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Pontifical Encyclical Divino Afflante Spiritu (1943) and Principle of Interpretation Bible E-Theologos, Vol. 1, No. 1 DOI 10.2478/v10154-010-0010-x Pontifical Encyclical Divino Afflante Spiritu (1943) and Principle of Interpretation Bible PhDr. ThDr. Daniel Slivka, PhD. University of Prešov in Prešov, Greek Catholic Theological Faculty Ul. biskupa Gojdiča 2, Prešov, Slovakia [email protected] Contribution of Biblical encyclical In the last century, popes published several encyclicals1 which focus on the Holy Scripture. Their themes are various fields of biblical sciences dealing with, for example, scientific study of the Bible that presuppose knowledge and usage of biblical sources, study, and exegesis of biblical texts in original languages, old translations and interpretation of the Scrip- tures, biblical theology and other. There also belong auxiliary biblical sci- ences as biblical archaeology, biblical history, inter-testament literature, apocryphal, rabbinic literature, Gnostic literature, study of Greek-Roman culture and extra biblical sources.2 In the sphere of interpretation of the Scriptures, Magisterium in deal- ing with various problems every time responded by publishing important documents. Thus, it endeavoured to direct Catholic interpretation in the following demands and various offered possibilities of the era. Gradually, new possibilities for better understanding of the biblical text appeared, as for example in its original version. But, the extent of the Word of God and 3 its actualization was not always correctly explained. 1 Termín biblické encykliky (gréc.-lat. encyclica = okružný list), Podľa chronologického datovania sú to: Lev XIII. Provindentissimus Deus (1893); Pius X. Pascendi dominici gregis (1907); Benedikt XV. Spiritus Paraclitus (1920); Pius XII. Divino afflante Spiritu (1943) a Humani generis (1950). Cp. HERIBAN, J.: Príručný lexikón biblických vied. 1992, p. 259. 2 Cp. HERIBAN, J.: Príručný lexikón biblických vied. p. 262. 3 Cp. VARGA, S.: Interpretácia Biblie v Cirkvi. In: TYROL, A.: Dokument PBK Interpretácia Biblie v Cirkvi. Ružomberok : Žilinská univerzita v Žiline, Katecheticko - pedagogická fakulta sv. Ondreja v Ružomberku, 1998, p. 9. 106 E-Theologos, Vol. 1, No. 1 DOI 10.2478/v10154-010-0010-x Divino Afflante Spiritu (1943) and Principle of Interpretation Bible Pontificate of Pope Pius XII (1939 - 1958) was marked by the World War II and the period when atheistic communism appeared. He actively participated in protests against crimes against humanity. Thanks to him, about 850 000 of Jews were saved. In the speeches after the war, he fo- cused on the care of victims of the war, rights of the nations to their self- determination, he refused communist ideology, fight between classes, and he supported spreading of the peace in the world as it was also presented in his papal motto that the peace is the fruit of the justice. He is the author of several encyclicals and encyclical Divino afflante Spiritu was addressed to biblical exegetes.4 Encyclical of Pius XII Divino afflante Spiritu was published on 30th September 1943 and it was the 50th jubilee of the publishing of the encyc- lical of Leo XIII. Provindentissimus Deus.5 The document was primarily published as a response to various doubts, mostly in Italy, which were aimed against scientific study of the Bible. Individual Works of the theolo- gists intended to show critically-scientific research, system of the study of the Scriptures, because they consider its interpretation to be dangerous for the Church. Pope Pius XII desired to suggest the right relation between scientific exegesis and spiritual interpretation of the Scriptures.6 This document offers new rules about original advancement of the biblical sciences. The encyclical is divided into individual parts:7 1. Study of biblical languages 2. The importance of the critics of the text 3. Decree of Trent about usage of Vulgate and modern interpretation (translation) 4. Meaning of the words and its research 5. Correct usage of spiritual meaning 6. Characteristic features of the inspired authors 7. Importance of the literary genres, mostly in the description of his- torical events 8. Encouragement of scientific work of various disciplines of ancient sciences It reminds and explains rules which are mentioned in encyclical Provindentissimus Deus. It again emphasizes, that Latin Vulgate is the offi- cial text of the Scriptures, but it is not required that translations to individ- ual languages has to be made from it. Even for the better understanding of Vulgate itself, translators used original biblical texts in Hebrew and Greek. 4 Cp. JUDÁK, V.: Dejiny mojej Cirkvi. p. 193 – 195. 5 Cp. HERIBAN, J.: Príručný lexikón biblických vied. p. 320. 6 Cp. PÁPEŽSKÁ BIBLICKÁ KOMISIA: Interpretácia Biblie v Cirkvi. p. 12 – 13. 7 Cp. SZLAGA, J. a i.: Wstep ogólny do Pisma šwientego. p. 296 - 299. 