egg moves downwards, dividing into geometric embellishment of Sermons . the opposites on the horizontal axis. In Sermons , the However, information now emerges that prelim - opposites are inherent in the pleroma, but the vehi - inary sketches for Systema predate Sermons by several cle for their emergence into the world is obscure. weeks (Shamdasani, pers. comm., 8 April 2004). Of Phanes there is but the merest glimpse. This The chronology is no longer as clear cut as it missing piece in the jigsaw is present in Systema . seemed. It now appears that Jung’s initial focus may The opposites are then resolved and transformed have been the mandala. Systema , in other words, may in the symbolic Abraxas. Upward movement is rep - have acted like a meditative device. Here, perhaps, resented symbolically by the tree of life, sprouting was Jung constructing his personal mythos in the from the head of Abraxas and pointing towards the form of a psychocosmology with sources in gnostic inner star with resonances to the Jungian Self. imagery. Did Systema lead Jung so deeply into the Inner/outer movement is also evident. The elements collective unconscious that it triggered the visita - of the macrocosm carry the projections of the psy - tions by ‘the dead’? Who were ‘the dead’? Was chic contents of the microcosm. Jung’s dynamic of Systema the doorway into a spiritual realm of arche - projection thus provides a psychologising of the typal ancestral vestiges in the collective psyche? gnostic aphorism ‘as above so below’. Where does that leave Sermons ? Is it conceivable that Systema resonates with much of Jung’s later psycho - Systema unleashed the spirits of the dead, who were dynamics. The anima, the shadow and the archetypes/ then banished from Jung’s presence by the writing gods are evident. The voice of typology, still five years of Sermons ? away, is muted. Its 3 + 1 structure is implicit in the While these speculations may yet be resolved cross with one arm in the darkness of Satanas. with the appearance of the Red book, one thing is The ambivalent Abraxas appears to contain ele - already clear from this analysis. Rather than lie sep - ments of both the Self (as transcendent god) and arately in remote corners of Jungiana as they do the ego (as flawed, world-creating demiurge). But it now, Systema munditotius and Seven ser mons should hold is unwise to draw too close a theoretical comparison a central place, together. They were collaborative here, because where does it leave the star/sun at the symbols, not only in Jung’s reconstruction of his centre of the mandala? In fact, in 1916, Jung’s con - personal mythology, but also in his seminal theoris - cept of the Self and its relationship to the ego was ing about the psyche. S yet to coalesce. What is evident, though, in the dual complexio oppositorum that is Systema and Sermons is a symbolic reconciliation of opposites: light and dark, inner and outer, and conscious and unconscious. As such these works resonate with Jung’s transcendent func - tion in action. Indeed, it was in 1916, after these two works were completed, that Jung wrote his essay, the Transcendent function. 20 : wendy swan : page eleven

TINA KELLER’S ANALYSES WITH C. G. JUNG AND TONI WOLFF WENDY SWAN

ina Keller Jung was second in command when the psychiatric (1887–1986), a clinic was under the directorship of Eugen Bleuler, a Swiss physician pioneer in research on schizophrenia. Adolph Keller and psychothera - attended the study group to enhance his knowledge pist, was one of C. G. Jung’s of current developments in psychoanalytic theory first patients in psychotherapy. and practice; he wished to stay informed of these She was in analysis with him developments because he engaged in pastoral coun - from 1915–1924, and with his seling as part of his professional duties. primary associate, Toni Wolff, Tina Keller met Carl Jung shortly after she and from 1924–1928. During her Adolph Keller were married in 1912; in fact, during 13 years of combined the Kellers’ honeymoon, Adolph was reading Jung’s analysis, Keller learned recently published book, Transformations and Symbols of various forms of the technique of active imagination the Libido (1912). Jung invited Adolph and Tina to assist in her analyses. Active imagination was Keller to attend weekly meetings at his home in described by Jung as “a technical term referring to a Küsnacht. According to Tina Keller, method I have proposed for raising unconscious contents to consciousness”. 1 Keller used three pri - Jung was then trying to formulate his own ideas, sorting out mary modalities in her active imagination experi - where he agreed and where he differed from Freud. He invited ments: writing, painting, and bodily movement. a group of friends to his house for regular open evenings, where She became acquainted with the study of psy - he would speak to us and use that audience as a sounding- chology and the name of Carl Jung through her board....My husband’s contributions to the discussions were husband Adolph Keller. Adolph had completed the - specially appreciated, because of his academic training and his ological and philosophical studies in Basel and theological and philosophical background. 2 Berlin, and in 1909 had moved to Zurich to assume Initially, Tina Keller attended the gatherings to learn the prestigious position of pastor of St. Peter’s about the ideas that were of interest to her husband, Church. Adolph Keller met Carl Jung during a but she quickly became interested in them herself. study group at the Burghölzli Hospital; at that time, In 1915, Tina Keller began analysis with Jung at the recommendation of her husband; she was experiencing severe anxiety and he thought Jung might be able to help. Keller worked analytically with Jung on and off from 1915–1924; her treat - ment was interrupted periodically due to external events, such as Jung’s mandatory military service and the demands of Keller’s growing family. When Jung started seeing Keller for psychother - apy in 1915, he was 41 years old, a psychiatrist in private practice, and a writer and thinker exploring fundamental principles of the newly emerging field of analytical psychology. Keller was 28; she had been married three years, was the mother of two young children and pregnant with a third, and was active with the duties as a pastor’s wife, all the while her personal life was “inundated with intuitions and fears”. 3 Keller explained that:

