DOCSLIB.ORG

Research Briefing: Low Carbon Heat

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Research Briefing: Low Carbon Heat National Assembly for Wales Senedd Research Research Briefing: Low Carbon Heat www.assembly.wales/research The National Assembly for Wales is the democratically elected body that represents the interests of Wales and its people, makes laws for Wales, agrees Welsh taxes and holds the Welsh Government to account. An electronic copy of this document can be found on the National Assembly website: www.assembly.wales/research Copies of this document can also be obtained in accessible formats including Braille, large print, audio or hard copy from: Research Service National Assembly for Wales Tŷ Hywel Cardiff Bay CF99 1NA Tel: 0300 200 6316 Email: [email protected] Twitter: @SeneddResearch Blog: SeneddResearch.blog © National Assembly for Wales Commission Copyright 2018 The text of this document may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium providing that it is reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading or derogatory context. The material must be acknowledged as copyright of the National Assembly for Wales Commission and the title of the document specified. National Assembly for Wales Senedd Research Research Briefing: Low Carbon Heat Author: Robert Abernethy, Jeni Spragg and Sean Evans Date: June 2018 Paper number: 18-042 This briefing paper is the third in a series on low carbon energy in Wales. This part focuses on low carbon heat sources, including their role in decarbonisation and an overview of relevant technologies. The Research Service acknowledges the parliamentary fellowships provided to Robert Abernethy and Jeni Spragg by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, which enabled this briefing paper to be completed. www.assembly.wales/research Research Briefing: Low Carbon Heat Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 2. Low carbon heat in Wales ............................................................................... 1 UK Committee on Climate Change recommendations ......................................................... 2 3. Energy efficiency and funding schemes .................................................. 4 Improving energy efficiency ............................................................................................................................. 4 Renewable Heat Incentive .................................................................................................................................5 4. Low carbon heat sources ................................................................................ 6 District Heating ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 Heat pumps .................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Domestic heat pumps ............................................................................................................................ 9 Water source heat pumps ................................................................................................................. 10 Heat pumps in other countries ...................................................................................................... 11 Solar hot water ............................................................................................................................................................. 11 Biofuels ............................................................................................................................................................................... 12 Biomass ............................................................................................................................................................... 13 Biogas.................................................................................................................................................................... 14 5. Long term measures ....................................................................................... 15 Hydrogen .......................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Production ........................................................................................................................................................ 15 Converting to hydrogen ...................................................................................................................... 16 Research Briefing: Low Carbon Heat 1. Introduction This Research Briefing is part of a series on low carbon energy in Wales. This paper focuses on low carbon heat sources, including their role in decarbonisation and an overview of relevant technologies. For further information on low carbon energy, refer to the other parts of the series: . Low Carbon Energy in Wales discusses the national and global context for low carbon energy in relation to the energy trilemma, and outlines the policy landscape in Europe, the UK and Wales; . Low Carbon Electricity describes the main low carbon electricity sources; and . Low Carbon Transport focuses on the main options for reducing carbon emissions from transport. Low carbon refers to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. These are commonly measured as carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) and referred to as “carbon emissions”. 