DOCSLIB.ORG

Processes of Enlightenment

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Processes of Enlightenment PROCESSES OF ENLIGHTENMENT Farmer Initiatives in Rural Development in China Promotor: Prof. Dr. N. E. Long Hoogleraar in de ontwikkelingssociologie Wageningen Universiteit Promotiecommissie: Prof. Dr. Ing. B. Jenssen University of Dortmund, Germany Prof. Dr. J. G. Taylor South Bank University, London U.K. Prof. Dr. L. E. Visser Wageningen Universiteit Dr. ir. N. Heerink Wageningen Universiteit PROCESSES OF ENLIGHTENMENT Farmer Initiatives in Rural Development in China Ye Jingzhong Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit, prof. dr. ir. L. Speelman in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 11 oktober 2002 des namiddags te vier uur in de Aula Ye Jingzhong PROCESSES OF ENLIGHTENMENT Farmer Initiatives in Rural Development in China ISBN: 90-5808-730-1 Copyright 2002 by Ye Jingzhong For Zihan TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations viii Measures ix Acknowledgements xi 1 Relevance of the Research 1 2 Theoretical Review 13 3 Entering the Community and Building Trust 49 4 Building the Community Profile 81 5 Exploring Multifarious Farmer Development Initiatives 131 6 Identifying the Social and Cultural Components of Farmer Initiatives 167 7 Social Construction of the Process of Farmer Development Initiatives 201 241 8 Conclusion and Discussion 257 Appendices 269 Bibliography 275 Summary 281 Samenvatting 287 Curriculum Vitae LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Maps 50 1 Map of China 50 2 Sketch map of Pocang Township and the research community Figures 92 4.1 Organizational diagram of Nandugang Village 104 4.2 Historical time line of Nandugang Village 108 4.3 Resource map of Nandugang Village 111 4.4 Transect of Sanggang Village 113 4.5 Settlement and social infrastructure of Nandugang Village 120 4.6 Seasonal calendar of Nandugang Village 4.7 Daily routine of male group (up) and female group (down) of Sanggang 122 Village 126 4.8 Institutional diagram of Nandugang Village 129 4.9 Household social network of Nandugang Village 209 7.1 Expansion of social capital and other horizons of Zhao Wenyou Tables 61 91 3.1 EZE project components and budget 93 4.1 Taxes and levies in Nandugang Village 95 4.2 Functions and composition of village institutions in Nandugang Village 4.3 Major achievements of previous party secretaries of Nandugang Village 117 4.4 Weightings given to income and expenditure categories in Nandugang 123 Village 127 4.5 Farmers’ time allocation in hours per day in Sanggang Village 129 4.6 Institutional network of Nandugang Village 138 4.7 Household social network in Nandugang Village 5.1 Overview of the selected case farmer actors in the research community 164 5.2 Categories of farmer development initiatives and number and rank order of 165 cases involved 5.3 Categories of critical factors and number and rank order of cases involved 6.1 General situation of the case farmers 168 6.2 Land resources of the case farmers 170 6.3 Gender division of family decision making of the case farmers (%) 172 6.4 Key events in the case families during recent years 173 6.5 Main constraints on household livelihood development 174 6.6 Purpose for earning money of case farmers 175 6.7 Social contacts of case farmers 177 6.8 Cultural and entertainment activities identified by the case farmers 179 6.9 Overview of chatting in the lives of the case farmers 181 6.10 Functions of chatting 182 6.11 Information sources, modes and credibility 184 6.12 Functions of reputation 185 6.13 Measures for building a good reputation 185 6.14 Case farmers’ views