1 (1937) “Psychology and Religion,” CW 11, p. 81. Tina Keller, date unknown, Keller Family Papers, Geneva, Switzerland, courtesy of the 2 (1968) Jung biographical archive, Countway Library of Medicine, Boston, family of Tina Keller and Wendy Swan. pp. B-2–B-3. : jung history 1: 2

Vom stillen Wachsen (From Silent Growth) November 1917, Keller Family Papers, Geneva, Switzerland Dr. Jung did not consider me “sick.” He said my fears were a To help relieve Keller’s anxiety outside sessions, symptom, showing that I was in a growth-process he called Jung encouraged her to express her feelings by tech - “individuation.” He believed the symptoms were necessary to niques that necessitated active participation and keep me from escaping the process; the fears, he believed, would communication between conscious and unconscious only disappear, as I became more mature. This might take a materials. In this regard, Keller experimented with very long time. In fact, “individuation” is a life-long process.... 4 various forms of writing and painting from the unconscious. The primary writing techniques with Keller’s early analysis coincided with the years of which Keller experimented were spontaneous writing Jung own self-experimentation. She reported going to (a form of automatic writing), and letters written to sessions and seeing Jung’s personal active imagination Jung not intended to be mailed. paintings and writings in plain view; in fact, Jung was The practice of spontaneous writing became a instructing Keller on the method he was using to life-long technique for Keller. She highlighted its explore his own unconscious. “Dr. Jung wrote in his importance when she stated that “probably the ‘black and his red book’ during emotional upheavals most valuable result of my work with Dr. Jung is and during the period of discovery described his that I have today a technique that allows me to con - ‘visions’ and then wrote dialogues and commen - nect unconscious elements with my thinking and taries....sometimes these paintings would be visible in my actions in a continuous way.” 6 Keller also paint - Jung’s consulting room.” 5 ed a number of pictures depicting internal states During Keller’s analysis with Jung, he focused during her analysis with Jung. primarily on her symptoms of anxiety and confu - In 1924, after an absence from analysis, Keller sion concerning religious matters, and in that wished to resume her sessions with Jung. He was regard, Jung’s primary goal was to strengthen not available, however, because he was departing Keller’s ego. Outside the sessions, he encouraged her shortly to study the Pueblo Indians in New Mexico. to continue the analytic process by working with Therefore, Jung transferred Keller to Toni Wolff, a the unconscious material on her own. While giving former patient of his who had become a lay analyst her support on improving the quality of her external 3 Ibid, p. B-5. life, he also taught her various methods and tech - 4 (1981) Autobiography, Keller Family Papers, Geneva, p. 11. niques for communicating with the unconscious. 5 Ibid, p. 25. : wendy swan : page thirteen

Vom Körpergefühl (About Body Feeling) 21 April, 1928, Keller Family Papers, Geneva, Switzerland : jung history 1: 2

and his primary associate, with whom Tina worked ing to look behind the visible into the dark world analytically until 1928. When Keller was transferred of the psyche.” 12 However, she was also repelled by to Wolff in 1924, she was 37 years old; Wolff was him, stating that “Dr. Jung could be so sarcastic. 36. At the time, Keller had intended to wait for Jung He made fun of people in an unfeeling way.” 13 She to continue her analysis; she saw the time with Toni went on to say that “[Jung] was not the kind of Wolff as an opportunity to learn more about Jungian man [she] was attracted to,” concluding that “per - psychology. “I planned to ask her to teach me some haps only a man who did not wish to be labeled theory while I was waiting for Dr. Jung’s return.” 7 ‘good’ could explore the dark unknown? A ‘good’ However, it became apparent in her first session man, like [my] husband, would keep to the light that Toni Wolff would become her primary analyst. side of life.” 14 While in analysis with Wolff, Keller became In addition to having an ambivalent response to “closer to Dr. Jung. I now belonged to the intimate Jung the person, she also had a mixed response to circle of pupils around him that participated in his her analysis with him. He did teach her useful tech - thought.” 8 During the analysis with Wolff, Keller continued occasionally to have an individual session with Jung; she also attended his seminars, including “that special seminar where Dr. Jung told us of his own development [active imaginations].” 9 Keller was referring to the 1925 seminar on analytical psychology, delivered in 16 weekly lectures from March 23 to July 6, in which Jung “briefly discussed the experiences and methods he used to work with the unconscious materials and waking fantasies he experienced during his years of self-experimentation (1912–1918).” 10 Keller was in analysis with Wolff from late 1924 until the family moved to Geneva in 1928 when Adolph accepted the directorship of an inter - national relief organization. During the four year niques to help navigate her anxieties, but she stated analysis, Keller had a number of waking fantasies that in general “it is difficult to remember what Dr. related to a dark figure in her unconscious, “the dark Jung said in the many sessions I had with him...I doctor,” which were very distressing. Keller was able wondered whether much of our conversation was to achieve a rapprochement with this figure with not a waste of time?” 15 She also had doubts about Wolff’s assistance and with the use of active imagi - his judgment in recommending psychoanalysis as nation experiences in the form of writing, painting, the treatment of choice for her anxieties considering and bodily movement. her personal circumstances; she talked about the Distinguishing between the two analyses, Keller “advantages and disadvantages of involving a stated that: woman with small children in a long depth-analysis. Dr. Jung, however, felt sure that when I met him I while before [with Jung] I was learning to deal with irruptions was already in the growth-process and could not from the unconscious spontaneously, now [with Wolff] I was have avoided it. So I found myself involved in a going to confront the unconscious process, consciously meeting it. long depth-analysis without knowing what I was Therefore Dr. Jung had tried to strengthen my ego through chal - undertaking.” 16 lenging me to conscious discussion. He knew it needs a strong At the age of 94, Keller summarized her view of ego for such confrontation with unconscious dynamic images.” 11 Jung in the following passage: Keller was ambivalent about Jung. She was Even something that is long past, if it still stirs the emotions, is fascinated by him, attributing her interest to the fact like an undigested meal, a portion of life that one has been that Jung was “a pioneer in a passionate search, try - unable to assimilate, but also unable to reject fully. My meeting : wendy swan : page fifteen