2. Low carbon heat in Wales Low carbon heat is a key component in achieving climate change and renewable energy targets (more information on these can be found in the Low Carbon Energy in Wales research briefing). Heating and hot water for buildings make up 40% of UK energy use and 20% of its emissions. The Environment (Wales) Act 2016 requires the Welsh Government to set greenhouse gas emission reduction targets for 2020, 2030 and 2040, along with carbon budgets for 2016-20 and 2021-2025, by the end of 2018. These will set the trajectory for an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in Wales by 2050 (compared to 1990 levels). This is a particular challenge in Wales since a large proportion of carbon emissions come from large point sources (known as ’big emitters’) such as refineries, steel works and power stations. Around 55% of emissions in Wales are covered under EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) (compared to 40% across the UK). While action is needed reduce the emissions from these large point sources, this is very challenging in some cases, and Wales has limited devolved powers in these areas. Greater savings will have to be made in other sectors in Wales relative to the UK as a whole to compensate for emissions from the ‘big emitters’. 1 Research Briefing: Low Carbon Heat UK Committee on Climate Change recommendations The Welsh Government asked the UK Committee on Climate Change (UK CCC) for advice on designing carbon targets and setting carbon budgets. The UK CCC published this advice in two stages. The first, Advice on the design of Welsh carbon targets, was published in April 2017. The second, Building a low-carbon economy in Wales, was published in December 2017, and provides advice on how carbon budgets should be set, as well as how the targets may be achieved. The UK CCC policy recommendations for Welsh Government include: . Updating building standards to ensure that new buildings have a high standard of energy efficiency and are designed for low carbon heat; . Providing funding and ‘soft’ support for building energy efficiency and low-carbon heat; . Developing a heat decarbonisation strategy for Wales; and . Encouraging the use of waste heat from industry. The second UK CCC report shows that to achieve the Welsh Government target of an 80% reduction in carbon emissions by 2050, emissions from buildings will need to reduce by around 85% compared to 2015 levels (Figure 1). Figure 1 Sectoral emissions reductions to achieve 80% reduction on 1990 levels (Source: UK CCC) 2 Research Briefing: Low Carbon Heat During the Fourth Assembly, the Environment and Sustainability Committee conducted an inquiry into a Smarter Energy Future for Wales. The recommendations of the inquiry included the introduction of “near-zero” carbon emissions building standards and extension of existing Welsh Government retrofit schemes (Arbed and Nest). These recommendations generally align with those provided by the UK CCC for the UK in Next-steps for UK heat policy. This emphasises “low-regrets” policies in the near term, including: . Ensuring new build is energy efficient and designed to accommodate low carbon heating; . Promoting energy efficiency improvements to existing buildings; . Building low carbon heat networks; . Installing heat pumps in buildings not connected to the grid; and . Injecting 5 % biomethane into the gas grid. The UK CCC report includes the Arbed scheme in Wales as an example of the broader benefits of an area-based retrofit programme. Near-zero carbon emissions building standards and extending retrofit programmes have been recommended as priorities in each examination of how to reduce carbon emissions in Wales. Looking further to the future, the UK CCC report highlights the need for the UK Government to make a decision, between 2020 and 2025, to prioritise either heat pumps or a hydrogen gas network for homes currently on the gas network. Either option could be deployed alongside district heat networks and heat pumps for off- grid
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Better Governance for Wales Key Materials
    Better Governance for Wales – key material: Statements and Debates, September 2005 – November 2005 Abstract This paper draws together the key statements and debates relating to the White Paper ‘Better Governance for Wales’ from September to November 2005. It includes transcripts of proceedings from the Assembly and Westminster. The paper will be updated regularly by the Members’ Research Service. December 2005 Members’ Research Service / Gwasanaeth Ymchwil yr Aelodau Members’ Research Service: Research Paper Gwasanaeth Ymchwil yr Aelodau: Papur Ymchwil Better Governance for Wales – key material Statements and debates, September 2005 – November 2005 Members’ Research Service December 2005 Paper number: 05/0040/mrs © Crown copyright 2005 Enquiry no: 05/0040/mrs Date: December 2005 This document has been prepared by the Members’ Research Service to provide Assembly Members and their staff with information and for no other purpose. Every effort has been made to ensure that the information is accurate, however, we cannot be held responsible for any inaccuracies found later in the original source material, provided that the original source is not the Members’ Research Service itself. This document does not constitute an expression of opinion by the National Assembly, the Welsh Assembly Government or any other of the Assembly’s constituent parts or connected bodies. Members’ Research Service: Research Paper Gwasanaeth Ymchwil yr Aelodau: Papur Ymchwil Contents 1 Statement by the Rt Hon Rhodri Morgan AM, First Minister on the White Paper, ‘Better Governance for Wales’ during Questions to the First Minister, 20 September 2005 .............................................................................................................. 1 2 Debate on the Report of the Committee on the Better Governance for Wales White Paper in the Assembly, 21 September 2005 ......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • CREATING a DIGITAL DIALOGUE How Can the National Assembly for Wales Use Digital to Build Useful and Meaningful Citizen Engagement?