on trust 186 6.15 Overview of patterns of self-help 188 6.16 Borrowing of case farmers 189 6.17 Possible factors for generation of new development initiatives of case farmers 191 6.18 Possible factors affecting the implementation of new development initiatives 192 193 6.19 Examples of past experiences in family livelihood development 193 6.20 Importance of educational background in farmers’ livelihood development 194 6.21 Influence of others in the engagement in new development initiatives 195 6.22 Consultation with others over new development initiatives 197 6.23 Importance of co-operation in family livelihood development 198 6.24 Functions of the rural market 199 6.25 Influence of government policy on family livelihood development MEASURES 1 hectare = 15 mu 1 U$ = 8.30 RMB Yuan (approximately in 2001) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As a Chinese idiom says, ‘each drop of bounty received, will be returned in a flowing spring’. From the beginnings of my research proposal to the successful completion of my thesis, I have received bounty from many individuals and institutions whose contribution cannot be measured. To all of them I extend my heartfelt thanks for their help and encouragement in conducting and completing this research. I am aware that it is a risky venture to write acknowledgements because for certain one will surely overlook someone’s important contribution. Despite this risk, however, I would like to give special recognition to the following. After completing my Master’s degree in 1996, I approached Professor Norman Long, whose academic achievements are internationally well known in my field of study and whose work I admire. In his office I expressed my intention of pursuing Ph.D. studies under his supervision and he responded positively. After that, the research proposal was comprehensively formulated, fieldwork was successfully conducted, and the thesis satisfactorily completed. During this process, although I was sometimes confronted with great challenges, my general impression has been of a smooth process, which to a great extent has been due to the inspiration of my promoter, Prof. Norman Long, and to the support and encouragement received from him and Ann, his wife. They have both provided me with warm friendship, hospitality and all kinds of support both during my periods in Wageningen, as well as in the field. Norman’s rich intellectual knowledge has secured the academic quality of my research and this thesis. Ann’s contribution in the editing of my thesis has not only made the thesis professional in terms of the English language, but also strengthened the consistency of the thesis in academic terms. I owe special thanks to Jos Michel, who provided invaluable support in all administrative matters relating both to the Department of Sociology of Rural Development and more generally, the University. I am very grateful to EZE (Evangelische Zentralstelle Fuer Entwicklungshilfe E.V.) for the financial support given to a small development project in the research community which undoubtedly facilitated the conduct of the research. In addition, I feel indebted to many local friends, officials, farmers and particularly to the twenty selected case farmers. They received me with generosity, patience, friendship and great hospitality. They spent a lot of time in genuine interaction with me, which grounded the research in a way that would otherwise have been impossible. The research was conducted while implementing a small-scale rural development project in the research community by a team from my institute. This team included colleagues and postgraduate students. I thank them