with Dr. Jung, his ideas and personality, was such an undigested portion of my life. His image stood before my mind’s eye as a great rock, blocking my way and outlook. My whole experience involving Dr. Jung’s thought and person seemed like a sphinx to whose ques - tion an answer must be found. I had to face the painful fact that I was blind in my admiration and later in my hostility. While blind anger blocked my way I was forced to think and to wait and think again till my emotions gradually calmed down and I could see more realistically. 17

Keller began to write autobiographical accounts in the late 1960s. In 1968 she was interviewed by Fülle uns frühe mit Deiner Gnade (Fill us soon with your grace) 18 June 1917, Gene Nameche for the Jung biographical archive Keller Family Papers, Geneva, Switzerland

“my whole experience involving dr. jung’s thought and person seemed like a sphinx to whose question an answer must be found.”

housed at the Countway Medical School of Harvard 6 Countway MS, p. B-16. 7 (1972) Inward Light, 35, p. 11. University in Boston. Keller wrote an unpublished 8 Autobiography, p. 24. account of her analyses with Jung and Wolff which 9 Ibid, p. 24. 10 Countway MS, p. C-5. she submitted for the project. In the 1970s she 11 Autobiography, pp. 19-20. wrote a four part manuscript in German entitled 12 Countway MS, p. B-3. 13 Ibid, p. B-3. Wege inneren Wachtums (Ways of Inner Growth), pub - 14 Ibid, p. B-3. lished in 1972, 1973, 1975, and 1977, respectively. 15 Ibid, p. B-11. 16 Ibid, p. B-4. In the 1970s she began writing her autobiography 17 Autobiography, p. 76. in several English drafts which are housed in the private collection of the Keller family. In 1971 she was asked to give a lecture at the Jung Institute in Küsnacht upon the occasion of the 10th anniversary of Jung’s death because she was one of the few peo - ple yet living who knew Jung in the early days. This presentation was published subsequently in a jour - nal called Inward Light (1972), and describes the clinical practices of Jung and Wolff during the formative years of analytical psychology. Finally, in the summer of 1981 (at the age of 94), she com - pleted a final unpublished edition of her life story entitled Autobiography (Keller Family Papers). S : jung history 1: 2

