INVERTEBRATE SYSTEMATICS ADVISORY GROUP REPRESENTATIVES OF LANDCARE RESEARCH Dr D.R. Penman Landcare Research Lincoln Agriculture & Science Centre P.O. Box 69, Lincoln, New Zealand Dr T.K. Crosby and Dr M.-C. Larivière Landcare Research Mount Albert Research Centre Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand REPRESENTATIVE OF UNIVERSITIES Dr R.M. Emberson Ecology and Entomology Group Soil, Plant, and Ecological Sciences Division P.O. Box 84, Lincoln University, New Zealand REPRESENTATIVE OF MUSEUMS Mr R.L. Palma Natural Environment Department Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa P.O. Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand REPRESENTATIVE OF OVERSEAS INSTITUTIONS Dr J.F. Lawrence CSIRO Division of Entomology G.P.O. Box 1700, Canberra City A.C.T. 2601, Australia * * * SERIES EDITOR Dr T. K. Crosby Landcare Research Mount Albert Research Centre Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand Fauna of New Zealand Ko te Aitanga Pepeke o Aotearoa Number / Nama 40 Cixiidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) M.-C. Larivière Landcare Research Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand [email protected] Manaaki W h e n u a P R E S S Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand 1999 Copyright © Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd 1999 No part of this work covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means (graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping information retrieval systems, or otherwise) without the written permission of the publisher. Cataloguing in publication LARIVIÈRE, Marie-Claude Cixiidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) / M.-C. Larivière – Lincoln, Canterbury, N.Z. : Manaaki Whenua Press, 1999. (Fauna of New Zealand, ISSN 0111–5383 ; no. 40). ISBN 0-478-09334-9 I. Title II. Series UDC 595.753.2(931) Prepared for publication by the series editor and the author using computer-based text and image processing, layout, scanning, and printing at Landcare Research, Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand M~ori text by H. Jacob, Huatau Consultants, Levin. Published by Manaaki Whenua Press, Landcare Research, P.O. Box 40, Lincoln, Canterbury, N.Z. Website: http://www.mwpress.co.nz/ Printed by PrintLink, Wellington Front cover: Tiriteana clarkei (Illustrator: D.W. Helmore). Publication of the Fauna of New Zealand series is supported by the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology under contract nunmber C09617. Fauna of New Zealand 40 5 POPULAR SUMMARY HE WHAKARAPOPOTOTANGA Class Insecta Order Hemiptera Suborder Auchenorrhyncha Family Cixiidae Cixiid planthoppers The primitive planthopper family Cixiidae has more than 1500 known species. Probably at least twice as many species remain to be described. The family is divided into Illustration / Whakaahua: Tiriteana clarkei Myers (Illustra- three groups of genera and species or subfamilies; only tor / Kaiwhakaahua: D. W. Helmore). one subfamily, the Cixiinae, is known from New Zealand. Compared with larger or warmer regions of the world, the New Zealand fauna appears relatively small (25 Ng~ Peketipu Cixiid species, 11 genera), but what it lacks in size it makes up in NÇ tuauri wh~ioio te wh~nau peketipu Cixiidae, ~, neke uniqueness. atu i te 1500 ng~ momo e mÇhiotia ana. Ka mutu, e Because of the special nature of the fauna, New whakapaetia ana ko t‘tahi hautoru noa iho t‘nei o te katoa Zealand can be regarded as a biodiversity hotspot for these o ng~ momo o t‘nei wh~nau. E toru ng~ wehenga puninga, insects for the following reasons. Eight out of 11 known ng~ “wh~nau iti” r~nei, ~, e ai ki ng~ tohunga, kotahi anake genera are found nowhere else in the world. The majority o ‘nei wh~nau iti, ar~ ng~ Cixiinae, e noho ana i Aotearoa. of species are restricted to islands (e.g., Three Kings and Ina whakatairitea ki ng~ whenua rahi ake, mahana ake Chathams) or to small regions and remote areas of the back o te ao, k~ore e p‘r~ rawa te huhua o ng~ momo e noho country. Like the Tuatara and velvet worms (Onychophora), ana i Aotearoa (ar~, e 25 ng~ momo, 11 ng~ puninga), a number of genera and species represent very ancient engari ahakoa te tokoiti, in~ te ahurei o t‘nei huihuinga. lineages that may have originated on Gondwanaland. He tino k~inga a Aotearoa nÇ ‘nei peketipu. O ng~ Other, more recently evolved, lineages have diversified in puninga 11 e mÇhiotia ana, ar~ ‘tahi e 8 k~ore e kitea i more recent habitats such as subalpine environments (e.g., ‘tahi atu kokonga o te ao. Ko te nuinga o ng~ momo, kei genus Semo), coastal areas and limestone