for their support and cooperation. Their presence in the field made my time in the area all the more pleasurable. I would especially like to mention my colleague researcher, Wang Yihuan, who was at the time also undertaking Ph.D. research in the same community. I am indeed grateful that I was able to do my research along with her. Her spiritual support has always encouraged me to strive for high academic qualifications in my professional career. During our cooperation in the field, we had a lot of useful exchange about research matters, and of course at times a lot of disagreements, which created many ups and downs for me, and probably for her too. However, I believe all this has become the unforgettable substance of our time together. Students who provided support during my research included Shen Yajing, Xiang Ying, Xu Xiuli, Wang Zhongpping and many others. Last, but not least, I owe so much to my family. My wife, Han Yanping, has continuously supported and encouraged me in this research, as she does in all areas of my life. Our lovely son, Zihan, was born the year I started my Ph.D. study. My wife has consequently had to take on much of the responsibility for Zihan’s care, particularly during the many times I was in the field and away on other business. She has created a comfortable and harmonious family environment to support my professional development. As one Chinese song says, in my career achievement, half is owing to my wife. Although I regret not having been able to spend as much time as I would have liked with my son, I must tell him how important he is in my life and in his mother’s too. CHAPTER 1 RELEVANCE OF THE RESEARCH Theme of the Research My research concerns development initiatives in rural communities. It starts from a belief that it is farmer initiatives that intrinsically drive local development. More generally, social change emerges from the differential responses (that are mostly embedded in various social practices) to changing social, economic, cultural and political conditions. These processes are dynamic and evolve recursively. In retrospect, the origin of my interest in rural initiatives arises from observations of different kinds of innovations in rural community and household development in several regions of rural China, especially in Pocang Township, Yixian County, Hebei Province, where the four selected research villages are located. In this area, where we find similar socio- economic and cultural environments and land tenure systems, some farmers had started various new livelihood activities. These included the planting of fruit trees, raising livestock, growing Chinese medicinal plants, afforestation by contracting a large area of mountain land, the establishing of shops, small scale industrial enterprises, and so on.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Airir •Orce < Flies in Ito Fla Rl I It^ Tk at 1< Learinj
    ' G a rme r commilission propip o s e s f e e ih i k e s f o r ' licenses, taQSt — IQ2 n : . ■ I I ChZlaasificd JJY o u r l ~ Z T teae sh**ia sm whMi. ln l ' r a v e l p C S I , p nr e p h a r r ieler ^ snrraculile, like n«w. lell- fU i RabbitsI a t fair: >ntaffwd. llB»p« 6. mmlna lI i ’at i l e r , w - atc:^^b a Sl i e i r t e r ------------ r — j,< jpwvim K i d s l o v e ’e m - Er r r — g larketplace C( 3 , < d i i v rl I iT^ f ■ I.Uglcv!^^'«^|^r*lnc. 8 4 thh year,; N o. 250 Twin Falla, Idadaho Thursday. SepilepJember 7. 1989 B jRepiK)rt ■ criticicizes H ^ o o i 1^8 H jail states By CRAIG LINCOlITOLN ' I Timcs-Ncws n'riteiriter H j^M | manages its jailini in a ‘horribly inadequate" mnnilanner, and its legal liability from the jail is “extreme," • ■ according to a repreport submitted to a judge Wednesday.ny. _ A litnnyi f ccomplnints from T1m*»N*w« pnotaWKE; 9 AisDunY prisoners, includiiluding threats by jail ' ‘ a n d n1 _rere p jjrt f^rom a ja il • he feels the Air forcc Iss ‘f‘taking away my backtkyard* w hile speakingg Ibefore Air Force officiiIcials-W ednesday night. B uhlattorneiney Bob W eaver says hc expert outline proiproblems-at a facility that once was "state-of-the"st art." It I —nowdirectlj-violiviolates the rights of ...