AN INTRODUCTION TO CAROL SAWYER BAUMANN (1897–1958) 1 AMY COLWELL BLUHM

or a long time I hoped add to the contextual history of analytical psycholo - ” I would be able to gy by reconstructing the interaction of Jung, his lead two lives, that of theory from roughly 1916 until 1931, and the life a married woman, as of one of his analysands, Carol Sawyer Baumann. well as following my The reconstruction involves the use of primary work. Some women can source material to assess the interaction between do that. . . . I have been C.G. Jung and Carol Sawyer Baumann. through a lot of suffer - Documentary evidence provides additional lines ing and conflict, trying to find the of questioning from the material, rather than con - right path to follow, but now that it firming or disconfirming a hypothesis. Two main is at last clear to me I feel happy in queries in examining the aforementioned confluence flooking ahead to the peace and of Carol Sawyer with C.G. Jung and his theory are joy of being free to follow my research. I have tried these: What was the effect, if any, of Carol Sawyer too long, to go against my own nature. (Personal Baumann on Jung’s emerging conceptions? In what communication, Carol Baumann to Irving Fisher, way did Jung’s theory affect Carol Sawyer Baumann? Baumann Papers, December 18, 193 9)” 2 A brief overview of Jung’s life and work, as well as Carol Sawyer’s pivotal transformation, about an introduction to Carol Sawyer Baumann, are nec - which she reflects in the opening quote, was nascent essary to establish the context for this inquiry. in 1927. During that year, she left her family and Jung’s emerging conception of individuation is traveled to London for a three month analysis with chronicled in documents he produced from 1916 Jungian analyst H.G. Baynes. In 1929, Carol Sawyer until 1931, beginning with “The conception of the (later Baumann) moved herself and her children to unconscious” and ending with “The stages of life”. 5 Zürich and continued as C.G. Jung’s analysand until These documents show the emergence of the con - her death in 1958. Here, I will be presenting an cepts of the persona, the personal and collective introduction to Carol Sawyer unconscious, the anima and animus, attitudinal Baumann’s previously unpublished and functional types, the balancing mecha - correspondence with C.G. Jung. nism of the psyche, the transcendent There is a deep philosophical function, and the self. pulse that runs through it: the In my doctoral work, an exposi - recognition that the transfor - tion of these conceptions is com - mation that occurred in pared to an abundance of archival Carol Sawyer’s life is both evidence available on Baumann, including common and abstruse, and papers held by her heirs and primary deeply human. The character of her source material from repositories in vari - struggle was continually that of the call ous libraries. During this period of his thought, of her family and the call to her work. Jung was in personal transition, the period he referred The literature produced to date on the history to as the confrontation with the unconscious. At this of analytical psychology and the life of Jung and the time, he produced and learned to invite fantasy mate - Jungians, as Shamdasani points out, approaches Jung rial that eventually revealed the components of his in disparate fashion, ranging from idolatry to hostil - psychological theory, but which Jung viewed as his ity, too often laced with factual errors and a lack of personal myth. Collectively, the world was in the throes historical rigor. 3 Additionally, the literature pro - of World War I. duced by individuals who were directly involved Carol Sawyer Baumann grew up as the second with Jung or the early Jungians prove to be invalu - and middle child of Irving Fisher, a world-renowned able memoirs. Work such as that of Shamdasani, Yale economist, and Margaret Hazard Fisher, a and, earlier, Henri Ellenberger emphasizes the descendant of the east coast woolen magnate, philosophical, intellectual, social, and political con - Rowland Hazard. 6 Caroline Fisher was born June texts for Jung’s work. 4 The current project aims to 17th, 1897, at her parents’ home in New Haven, : amy colwell bluhm : page seventeen

sawyer moved from a traditional, family-centered life to living as a student and budding researcher in the zürich circle of jungians.

Bacon and his wife — processing her work with Baynes and attempting to reconcile her own growth with her marriage, her role as a mother, and her life. That summer, she traveled to San Francisco to work with the Bayneses, Carol Sawyer, ca. 1930, Baumann Family Papers and Amy Bluhm who were vacationing there, and made a decision to Connecticut. As a child, she enjoyed several family separate from her husband. vacations to Europe and was active in different out - In 1929, she moved to Zurich with her children. door groups, including the Campfire Girls, and She had analysis with Jung, launching immediately attended a pseudo-Native American camp called into work with her father complex, as Jung reflected: Camp Sobego Wohelo. In 1919, Sawyer lost her older sister, Margie, who suffered from a nervous The truth is, that you had a most formidable attack of your father breakdown, hospitalization, and, finally, pleurisy. 7 complex, which is characterized by a considerable amount of inces - In 1921, Carol Fisher married Charles Baldwin tuous libido. The latter shows itself always in a sexual form, Sawyer at her parents’ home and subsequently because it wants to return to the father, whom it never has been moved to Cleveland, Ohio. According to family able to reach before. ...Yours leapt out alright at me, because I am reports, Carol Sawyer nearly died during the birth the father, yet I am not the father. This is the most ideal chance for of her first child, Baldwin Sawyer, in 1922. 8 As she a female father complex. Well I guess you have to accept me for a later described to her son, she exited her body from while as a father substitute and I have to accept a loving “daughter.” 9 the back of the head and hovered above the ceiling. (C. G. Jung to Carol Sawyer, BP, December 21, 1929) She then floated and saw, over a large wall, a beauti - 1 This is a synopsis of my dissertation work: Bluhm, A. C. (2005). Turning ful garden. She wanted to go on but looked back to toward individuation: Carol Sawyer Baumann’s interpretation of Jung, 1927–1931. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Saybrook Graduate School and Research see the new baby and knew that she must return Center, San Francisco, CA. Caroline Fisher Sawyer Baumann went through (personal communication, Baldwin Sawyer, several name changes throughout her life. She was born Caroline Fisher. Her first married name, which she held from 1921 until 1933, was Carol Sawyer. November 12, 2003). Following Baldwin, another Her second marriage, to Hans Baumann, occurred in 1933. She kept the name child, Margaret “Peggy” Sawyer, was born. Baumann for the remainder of her life. From 1933 onward, she was referred to as Carol Baumann, although there were occasions upon which she was Carol Sawyer took her first significant steps referred to as Carol Fisher Baumann. 2 Baumann Papers, Carol Fisher Sawyer, located in the home of Peter and toward Zürich between 1927 and 1931. Sawyer Ann Sawyer Williams, Cleveland Heights, OH. Indexed by Amy Colwell moved from a traditional, family-centered life to Bluhm, 2002–2003, heretofore referred to as BP. 3 Shamdasani, S. (2003). Jung and the making of modern psychology. Cambridge: living as a student and budding researcher in the Cambridge University Press. Zürich circle of Jungians. Following an initial analy - 4 Ellenberger, H. (1970). The discovery of the unconscious: The history and evolution of dynamic psychiatry. New York: HarperCollins. sis in Cleveland, Sawyer had analysis with the 5 Jung, C. G. (1917). The conception of the unconscious. In C. Long (Ed.), Jungian H. G. Baynes in London in the summer and Collected papers on analytical psychology, 445–474. London: Baillière, Tindall and Cox. Jung, C. G. (1975). The stages of life. In H. Read, M. Fordham, & G. early autumn of 1927. The analysis involved work Adler (Eds.), Collected works of C. G. Jung: Vol. 8. The structure and dynamics of the psyche (pp. 387–403). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. (Original work with psychological opposites as well as the conflict published 1931) between her personal work and her draw to her fam - 6 Hazard Family Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society, Providence, RI. 7 Allen, R. L. (1993). Irving Fisher: A biography. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. ily at home. As evidenced by the initial quote, she 8 Near the end of her life, Carol Sawyer Baumann (1955) conducted research struggled throughout her life with this dichotomy. into the psychological experience of childbirth and published the work in a volume commemorating Jung’s 80th birthday. Baumann, C. (1955). Upon returning to Cleveland, Sawyer began a Psychological experiences connected with childbirth. In Studien zur Analytischen Psychologie C. G. Jung’s Festschrift 1955. heavy correspondence with her cousin, Leonard 9 Cited with permission, Erbengemeinschaft C. G. Jung : jung history 1: 2