    CREATING A DIGITAL DIALOGUE How can the National Assembly for Wales use digital to build useful and meaningful citizen engagement? Digital News and Information Taskforce CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .............................. 5 SECTION 2: DISCUSSION ...........47 Foreword by Chair ...................................6 The Assembly as a Content Background .................................................9 Platform .......................................................49 Remit ............................................................... 11 Telling the National Assembly’s Stories ............................... 50 Membership .............................................. 12 Platforms ....................................................57 Recommendations ............................... 14 Specialist Audiences ...........................64 Summary ....................................................20 Digital and Data Leadership in the Assembly .................................... 80 SECTION 1: CONTEXT...................31 Staying Ahead ..........................................91 The Welsh Media Market Since 1999 ................................................................ 32 ANNEXES ........................................93 The Digital Eco-system in Wales ........................................................40 Annex 1: Meetings and Discussions Held ..94 Other Parliaments ................................ 42 Annex 2: The objective of the National Assembly for Wales – Membership .............................................96 Content
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainability: Annual Report 2019-20
    Welsh Parliament Senedd Commission Sustainability: Annual Report 2019-20 June 2020 www.senedd.wales The Welsh Parliament is the democratically elected body that represents the interests of Wales and its people. Commonly known as the Senedd, it makes laws for Wales, agrees Welsh taxes and holds the Welsh Government to account. An electronic copy of this document can be found on the Senedd website: www.senedd.wales Copies of this document can also be obtained in accessible formats including Braille, large print, audio or hard copy from: Welsh Parliament, Cardiff Bay, CF99 1SN 0300 200 6565 [email protected] www.senedd.wales SeneddWales SeneddWales Senedd © Senedd Commission Copyright 2020 The text of this document may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium providing that it is reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading or derogatory context. The material must be acknowledged as copyright of the Senedd Commission and the title of the document specified. Welsh Parliament Senedd Commission Sustainability: Annual Report 2019-20 June 2020 www.senedd.wales On 6 May we became the Welsh Parliament; the Senedd. As the Senedd and Elections (Wales) Act 2020 received Royal Assent in January, it marked the culmination of a long and complicated pro- cess for the many Commission colleagues who were involved in its passage. Despite our new title, you will notice this document mostly refers to the institution as the Assembly; a reflection of the fact we’re looking back over the past 12 months before the change to our name. Sustainability: Annual Report 2019-20 Contents Introduction .....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Devolution Decade
    spring 2009 Production Editor: John Osmond Devolution Decade Assistant Editor: Nick Morris Associate Editors: On the face of it the verdicts we publish in this issue by leading protagonists in Geraint Talfan Davies, Rhys David the 1997 referendum on the first ten years of the National Assembly make pretty depressing reading. Professor Kevin Morgan, who chaired the Yes Campaign, is Administration: Helen Sims-Coomber, Clare Johnson especially damning. He lets us in to what he describes as “devolution’s dirty little secret”, its failure to make a fist of developing the Welsh economy. And the Design: statistics are incontrovertible. In terms of our prosperity relative to most other www.theundercard.co.uk parts of the United Kingdom, we’ve actually gone backwards in the first decade To advertise – declining from 77 to 75 per cent of the UK’s average GVA. When we started Tel: 029 2066 6606 out the Assembly Government’s stated ambition was to climb to 90 per cent by Institute of Welsh