    [Show full text]
  • 340336 1 En Bookbackmatter 251..302
    A List of Historical Texts 《安禄山事迹》 《楚辭 Á 招魂》 《楚辭注》 《打馬》 《打馬格》 《打馬錄》 《打馬圖經》 《打馬圖示》 《打馬圖序》 《大錢圖錄》 《道教援神契》 《冬月洛城北謁玄元皇帝廟》 《風俗通義 Á 正失》 《佛说七千佛神符經》 《宮詞》 《古博經》 《古今圖書集成》 《古泉匯》 《古事記》 《韓非子 Á 外儲說左上》 《韓非子》 《漢書 Á 武帝記》 《漢書 Á 遊俠傳》 《和漢古今泉貨鑒》 《後漢書 Á 許升婁傳》 《黃帝金匱》 《黃神越章》 《江南曲》 《金鑾密记》 《經國集》 《舊唐書 Á 玄宗本紀》 《舊唐書 Á 職官志 Á 三平准令條》 《開元別記》 © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 251 A.C. Fang and F. Thierry (eds.), The Language and Iconography of Chinese Charms, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-1793-3 252 A List of Historical Texts 《開元天寶遺事 Á 卷二 Á 戲擲金錢》 《開元天寶遺事 Á 卷三》 《雷霆咒》 《類編長安志》 《歷代錢譜》 《歷代泉譜》 《歷代神仙通鑑》 《聊斋志異》 《遼史 Á 兵衛志》 《六甲祕祝》 《六甲通靈符》 《六甲陰陽符》 《論語 Á 陽貨》 《曲江對雨》 《全唐詩 Á 卷八七五 Á 司馬承禎含象鑒文》 《泉志 Á 卷十五 Á 厭勝品》 《勸學詩》 《群書類叢》 《日本書紀》 《三教論衡》 《尚書》 《尚書考靈曜》 《神清咒》 《詩經》 《十二真君傳》 《史記 Á 宋微子世家 Á 第八》 《史記 Á 吳王濞列傳》 《事物绀珠》 《漱玉集》 《說苑 Á 正諫篇》 《司馬承禎含象鑒文》 《私教類聚》 《宋史 Á 卷一百五十一 Á 志第一百四 Á 輿服三 Á 天子之服 皇太子附 后妃之 服 命婦附》 《宋史 Á 卷一百五十二 Á 志第一百五 Á 輿服四 Á 諸臣服上》 《搜神記》 《太平洞極經》 《太平廣記》 《太平御覽》 《太上感應篇》 《太上咒》 《唐會要 Á 卷八十三 Á 嫁娶 Á 建中元年十一月十六日條》 《唐兩京城坊考 Á 卷三》 《唐六典 Á 卷二十 Á 左藏令務》 《天曹地府祭》 A List of Historical Texts 253 《天罡咒》 《通志》 《圖畫見聞志》 《退宮人》 《萬葉集》 《倭名类聚抄》 《五代會要 Á 卷二十九》 《五行大義》 《西京雜記 Á 卷下 Á 陸博術》 《仙人篇》 《新唐書 Á 食貨志》 《新撰陰陽書》 《續錢譜》 《續日本記》 《續資治通鑑》 《延喜式》 《顏氏家訓 Á 雜藝》 《鹽鐵論 Á 授時》 《易經 Á 泰》 《弈旨》 《玉芝堂談薈》 《元史 Á 卷七十八 Á 志第二十八 Á 輿服一 儀衛附》 《雲笈七籖 Á 卷七 Á 符圖部》 《雲笈七籖 Á 卷七 Á 三洞經教部》 《韻府帬玉》 《戰國策 Á 齊策》 《直齋書錄解題》 《周易》 《莊子 Á 天地》 《資治通鑒 Á 卷二百一十六 Á 唐紀三十二 Á 玄宗八載》 《資治通鑒 Á 卷二一六 Á 唐天寶十載》 A Chronology of Chinese Dynasties and Periods ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Twentieth Session, Commencing at 7.30 Pm GREAT BRITAIN GOLD
    5490 Twentieth Session, Commencing at 7.30 pm Queen Victoria, old head, sovereign, 1898; half sovereign, 1896 (S.3874, 3878). Good fi ne. (2) $570 5491 Edward VII, sovereigns, 1905 (S.3969); half sovereigns, 1908 GREAT BRITAIN GOLD COINS (S.3974B). Very good - fi ne. (2) $500 5492 Edward VII, sovereign, 1910 (S.3969). Very fi ne. $370 5493 George V, half sovereigns, 1912 (S.4006). Fine - nearly very fi ne. (2) $350 5482* George III, fourth bust, guinea, 1774 (S.3728). Very fi ne. $600 5483* George III, fourth bust, guinea, 1777 (S.3728). Nearly extremely fi ne. $1,350 5484 George III, fi fth bust, guinea, 1787 (S.3729). Very good/ fi ne. $500 5485 George III, guinea, fi fth bust of spade type, 1788 (S.3729). Very good. $450 5486 George III, half guinea, fourth bust, 1781 (S.3734). Surface marked (from wear as jewellery?), otherwise very fi ne. $250 5494* George VI, proof specimen set of fi ve and two pounds, sovereign and half sovereign, 1937 (S.PS15). With case of 5487* issue, FDC. (4) George III, quarter guinea, 1762 (S.3741). Good fi ne. $7,000 $250 5488 Queen Victoria, Jubilee coinage, two pounds, 1887 (S.3865). Very good. $700 5495* George VI, proof half sovereign, 1937 (S.4077). Nearly FDC. $850 5489* 5496 Queen Victoria, Jubilee coinage, half sovereign, 1887 Elizabeth II, sovereigns, 1957-1959, 1962-1968 (S.4124, 5). (S.3869). Extremely fi ne. Nearly uncirculated - uncirculated. (10) $250 $3,700 532 5497 Elizabeth II, proof sovereigns, 1979 (S.4204) (2); proof half sovereigns, 1980 (S.4205) (2).