baumann collected dozens of women’s reports on their childbirth experiences in order to compose a schema for understanding how women experience childbirth psychologically.

The interaction of Jung’s theory and Carol Ching, from the Chinese with the assistance of Dr. Sawyer Baumann’s interpretation of individuation E.H. von Tscharner. Sawyer Baumann continued reveals to what degree and in what way each influ - an interest in Taoism throughout her life, including enced the other. The extent to which she was suc - composing an article using Laotse as an exemplar cessful in her quest can be gauged by Carol Sawyer for the path of individuation. 11 In 1937, she spent Baumann’s intellectual grasp of the principles of time in the caves of southern France and explored analytical psychology, her extensive researches into the connection between the caves, symbology, and non-western cultures, and her ability to communi - the collective unconscious. 12 In 1942, she began a cate her findings on the process of individuation correspondence with the great Sioux medicine man through her lectures and published writings. Black Elk and also commenced her long work com - According to Katy Rush Cabot, Jung said “Mrs. posing a manuscript that formulated a psychological Baumann understands analysis better than anyone consideration of his big vision. Additionally, Sawyer in an intellectual way.” 10 This can be determined by Baumann traveled to the U.S on at least four sepa - the cogency of her varied research, writing, and lec - rate occasions in the 1940s and 1950s to do field turing following her arrival in Zürich and until her work with the Zuni and the Sioux. death. The highlights of her work are as follows. Jung entrusted Sawyer Baumann to translate Soon after she arrived in Zürich, Sawyer (later “On the psychology of eastern meditation” by the Baumann) began translation work on the Tao Te Sri Lankan philosopher of aesthetics, Dr. A. K. : amy colwell bluhm : page nineteen