Affairs 2010, an aspiration that has been quietly dropped. One way or another our other 4 Cathedral Road contributors all point to the economy as the central reason for their Cardiff CF11 9LJ disappointment with devolution’s record so far. Tel: 029 2066 0820 Yet a narrow focus on the economy, important as it undoubtedly is, leads Email: [email protected] to a zero sum game. Devolution is about much more than that. And anyway, www.iwa.org.uk as Kevin Morgan himself concedes, the amount that government can do to The IWA is a non-aligned independent think- influence the economy will always be limited, especially a government with so tank and research institute, based in Cardiff with relatively little control over the main economic levers as the one in Cardiff Bay.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report and Accounts 2015–16
    Delivery and transition Annual report and accounts 2015–16 July 2016 National Assembly for Wales Assembly Commission The National Assembly for Wales is the democratically elected body that represents the interests of Wales and its people, makes laws for Wales and holds the Welsh Government to account. An electronic copy of this report can be found on the National Assembly’s website: www.assembly.wales Copies of this report can also be obtained in accessible formats including Braille, large print, audio or hard copy from: National Assembly for Wales Cardiff Bay Cardiff CF99 1NA Tel: 0300 200 6565 Email: [email protected] Twitter: @assemblywales We welcome calls via the Text Relay Service. © National Assembly for Wales Commission Copyright 2016 The text of this document may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium providing that it is reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading or derogatory context. The material must be acknowledged as copyright of the National Assembly for Wales Commission and the title of the document specified. Delivery and transition Annual report and accounts 2015–16 July 2016 National Assembly for Wales Assembly Commission Contents Our performance: overview.................................................................................................. 1 Llywydd’s foreword ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction from Chief Executive and Clerk .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Cardiff Meetings & Conferences Guide
    CARDIFF MEETINGS & CONFERENCES GUIDE www.meetincardiff.com WELCOME TO CARDIFF CONTENTS AN ATTRACTIVE CITY, A GREAT VENUE 02 Welcome to Cardiff That’s Cardiff – a city on the move We’ll help you find the right venue and 04 Essential Cardiff and rapidly becoming one of the UK’s we’ll take the hassle out of booking 08 Cardiff - a Top Convention City top destinations for conventions, hotels – all free of charge. All you need Meet in Cardiff conferences, business meetings. The to do is call or email us and one of our 11 city’s success has been recognised by conference organisers will get things 14 Make Your Event Different the British Meetings and Events Industry moving for you. Meanwhile, this guide 16 The Cardiff Collection survey, which shows that Cardiff is will give you a flavour of what’s on offer now the seventh most popular UK in Cardiff, the capital of Wales. 18 Cardiff’s Capital Appeal conference destination. 20 Small, Regular or Large 22 Why Choose Cardiff? 31 Incentives Galore 32 #MCCR 38 Programme Ideas 40 Tourist Information Centre 41 Ideas & Suggestions 43 Cardiff’s A to Z & Cardiff’s Top 10 CF10 T H E S L E A CARDIFF S I S T E N 2018 N E T S 2019 I A S DD E L CAERDY S CARDIFF CAERDYDD | meetincardiff.com | #MeetinCardiff E 4 H ROAD T 4UW RAIL ESSENTIAL INFORMATION AIR CARDIFF – THE CAPITAL OF WALES Aberdeen Location: Currency: E N T S S I E A South East Wales British Pound Sterling L WELCOME! A90 E S CROESO! Population: Phone Code: H 18 348,500 Country code 44, T CR M90 Area code: 029 20 EDINBURGH DF D GLASGOW M8 C D Language: Time Zone: A Y A68 R D M74 A7 English and Welsh Greenwich Mean Time D R I E Newcastle F F • C A (GMT + 1 in summertime) CONTACT US A69 BELFAST Contact: Twinned with: Meet in Cardiff team M6 Nantes – France, Stuttgart – Germany, Xiamen – A1 China, Hordaland – Norway, Lugansk – Ukraine Address: Isle of Man M62 Meet in Cardiff M62 Distance from London: DUBLIN The Courtyard – CY6 LIVERPOOL Approximately 2 hours by road or train.