    [Show full text]
  • The Warring States and Monetizing Economies
    The Warring States and Monetizing Economies An Analogical Research on the Causal Relationships between Geopolitics, Economics, and the Emergence of the Round Coinage of China Tiivistelmä ”The Warring States and Monetizing Economies: An Analogical Research on the Causal Relationships between Geopolitics, Economics, and the Emergence of the Round Coinage of China” on Helsingin yliopiston arkeologian oppiaineen pro gradu –tutkielma. Se on kirjoitettu englannin kielellä. Pro gradussa tutkitaan syitä sille, miksi Kiinassa otettiin Itäisen Zhou-dynastian aikana (770 - n. 256 eaa.) käyttöön pyöreät pronssikolikot toisenlaisten rahamuotojen rinnalle. Tuolloin Kiina koostui vielä useasta itsenäisestä valtiosta, jotka olivat jatkuvissa sodissa toisiaan vastaan. Pro gradussa osoitetaan pyöreiden kolikoiden pääfunktion olleen näiden valtioiden kansalaisten harjoittaman päivittäis- ja paikallistason kaupankäynnin helpottaminen, jolla on ollut suuri merkitys paikallisyhteisöjen vaurauden ja omavaraisuuden ylläpitämisessä. Tällä on puolestaan ollut merkittävä rooli kansalaisilta kerättyjen verovarojen määrän maksimoinnissa. Verovaroilla oli puolestaan hyvin merkittävä rooli valtioiden armeijoiden ylläpidossa, joiden olemassaoloon valtioiden selviytyminen nojautui. Pyöreiden kolikoiden suuri merkitys Itäisen Zhou-dynastian valtioiden paikallis- ja valtiotason ekonomiassa osoitetaan lähestymällä aihetta kolmen eri tutkimuskeinon avulla. Näistä ensimmäisenä käsiteltävä koskee aikakaudella käytettyjen pronssirahatyyppien fyysisiä eroja. Näiden perusteella
    [Show full text]
  • American Numismatic Society Summer Graduate Seminar 2010
    American Numismatic Society Summer Graduate Seminar 2010 Chinese Numismatic References: an Annotated Bibliography Robert W. Hoge and Frederic C. Withington Naturally, most research in Chinese numismatics has been performed in China and published in Chinese, and unfortunately, not much of it has been translated into English. However, enough material has either been translated or written in English to meet the needs of everyone except the most serious specialists. China changed radically in 1912 with the fall of the Empire. Since then, Chinese coins and paper money have been typically modern in style, with the issues reflecting the country’s chaotic recent history. The following references, and the Seminar lecture, are largely devoted to pre-1912 numismatics. Most information about modern Chinese numismatics can be obtained from commonly used general catalogs. Bruce, Colin R. II, sr. ed. 2007. Standard catalog of world coins: eighteenth century, 1701-1800, 4th ed. Iola, Wis.: Krause Publ. All types and issues covered. -- 2004. Standard catalog of world coins: 1801-1900, 4th ed. Iola, Wis.: KP Books -- [2009]. 2009 Standard catalog of world coins, 1901-2000, 36th ed. [Iola,Wis.]: Krause Publ. Burger, Werner. 1964. Manchu inscriptions on Chinese cash coins. Museum Notes 11, p. 313-318, pls. 50-55. New York: American Numismatic Society. -- 1976. Ch'ing cash until 1735. Taipei, Taiwan: Mei Ya Publ. The definitive study of these multitudinous issues. Coole, Arthur Braddon. 1936. Coins in China's history. Tientsin, Hopeh, China: Student work department of the Tientsin Hui Wen Academy. (4th reprint ed., Quarterman Publ., 1965). Brief and comprehensive, it contains inaccuracies corrected in Hartill and Peng.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic and Trade Relations with NOTES from the EDITORS 4 Leaders of These South Pacific Countries