Coomaraswamy. 13 In 1947, Sawyer Baumann was Zürich community and the Analytical Psychology able to secure military access to post-World War II Club of New York and lectured in London and Münich, the first Jungian to lecture there following Geneva as well. 16 S the war. Jung was enthusiastic about Sawyer 10 Reid, J. C. (2001). Jung, my mother, and I. Verlag, Einsiedeln: Daimon, p. 95. Baumann’s impending experience, as he was confi - 11 Baumann, C. (1946). Reflections prompted by Laotse: A psychological dent that she had a firm understanding of analytical approach. Bulletin de la Société Suisse des Amis de L’Extrême-Orient, 8, 49–61. 12 Baumann, C. (1937/38). Caves in the South of France and evidence of psychology (C. G. Jung to Carol Baumann, pre-historic religious rites. Aum dem Jahresbericht, 1, 16-17. February 14, 1947, BP). 13 Jung, C. G. (1948). On the psychology of eastern meditation. Art and Thought, 80, 169–179. Trans. by Carol Baumann. Finally, beginning in 1945 and continuing until 14 Baumann, C. (1945b). Dr. Jung during the war. Presentation to the Analytical her death in 1958, Sawyer Baumann collected dozens Psychology Club of New York on October 19, 1945. 15 Baumann, C. (1949). Interview with C. G. Jung. Bulletin of the Analytical of women’s reports on their childbirth experiences in Psychology Club of NY, 11 (8), supplement. 16 Baumann-Fisher, C. (1939). Jung’s discovery of the collective unconscious and the order to compose a schema for understanding how Individuation process. Lecture to the Monday Club at the Quaker Center in women experience childbirth psychologically. The Geneva, 27 March, 1939. Baumann, C. (1940). Tierpsyche und menschliche Psyche: Referat mit Kommentar, über “Die Seele der weissen Ameise” von Eugene Marais. Presented preliminary results were published in 1955 and she to the Psychological Club of Zürich on 9 November, 1940. Baumann, C. intended to expand them to book length. She was (1946b). Presentation of “An alchemical text interpreted as if it were a dream” by C. G. Jung. Presented to The Analytical Psychology London Club on still collecting women’s reflections at the time of October 18, 1946. Baumann, C. (1948). Eugene N. Marais and the problem of the her death. animal psyche. London, Guild of Pastoral Psychology, 1948. (Guild of Pastoral Psychology Lectures, 52). Jung, C. G. (1946). Alchemical text interpreted as if it were Returning to the question of Jung’s effect on a dream. London, APC of London, Tentative trans. by Carol Baumann. Sawyer Baumann, it is difficult, though possible, to speculate. Importantly, Sawyer Baumann left behind no analytical diaries, making it impossible to assess her inner response to Jung. As Jung had commented, and as a reading of her lectures and writing shows, Sawyer Baumann’s intellectual response to Jung’s work was quite strong. She was also heavily involved in the Psychological Club and the larger community around Jung, both of which influenced her life and thought. To divorce her from this social milieu would be in error. Regarding Carol Sawyer Baumann’s influence on Jung, the documents do provide some information. Carol Sawyer Baumann was arguably Jung’s staunchest defender against charges of anti-Semitism following World War II, representing Jung’s work during the war to the community in New York, 14 interviewing him for a published response to the accusations, 15 and, as mentioned above, being the first Jungian to bring analytical theory to Münich following the war. Furthermore, she was a strong liaison between the : jung history 1: 2

SOME CRITICAL ISSUES ABOUT JUNGIAN ANALYSIS VICENTE DE MOURA

HE PICTURES research, lectures, articles and even simply to find ARCHIVE inspiration and connection to the unconscious. AT THE However, what I want to explore in this article JUNG INSTITUTE, are some open questions which I have confronted in ZURICH my work. I have been working as a Jungian analyst Jung had a complex and very since 1996 and as curator of the Pictures Archive at dynamic relationship to the the C. G. Jung Institute in Zürich since 1997. For visual arts. To this day, he the last eight years I have been studying Jung’s remains the only major psy- approach towards his patients. We have access to chologist to have painted, made some case histories, patients’ notes, and pictures. drawings and sculptures as part This provides us with a partial look inside the way of his own inner devel - Jung worked with these patients. The critical issues opment. From 1917 on he actively encouraged many for me are the following: of his patients to create pictures of their dreams and How did Jung himself work fantasies. Jung realized that this method helped his with his patients? What patients to confront the unconscious and to grasp kind of patients were they? the symbolic material. And, is it possible to apply The Pictures Archive was created during Jung’s the same method in contem - last years and chronicles the inner journeys in a col - porary Jungian analysis? lection of almost 4,000 pictures from Jung’s From his books, it is not patients and almost 10,000 pictures from Jolande possible to gain a clear pic - Jacobi’s patients. The first dated pictures in the ture of how Jung worked archive are from 1917 and extend over a period of with his patients. Jung did about 40 years. The clients who created these pic - Active Imagination painting by not write a “case report” as tures, around one hundred men and women from Christiana Morgan, Courtesy of we know it today. How he the Picture Archives of the C. G. different countries, were in analyses with Jung him - Jung-Institut, Zurich actually worked therapeutical - self or with one of his collaborators. Jung did not ly with his patients is not easy like the idea of leaving the client without his or her to glean from his writings. We know that Jung picture and therefore asked his analysands to paint delved deeply into the archetypal background of his the same picture twice, so that Jung could keep one patients’ material, showing the mythological associa - copy with him. tions and observing the development of the clients Later, Jolande Jacobi systematized the pictures (the individuation process), but his interventions and catalogued them in topics that are helpful to during the therapy hour or his attitudes towards his recognize the archetypal symbolism behind the fig - clients are not well known. ures. She also enriched the collection by adding the My intention in this article is to present some pictures made by her own patients. of my conclusions, without claiming any absolute The goal of the collection was, and still is, to truth about them. support the students of Jungian psychology in their learning about archetypal symbolism and picture THE PRACTICE OF C. G. JUNG interpretation. The archive is open to students, ana - Jung’s clinical work started at the beginning of the lysts, and all those interested in Jungian psychology. 20th century at the Burghölzli Mental Hospital in The collection is available at the C. G. Jung Zürich. The young C. G. Jung confronted patients Institute in Zürich to all those who would like to from all social levels. Jung’s work with the word study it or be moved by it. association experiment gave him the basis for devel - While looking at these pictures you can see oping the complex theory, and the work with Freud what Jung saw, picture by picture, and thus better between 1906 and 1913 helped him to develop his understand how many of his ideas and concepts analytical skills. However, after the break with were developed. The pictures have been used for Freud in 1913, Jung sought his own way. In his : vicente de moura : twenty-one