107 E-Theologos, Vol. 1, No. 1 DOI 10.2478/v10154-010-0010-x The encyclical offers two important decisions of Magisterium that exegetes accepted with great thankfulness. The first is that in biblical text, there should be clearly and elaborately defined lexical meaning, not only literal one, as it was translated by many with the aim to give reason for the spiri- tual meaning of the biblical text. The second decision is more important, because it talks about the respect toward literary genres, elements in indi- vidual books of the Scriptures and its parts.8 Encyclical „Divino afflante Spiritu wants to protect Catholic interpreta- tion of the Bible against attacks that are focused against usage of scientific disciplines by exegetes and would like to prefer not scientific exegesis, but so called “spiritualist“ interpretation of the Holy Scripture.“9 The document explains that the decision of the Council of Trent deal- ing with Latin Vulgate was connected primarily with Latin Church and also with official usage of the Scriptures in the Church, which does not lower the authority of original Hebrew and Greek texts. But, Vulgate was on the first place, because it was confirmed in usage in tradition of the Church. The authority of Vulgate – its authenticity and canonicity was emphasized not because of the critical look at the Scriptures, but because of correct- ness of the text of the Scriptures and thus because of its usage in Catholic Churches for the centuries. That is also why Magisterium considered and still considers Latin text of the Scriptures authentic in the terms of the faith and morals, without any delusion. The same is applied also to the usage of the Bible in discussions, interpretations, and homilies. Thus, the au- thenticity of the Scriptures is not critical, but legal.10 Even in the issues of the teaching of the Church, the primacy and can- onicity of Vulgate do not impede justification of using the text of the Scrip- tures in original languages. The document claims, that at that time, the rea- sons which issue from “original texts” were needed.11 It means that it does not resist using biblical texts written in biblical languages, mostly Hebrew and Greek language. The aim of this usage is to find the right meaning of the Scriptures in order to even improve its translation and explanation. The Assembly of Trent does not suppress the usage of biblical languages in this 8 Cp. GLOWA, S., BIEDA I.: Breviarium Fidei. p. 137; SZLAGA, J. a i.: Wstep ogólny do Pisma šwientego. p. 297. 9 PÁPEŽSKÁ BIBLICKÁ KOMISIA: Interpretácia Biblie v Cirkvi. p. 11. 10 Cp. GLOWA, S., BIEDA I.: Breviarium Fidei. p. 138; SZLAGA, J. a i.: Wstep ogólny do Pisma šwientego. p. 297. 11 Termín „textová kritika, test. krit. – Vedecká technika, ktorej cieľom je ustáliť pôvodné znenie jednotlivých textov Starého a Nového zákona na základe údajov histórie biblického textu a kritických princípov porovnávania a hodnotenia jeho rukopisných variantov, uvedených v kritických vydaniach Starého a Nového zákona. textová kritika sa riadi metodologickými princípmi čiže kritériami, ktoré umožňujú a zabezpečujú objektívne hodnotenie rukopisných variantov. Kritéria sú vonkajšie a vnútorne.“ HERIBAN, J.: Príručný lexikón biblických vied. p. 1016 – 1017. 108 E-Theologos, Vol. 1, No. 1 DOI 10.2478/v10154-010-0010-x way. In the needs of believers to create translations of the Scriptures to na- tional languages, the main aim is better understanding of the Word of God. It is possible to make translations from “original” texts written mostly in Hebrew and Greek, which was already done in some countries, but only with the approval of Magisterium of the Church.12 In the document, there is also written that Catholic exegete knowing ancient languages uses various aids in critical examination of the biblical text. “Especially recommended is study of oriental languages, text criticism as well as publishing of critical text” 13 which has very precious task to search for, find, and then consequently explain the meaning of the Holy Scripture. In this way, their task is concentrated to clear understanding, knowing, and defining of the lexical meaning of the text of the Scriptures.14 The literal meaning can be found by knowledge of ancient languages, from the context of the passage, but also by comparing with parallel parts which means to adapt explanations of the content of the Bible according to profane sciences, i.e. to set exactly „word“ – term, meaning, expression in the thinking of the author. Exegetes determine literal meaning by the study of the expression of the sacred writers.15 They should always bear in mind that they deal with the inspired Word of God given to the Church which protects and explains it. In the study of the biblical text, exegetes should consider explanation and viewpoints of Maristerium, then also commentaries of the Patristic fathers and teachers16 and analogy fidei as it is pointed out by Leo XII in encyclical Providentissimus Deus. The excep- tional attention should be paid to not limit exegetic explanations and bib- lical commentaries of biblical texts only to the field of profane sciences of archaeology, history, philology, or to other naturalistic disciplines.
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