    Vol. 28, No. 14 April 8, 1985 JING ^^-^^^ A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS Deng Xiaoping on China's Second Revolution Research System Reforms Outlined North China's Largest Forestry Centre A view of the Saihanbo Forestry Centre. Farm workers water saplings. Covered with both dense forests and meadows, Saihanba is ideal for grazing livestock. Saihanba, an old Qing Dynasty hunting ground in Weichang County, Hebe! Province, has been turned into the largest forestry centre in north China. SPOTLIQHT HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK Vol. 28, No. 14 April 8, 1985 Hu Yaobang to Visit South Pacific In his upcoming visit to Australia, New Zealand, Western CONTENTS Samoa, Fiji, and Papua New Guinea, Party General Secretary Hu Yaobang will discuss economic and trade relations with NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4 leaders of these South Pacific countries. The trip is aimed at Hu's South Pacific Trip Holds deepening understanding, promoting friendship and seeking Promise extensive co-operation and lasting peace in the area (p. 4). LETTERS 5 EVENTS & TRENDS 6-10 Reform Is 'Second Revolution' Deng: Reform Is 'Second Revolu• Chairman of the Central Advisory Commission Deng Xiao• tion' ping recently termed the nation's ongoing economic reform a Sessions Discuss Congress Reports Ministers Chart Growth Plan "second revolution." "China is determined to carry through China Sets Free Its Rural Economy its current reforms and is firm on its internal and external Support Pledged for Sierra Leone open policies," said Deng (p. 6). Production of Energy Increases INTERNATIONAL 11-14 Zhao On Reform of Scientific System South Africa: World Condemns Massacres China today urgently needs to reform its science manage• Bangladesh: Policies Speed Eco• nomic Growth ment system.
    [Show full text]
  • Report Title Xi, Baikang (Um 1979) Bibliographie : Autor Xi, Chen
    Report Title - p. 1 of 235 Report Title Xi, Baikang (um 1979) Bibliographie : Autor 1979 [Maupassant, Guy de]. Mobosang duan pian xiao shuo xuan du. Mobosang ; Xi Baikang. (Shanghai : Shanghai yi wen chu ban she, 1979). [Übersetzung ausgewählter Kurzgeschichten von Maupassant]. [WC] Xi, Chen (um 1923) Bibliographie : Autor 1923 [Russell, Bertrand]. Luosu lun wen ji. Luosu zhu ; Yang Duanliu, Xi Chen, Yu Yuzhi, Zhang Wentian, Zhu Pu yi. Vol. 1-2. (Shanghai : Shang wu yin shu guan, 1923). (Dong fang wen ku ; 44). [Enthält] : E guo ge ming de li lun ji shi ji. Übersetzung von Russell, Bertrand. The practice and theory of Bolshevism. (London : Allen & Unwin, 1920). She hui zhu yi yu zi you zhu yi. Hu Yuzhi yi. Übersetzung von Russell, Bertrand. Socialism and liberal ideals. In : Living age ; no 306 (July 10, 1920). Wei kai fa guo zhi gong ye. Yang Duanliu yi. Übersetzung von Russell, Bertrand. Industry in undeveloped countries. In : Atlantic monthly ; 127 (June 1921). Xian jin hun huan zhuang tai zhi yuan yin. Übersetzung von Russell, Bertrand. Causes of present chaos. In : The prospects of industrial civilization. (London : Allen & Unwin, 1923). Zhongguo guo min xing de ji ge te dian. Yu Zhi [Hu Yuzhi] yi. Übersetzung von Russell, Bertrand. Some traits in the Chinese character. In : Atlantic monthly ; 128 (Dec. 1921). Zhongguo zhi guo ji di wei. Zhang Wentian yi. [WC,Russ3] Xi, Chu (um 1920) Bibliographie : Autor 1920 [Whitman, Walt]. Huiteman zi you shi xuan yi. Xi Chu yi. In : Ping min jiao yu ; no 20 (March 1920). [Selected translations of Whitman's poems of freedom].