jung often encouraged the patient to paint. with him. he expected the patient to express his or We must her inner world in pictures. bear in mind that such an influ - personal quest, he discovered that the creative ence is to be expression of his inner world through drawings, expected as a sculpting, and other artistic means allowed him to result of the discover information from his own personal psy - counter-trans - chological labyrinth. This inner work later became ference phenom - the guide to his methodology. ena. It also It is important to note that Jung’s books and must be noted ideas were already known in the scientific world and that many of his books were studied in many different countries. his clients Both Symbols of Transformation (1913) ( Wandlungen und already had Symbole der Libido, 1912) and Psychological Types (1921) some knowledge of his theories and wanted to expe - were known to psychologists as well as lay people rience the full extent of Jung’s method. after their publication. The patients that came to Nevertheless, it would be too simple to say that the see Jung after the publication of his books have patients were making drawings just to please Jung. some common aspects. His clients at that time were This was simply the method he used to help his mostly women, from wealthy families, with some clients. Jung had experienced in his own develop - knowledge of Jung’s books. They were over 30 ment the benefits of dealing with the contents of the years old, usually older. Most of them were in the unconscious in a creative way and, at the same time, second half of life. These clients produced a large was developing his theories. He wanted to understand amount of drawings and paintings. Like Jung him - what was going on in the unconscious of his clients self, they worked out their inner conflict and devel - and this was his way of doing it. opment in drawings and other creative arts. We may say that Jung himself was not a “Jungian In the Pictures Archive, we have few notes from analyst” who worked with “normal patients” as we Jung’s patients that give us information about their work today. His clients were especially motivated and interaction with Jung. The first drawings are from knowledgeable. They usually had the time and the 1917, but the biggest part of the material presents disposition to confront their unconscious and to pro - an overview of patients’ work from the 1920s until duce pictures or other artistic expressions. They were the 1950s. From the notes, we can see that in this under the influence of the process of transference that period Jung was working with a different kind of was to be expected, and we must admit that talking patient from that which he had worked with at the with a Jungian analyst is different from talking with psychiatric clinic. Jung himself. Jung often encouraged the patient to paint. He expected the patient to express his or her inner THE RELIGIOUS ATTITUDE world in pictures. Sometimes, Jung even directed The paramount question is: was Jung’s way of treat - the client to produce a duplicate picture and the ment only valid and applicable for Jung himself? patient usually followed Jung’s advice. This aspect Recent studies done by the Swiss Society for points to an important question: Did the client Analytical Psychology (SGAP) in Zürich indicate want to please Jung? that this is not the case. Nevertheless, I believe we One potential answer is: it could be. Jung expected as analysts must approach this question with a large clients to produce pictures. Jung was already famous measure of critical thinking. We need to study in and had great influence on the patient, who usually more detail the conditions under which Jung was had traveled long distances to see him and to work working with his clients in his own time. : jung history 1: 2

What Jung was doing shows his intention: he just as much as the kind of patient that he treated. wanted to check if what he had discovered for him - The different response of the client to the treatment self in his personal experience was also valid for his seems to relate to and depend upon the kind of clients. Training the client to deal with the material client that Jung had. coming from the unconscious in that same way was In the practice of analysis and psychotherapy a necessary step to observing the effects of his today, it is possible to see how differently patients method. The clients were, at the same time, expect - react to the Jungian method. Many patients come ing what Jung wrote about in his books. These were with a request such as “please, help me to function the conditions and the attitude towards the work again.” My opinion is that this is what the patient with the unconscious that were necessary for this has a right to expect, in so far as the analyst is able work. Jung expected his patients to have a religious to help him or her. The patient has a right to attitude toward the unconscious. achieve the level to which he or she aspires. It seems It is important to understand what Jung meant to me that it is a mistake to push someone to delve by “religious attitude.” deeply into an archetypal level if the client has no Jung interprets the term interest in doing so or if the required attitude religion as coming from towards the psyche is missing. To this kind of the Latin religere or “to client the work will be basically psychotherapeutic. consider carefully” (CW Here it is possible to achieve good results by apply - 8, para. 427), but there is ing Jung’s complex theory and the principles of the also the possibility that in-dividuation process. It can be combined with tech - this term came from reli - niques from other psychological schools and usually gare “to link back, recon - the patient can gain relief from his or her psycho - nect” (CW 5, para. 669). logical suffering. In both cases, the meaning of religion would be However, there are other patients, who are not referring to something that has to do with careful the majority, who require something more. Here the observation and with reconnection to the images kind of questioning and the attitude that they have and contents of the unconscious. The term individ - towards the work with the psyche are differentiated. uation can also be understood in this attitude: in- It is possible to work more analytically with this dividuum, that means not-divided. The psyche should kind of client and to apply the methods and tech - not be split and the analytical work should strive for niques of Jung in full. totality. Jung’s methods basically are careful observa - It is not my intention here to postulate that tion of and reconnection with what lives inside the the first kind of patient is less important than the individual, as the unknown part inside the psyche. second. Each and every aspect of human suffering As long as this attitude is present in analysis, Jung’s must be respected. The main point here is for the method, as he himself applied it, is valid and analyst. The client’s needs should be respected and currently applicable. the analyst should not propel him or her into a quest which he or she has not asked for. THE TWO KINDS OF PATIENTS Much of the research carried out today seems The kind of patient that Jung had during the sec - to me to be more influenced by the psychotherapy ond half of his life was not the same kind of patient patient. The analyst’s observation of symptoms, the that he had treated earlier during his time at the diagnostics and the goals of analysis fit in with what Burghölzli Psychiatric Clinic. We can see how Jung the scientific world would require today. However, connected his clinical observations in the develop - it is not possible to include the analysis client with - ment of his theory, but the kind of patients with in the guidelines for scientific study. It is also not whom he worked was totally different. It is possible necessary. Here we are dealing with questions that to say that as he went deeper in his researches go far beyond the criteria used to evaluate psy - towards archetypal material, his method changed chotherapy. The most important criterion for me is : vicente de moura : twenty-three