    [Show full text]
  • Tall Buildings Supplementary Planning Guidance
    Appendix D Tall Buildings Supplementary Planning Guidance Draft for approval City of Cardiff Council January 2017 1 Mae’r ddogfen hon hefyd ar gael yn Gymraeg / This document is also available in Welsh Front cover: physical model of tall building proposal in Cardiff city centre, Rio Architects / Watkins Jones / Skyline2 Contents 1.0 Introduction 4 2.0 The location of tall buildings 8 3.0 Sustainable transport, parking guidance and community facilities 10 4.0 Skyline, strategic views and vistas 11 i. City centre 12 ii. Areas outside the city centre 13 5.0 Historic environment setting 16 6.0 The design of tall buildings 18 i. Mixed land uses 19 ii. The form and silhouette of the building 20 iii. Quality and appearance 20 iv. Impact and interface at street level 21 v. Sustainable building design 24 7.0 Affordable housing guidance and design for living 26 8.0 Open space requirements 28 9.0 Pre-application discussion 30 10.0 Design and access statements 32 Appendices 35 Appendix A: Diagram: city centre and Cardiff Bay aerial photo 35 Appendix B: Consultation representations and responses 36 3 1. Introduction City centre public space with views to proposed elegant, reflective tall buildi ng (far right), Comcast Innovation and Technology Centre, Philadelphia4 Dbox / Foster & Partners 1.0 Introduction Policy context 1.1 This Supplementary Planning Guidance (SPG) supplements policies in the adopted Cardiff Local Development Plan (LDP) relating to good quality and sustainable design and more specifically tall buildings 1.2 Welsh Government support the use of SPG to set out detailed guidance on the way in which development plan policies will be applied in particular circumstances or areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Head of Engagement Information Pack
    Welsh Parliament Human Resources Head of Engagement Information Pack SC-014-20 www.senedd.wales Welcome from the Director of Communications and Engagement Arwyn Jones, Director of Communications and Engagement Thank you for your interest in this exciting opportunity. We’re looking for someone who can connect the Senedd with the people of Wales. We’re really proud of our innovative work in reaching out to citizens. Now we’re looking for someone who can build on our physical, face-to- face activities and deliver ground-breaking digital and virtual engagement. We’re looking for a candidate who has insight and experience of effecting behavioural change in terms of communities who have historically been disengaged with the Welsh Parliament. For us, it’s not enough to inform citizens; we want meaningful engagement which leads to the public influencing and directly informing our work. I spent sixteen years as a journalist covering Welsh politics and have seen how the Senedd and its work can help to shape policies which impact on all our lives. It was a privilege last year to be appointed to a role overseeing how we share our work with the public. During the Covid-19 pandemic there is more awareness and focus on what we do; therefore, we are seeking someone who is as passionate and committed as we are in making sure the Welsh Parliament is listening to those new voices. 2 Post Reference: SC-014-20 Job Title: Head of Engagement Salary: £66,001 – £77,184 (Executive Band 1 – G6) Duration: Permanent Service: Communications and Engagement Directorate Location: Senedd, Tŷ Hywel, Cardiff Bay We’re currently homeworking.
    [Show full text]
  • Saxbury the Howells Building Cardiff
    SAXBURY THE HOWELLS BUILDING CARDIFF The Howells Building A historic 1.7 acre, hospitality led mixed-use scheme with potential for hotel and apart-hotel (C1) use class CONTENTS OVERVIEW 4 LOCATION 7 CONNECTIVITY 8 HOTEL SCHEME 9 APART-HOTEL SCHEME 15 BOUTIQUE HOTEL SCHEME 21 CARDIFF 28 THE NEXT STEP 30 OVERVIEW / LOCATION / CONNECTIVITY / HOTEL SCHEME / APART-HOTEL SCHEME / BOUTIQUE HOTEL SCHEME OVERVIEW CARDIFF / THE NEXT STEP Serviced apartment specialists, Saxbury, are delighted to be instructed on a 1.7 acre mixed-use site in central Cardiff. Currently the House of Fraser department store, the site has been replanned to accommodate either a hotel (214 units), an apart-hotel (134 units) or a boutique hotel (64 units). Saxbury invites all interested hospitality companies to come forward with their suggestions for one of the proposed schemes. Address 20 St Mary St, Cardiff CF10 1TT Accomodation 200+ Keys (STP) Gross Internal Area 11,075m2 Use Class C1 Hotel / Apart-Hotel THE HOWELLS BUILDING | CARDIFF 4 OVERVIEW / LOCATION / CONNECTIVITY / HOTEL SCHEME / APART-HOTEL SCHEME / BOUTIQUE HOTEL SCHEME OVERVIEW CARDIFF / THE NEXT STEP The Howells Building is one of Cardiff’s most iconic buildings com- prising a Grade II* listed department store built between the late 1860’s and early 1900’s and extended during the 1960’s. Naissance Capital Real Estate Ltd. is the current owner of the build- ing. It’s key business includes originating, structuring and execut- ing commercial real estate investment and development strategies across the UK and United States of behalf of private banks and family offices. The building originally comprised two stores, nine Victorian houses, a chapel, a brewery and a garage, but was remodeled over time to provide one major department store.