    [Show full text]
  • THE ARTS of CHINA Michael Sullivan
    MICHAEL SULLIVAN Copyrighted ma: THE ARTS OF CHINA Michael Sullivan THE ARTS OF CHINA Third Edition University of California Press Berkeley • Los Angeles • London opyriyrutju mditjridi University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England Copyright © 1967. 1973. >977. 1984 by Michael Sullivan. All rights reserved. Library ofCongress Cataloging in Publication Data Sullivan, Michael, 1916- Thc arts of China. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Art, Chinese. I. Title. N7340.S92 1983 709'. $1 82-16027 ISBN 0-520-04917-9 ISBN 0-520-04918-7 (pbk.) Printed in the United States of America I i Copyrighted material to Khoan Copyrighted material Contents List of Maps and Illustrations ix Preface to the Third Edition xix Chronological Tabic of Dynasties xxii Reign Periods of the Ming and Ch'ing Dynasties xxiii 1. Before the Dawn of History 1 2. The Shang Dynasty 12 3. The Chou Dynasty 31 4. The Period of the Warring States 40 5. The Ch'in and Han Dynasties 34 6. The Three Kingdoms and the Six Dynasties 85 7. The Sui and T'ang Dynasties 114 8. The Five Dynasties and the Sung Dynasty 141 9. The Yuan Dynasty 179 10. The Mini: 1 )ynasty 198 11. The Ch'ing Dynasty 223 12. The Twentieth Century 24S Notes to the Text 265 Books, for Reference and Further Reading 269 Index 273 Co 5 9 List of Maps and Illustrations MAPS 8 Pitcher. Ht. 29.7 cm. Excavated at Wei-fang. Shan- tung. People's Republic of China, page 10 1 Modern China, page xxi 9 Hsien steamer.
    [Show full text]
  • Scanned Using Book Scancenter 5033
    1.1.1: The Initial Stages of the Monetary Economy: The Social Background For Money’s Appearance 1 [1] the Yellow Emperor gathered copper to cast 1.0 THE GENESIS OF MONEY knives;^ or that Yu and Tang used metal or gold to cast money;® there is no basis for any of them. 1.1 The Initial Stages of the Monetary Economy We have learned from recent excavations that at approximately the time traditionally assigned to 1. The Social Background For Money ’s Appearance Shennong and the Yellow Emperor, the most ad­ vanced of the peoples of China had just entered the Money evolved out of the exchange of goods. Neolithic Age. Though the craft of monochrome The exchange of goods was the necessary precondi ­ [2] tion for its existence. Of course the exchange of painted pottery already existed, not only can we not goods can occur without money by use of barter. prove the existence of money, we cannot even estab ­ Barter, however, entails many inconveniences. In lish that there was exchange. particular, as the variety of goods being offered for Not even the reference to "issue of Deer Plat­ exchange increases, barter ’s difficulties are multi­ form Coins" [fa lutaiqian-, lutai perhaps was the plied. Hence money must in fact make its appear ­ name of the Zhou treasury] of King Wu of Zhou ance not long after exchange begins. may be believed.^ That is merely a Waning States At what stage of Chinese society ’s development era version of a mere hagiographic tradition. Some did exchange appear? This is a hard problem to say that the character translated as "cash-coin" resolve.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Coin Guide - Ancient Knife and Spade Money SALES GALLERY GUIDE INDEX HOME CHINESE INDEX
    chinese coin guide - ancient knife and spade money SALES GALLERY GUIDE INDEX HOME CHINESE INDEX ANCIENT CHINESE COINAGE 700 BC TO 255 BC This is a reference guide to the cast coins of China from the Zhou Dynasty, including knife and spade coins, not a listing of coins offered for sale (although a listing of examples we currently have available can be viewed on our Chinese coin sales catalogue). Images represent the types and may be larger or smaller than the actual coins. INFORMATION NEEDED FOR UNDERSTANDING EARLY CHINESE COINS http://www.cadvision.com/calcoin1/reference/china/china1.htm (1 of 38) [10/7/2002 8:56:16 AM] chinese coin guide - ancient knife and spade money The coinage of early China is poorly understood. This site puts forward our observations and ideas that have evolved over time from many different sources, combining them with ideas put forward by other numismatists. Some of our theories may eventually prove wrong and will have to be revised as new information becomes available, but it is our hope that we have moved a step closer to a genuine understanding of this complex series. We will be happy to hear from anyone who wishes to express their opinions on this subject, or can provide us with information that we are not aware of. WHAT QUALIFIES AS A TRUE COIN A true coin must meet three criteria. First, it must bear the mark of the issuing authority. Lacking this, the item is a form of primitive money, not a coin. Secondly, it must contain an intrinsic value bearing some relationship to the circulating value.