the one which deals with the question of the meaning of life. Aniela Jaffé writes in her book, The Myth of Meaning (1984), about meaning and Jungian psychol - ogy. She describes how Jung tried to work with the question: What is the meaning of life? For her, Jung found an answer that satisfied his personal question, taking his scientific knowledge into consideration, but without claiming scientific validity for it. Jaffé writes: “There is no objectively valid answer to the question of meaning for, besides objective thinking, subjective valuation also plays its part. Each and every formula - tion is a myth iSn order to answer the unanswerable” (1984, p. 12).

Bibliography Jaffé, A. (1984). The myth of meaning in the work of C. G. Jung. Daimon Verlag.

Photographer unknown : jung history 1:2

IN MEMORIAM

We regretfully inform our readers World Student Christian Federation. He received a of the death of one of our donors, Philip Tyler D.D. , honoris causa, from Kenyon College. Practiced Zabriskie, who has been of outstanding service to as Jungian Analyst in New York. He served as the Jungian community. We have gratefully received Chairman and President of the Board of the C.G. a number of donations in his honour. We reproduce Jung Foundation, and later as President of the Board here an obituary notice, extending our condolences of the C. G. Jung Institute of New York and as a to his family. member of its faculty. He served on the Executive Philip Tyler Zabriskie, b. March 6, 1928 in Committee of the International Association of Alexandria, Virginia, died peacefully on Dec. 25 Analytical Psychology, and as a Board Member of 2005 in his New York City home. Graduate of the Archive for Research in Archetypal Symbolism Groton School, Princeton University (Salutarian), (ARAS). Founding member of Jungian Virginia Theological Seminary; Jung Institute, Psychoanalytic Association. Philip transmitted the Zurich. Rhodes Scholar at Baliol College, Oxford. integrity of a considered and dedicated life. S Held offices in the National Episcopal Church and

Paradisio : praetseraorncshan:djcuonlglahbiostroartyin1g:2 in:stpitaugteioonnse : page twenty-five

PATRONS AND COLLABORATING INSTITUTIONS

Founding Patron C. G. Jung Institute of Los Angeles Carolyn Grant Fay, M.A., L.P.C., A.D.T.R. www.junginla.org

The C. G. Jung Institute of New York Founding Institution cgjunginstitute.ny @verizon.net C.G. Jung Educational Center, Houston C. G. Jung Club of Orange County P.O. Box 1812, Orange, CA 92668 The following additional institutions have agreed to be collaborating institutions: Inter-Regional Society of Jungian Analysts www.irsja.org www.cgjungpage.org Spring: A Journal of Archetype Philadelphia Association of Jungian Analysts and Culture & Spring Journal Books www.cgjungphiladelphia.org www.springjournalandbooks.com Psychologischer Club Zürich, Switzerland Society of Analytical Psychology 1 Daleham Gardens, London NW3 5BY, UK Stiftung für Jung’sche Psychologie www.jungian-analysis.org www.marie-louisevonfranz.com www.jungiana.ch Oregon Friends of Jung 811 NW 20th St, Portland, OR 97207 Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of www.ofj.org Medicine at University College London www.ucl.ac.uk/histmed/ C. G. Jung Society of Melbourne 72 Sweyn St, Balwyn North 3104, Australia Fundación Carl Gustav Jung de España http://home.vicnet.net.au/~jungsoc/ (Foundation Carl Gustav Jung of Spain) www.fcgjung.com.es www.cgjung.com

Sociedad de Psicologia Analitica www.sepa.org.es The Guild of Analytical Psychology and Spirituality www.gaps.co.uk

This publication has been made possible by a generous gift from the Oswald Foundation. 119 coulter avenue ardmore, pennsylvania 19003 usa www.philemonfoundation.org