caves (Confuga ng~ moutere e karapoti ana i Aotearoa (hei tauira, ar~ ‘tahi persephone). kei Manawa T~whi, kei R‘kohu r~nei) kei ng~ takiw~ The New Zealand fauna, however, did not evolve in wh~iti, mÇriroriro r~nei o te tuawhenua. P‘r~ anÇ i te tuatara total isolation. Three genera are shared with other regions me te momo noke e k§ia nei he Onychophora, ar~ ‘tahi of the world: Aka occurs also in Tasmania, and Cixius and puninga, momo hoki e whakapaetia ana i noho atu Ç r~tou Oliarus are cosmopolitan. tãpuna ki taua whenua rahi o tua whakarere, ki Te Uri Cixiid planthoppers are graceful little insects M~roa. Ar~ anÇ ‘tahi k~wai whakaheke i hua ake i muri generally ranging from 4 to 8 mm in length. They are mai, kua neke ki k~inga k‘, noho ai, ki ng~ w~hi p‘r~ i ng~ slightly broadened and flattened and superficially whenua tiketike (ko te puninga Semo t‘r~), i ng~ tahatika, resemble minute cicadas. Their head is squat with a pair of me ng~ ana paheko (ko te Confuga persephone t‘r~). short, bristle-like antennae. Their anterior wings are Heoi anÇ, ehara i te mea i motuhake m~rika te kukune slightly hardened and they usually have distinctive dark haere o ng~ puninga o Aotearoa. Ar~ ‘tahi puninga e toru hair-bearing spots along the veins. Some New Zealand ka kitea i ‘tahi atu whenua o te ao. Ko te puninga Aka, ka (continued overleaf) (haere tonu) 6 Larivière (1999): Cixiidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) species are bright green, others are yellowish brown, kitea i konei me Tasmania, ~, ko te Cixius me te Oliarus, greyish, or dark brown with varied colour patterns on the kei ng~ tÇpito huhua o te ao. anterior wings and markings on head and thorax He poniponi ng~ peketipu Cixiid (ar~ kei te 4–8 mm Adults can be found feeding on a variety of trees and te roa), ~, he pai r~ te hanga. He ~hua raurarahi te tinana, shrubs, or among grasses. Sometimes, especially in cold he papatahi hoki, heoi anÇ, ar~ pea tÇna rite, ko te kihikihi weather, adults and immatures (nymphs) may be found pakupaku. He poto te ãpoko, ~, e rua Çna pãhihi poto e under stones and debris. Mating occurs in the spring. The rite ana ki te huruhuru te ~hua. Ko ng~ parirau o mua, he female lays her eggs in the ground with her awl-like m~rÇrÇ, ~, he kÇiraira pÇuri kei ng~ iaia o ng~ parirau o te ovipositor. She carries a tuft of white, woolly wax at the nuinga, ka mutu, he whai huruhuru pÇuri ng~ kÇiraira nei. end of her abdomen, which she distributes in the soil Ko ‘tahi o ng~ momo kei Aotearoa, he k~k~riki te tae, ko around or under the eggs to protect them. ‘tahi anÇ he mangaeka, he kiwikiwi, he parauri, ~, he maha Nymphs, which are mostly undescribed, typically live ng~ tae kei ng~ parirau o mua, he maha anÇ ng~ waitohu underground in the soil, where they feed on the root sap of kei te ãpoko me te rei. grasses and other plants. Probably all the species have a Kitea ai ng~ mea pakeke e kai ana i te huhua o ng~ similar life-cycle, with older nymphs and adults momo r~kau me ng~ mauwha, tae atu ki ng~ p~t§t§. I Çna overwintering and a single generation being produced w~ anÇ (tae atu ki ng~ w~ o te makariri), kitea ai ng~ mea each year. One known exception is Oliarus atkinsoni pakeke me ng~ kÇhungahunga (ar~, ng~ nymph) i raro i which takes two years to develop from egg to adult. ng~ kÇhatu, i ng~ maramara r~kau r~nei. Ko te kÇanga te In general, very little is known about the biology of the kaupeka e whakatÇkia ai ng~ k~kano o ng~ uri whakaheke. New Zealand species, and this would be an interesting area Ko te pã tuku k~kano o te uwha, he ~hua rite ki te uhi, ~, of study now that we have a better understanding of the whakamahia ai t‘nei hei tuku i ana k~kano ki te whenua. composition of the fauna. The plants on which Cixiidae Kawea ai e te uwha t‘tahi poi harare he m~ te tae, he are most commonly found are flax (Phormium), grass tree perehungahunga te ~hua, ~, ka tukuna t‘nei harare ki te (Dracophyllum), hebe, karamu (Coprosma), kiokio w~hi e noho ai ng~ k~kano, hei rauh§ i a r~tou. (Blechnum ferns), mahoe (Melicytus), ti (cabbage tree), K~ore anÇ kia ~ta tautuhia te nuinga o ng~ mea and various grasses, rushes and sedges. Some kÇhungahunga, heoi anÇ, noho ai te nuinga ki te poho o planthoppers are also associated with beech (Nothofagus), Papa. Kai ai ng~ kÇhungahunga nei i te k~pia o ng~ p§akaaka conifers such as kauri pine (Agathis australis), red pine o ng~ p~t§t§ me ‘tahi atu momo tipu. E whakapaetia ana (Dacrydium cupressinum), yellow pine (Halocarpus he rite te ~hua o te wh~nau mai, me te pakari haere o ng~ biformis), totara (Podocarpus totara), and tree ferns, but it momo katoa.