    [Show full text]
  • The Monetary Systems of the Han and Roman Empires
    Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics The monetary systems of the Han and Roman empires Version 2.0 February 2008 Walter Scheidel Stanford University Abstract: The Chinese tradition of supplementing large quantities of bronze cash with unminted gold and silver represents a rare exception to the western model of precious-metal coinage. This paper provides a detailed discussion of monetary development in ancient China followed by a brief survey of conditions in the Roman empire. The divergent development of the monetary systems of the Han and Roman empires is analyzed with reference to key variables such as the metal supply, military incentives, and cultural preferences. This paper also explores the “metallistic” and “chartalistic” elements of the Han and Roman currency systems and estimates the degree of monetization of both economies. © Walter Scheidel. [email protected] 1. Introduction Beginning in the third century BCE, the imperial unification of both East Asia and the Mediterranean gave rise to increasingly standardized currency systems that sought to establish stable means of payment. In both cases, the eventual monopolization of minting tied the success of these currencies to the fortunes of the state. Yet despite these basic similarities, substantial differences prevailed. While silver and later gold dominated the monetary economy of the Roman empire, the victorious Chinese regimes operated a system of bronze coinages supplemented by uncoined precious-metal bullion. This raises a series of questions. How did these differences arise, and why did they persist well beyond antiquity? How did the use of different metals affect the relationship between the nominal and intrinsic value of monetary objects? Did the minting of precious metals in the West and China’s reliance on copper determine overall levels of monetization? To the best of my knowledge, none of these issues has ever been addressed from a comparative perspective.
    [Show full text]
  • The Middle Kingdom, As China Has Always Been Called by Its Inhabitants, Is Perhaps the World’S Most Influential Civilization
    2000 YEARS OF COINAGE CTHE HMIDDLEI KINGDOMNA A 12-PIECE RETROSPECTIVE COLLECTION CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENTICITY The Middle Kingdom, as China has always been called by its inhabitants, is perhaps the world’s most influential civilization. In addition to gunpowder, paper, woodblock printing, and the magnetic compass—the so-called Four Great Inventions—China also invented or discovered silk, tea, playing cards, toilet tissue, fireworks, boat rudders, umbrellas, kites, porcelain, wheelbarrows, iron casting, hot air balloons, seismographs, matches, horse stirrups, acupuncture, herbal medicine, lacquer, paper money, mechanical clocks, and alcohol. Unlike the nations of Europe, Africa, India, or the New World, China was united in ancient times, during the semi-legendary Xia Dynasty (2100-1600 BCE). While it has both expanded and fractured a number of times since then, it has been unified more often than not. This is due in part to a culture and system of govern- ment established by the pre-Common Era dynasties, which imposed a strict hierarchy among various ancestral cults and standardized the writing script, weights, and measures. The first emperor of one of these early dynasties, the Qin—from which the Western word “China” derives—established the first unified currency, the Ban Liang, ca. 210 BCE, appropriating a design first introduced by the Zhou. This system was modified during the reign of the Han emperor Wang Mang (7-23 CE), whose bizarre bao huo monetary overhaul involved tortoise shells, cowries, gold, silver, and archaic spade money, in addition to new coins. This chaotic system wreaked havoc on the Chinese economy and ultimately doomed the Han, the great dynasty that had invented paper.
    [Show full text]