    [Show full text]
  • Sensory Issues Across Our Estate (Easy Read Version)
    Easy Read What to expect when you visit the Welsh Parliament/Senedd Cymru (the ‘Senedd’) A guide for people with Autism Page 1 This is an Easy Read version of the Senedd leaflet ‘Sensory issues for people with autism’ October 2014 How to use this document This is an Easy Read version. The words and their meaning are easy to read and understand. You may need support to read and understand this document. Ask someone you know to help you. Some words may be difficult to understand. These are in bold blue writing and have been explained in a box beneath the word. Where the document says ‘we’, this means the Senedd. If you would like a version in large print, Braille, audio tape or another language please contact: Senedd Booking and Information Service, Senedd, North Wales Visitor Centre, Princes Park, Princes Drive, Colwyn Bay, Conwy, LL29 8PL Phone: 0845 010 5500 or 01492 523200 Email: [email protected] Page 2 Website: http://www.Seneddwales.org This document was made into Easy Read by Learning Disability Wales using Photosymbols 5. Contents Page Introduction: Your visit to the Senedd 5 • About the Senedd 6 • Our buildings 7 What will happen when you arrive 8 What you may see, hear, smell and touch at the Senedd 10 What you may see 10 What you may hear 11 What you may smell 13 What you may touch 13 Page 3 If you need to rest 14 More information 14 Hard words 15 Page 4 Introduction: Your visit to the Senedd We want you to have a good time when you visit the Senedd.
    [Show full text]
  • Case Study 1
    Case study 1 Save the Vulcan – how to save pubs and influence people The first group to be case studied in this book is the ‘Save the Vulcan’ campaign. The Vulcan Hotel was built in 1853 and was located in the centre of Cardiff, United Kingdom, but was under threat from demolition. This chapter will address the Save the Vulcan campaign to illustrate that substantial mediain the first and political opportunities were open for the group, and how they managed to exploit these opportunities. However, the media and protest tactics of the group were non-confrontational, and the decisions behind the tactics were influenced by the group’s political insider status and the demographics of their supporters. The non- confrontational tactics and political opportunities led to a very sympathetic local newspaper, and this fed back into the media and protest tactics and kept them relatively non-confrontational. The Save the Vulcan campaign 1 was created following an interview on BBC Radio Wales with the future chairperson, and the subsequent involvement of another activist who joined the group upon hearing this interview. The committee that formed had a consistent core of five members. It was a Cardiff-based campaign that centred its political pressure on local politicians and publicising the campaign in the South Wales regional press, the South Wales Echo in particular. The political and media backdrop This section will detail the protest targets of the group, and the media and political backdrop to the Vulcan campaign before it began. First, the nature of the external threat to the Vulcan pub meant that the protest targets for the campaign were clear.
    [Show full text]
  • Wales for Peace Project Record 2014-18
    Wales for Peace Project Record 2014-18 1 North West 10 Digitising the Book ......................................... 14 Peace Trails App ............................................. 23 Table of Contents Ynys Mon ........................................................ 10 Transcribing the Book: ‘a modern day act of Intergenerational Learning 24 Remembrance’ ............................................... 14 Introduction .................................................. 5 Gwynedd ......................................................... 10 Growing Peace Stories, Riverside .................. 24 Online Public Access ...................................... 14 The Big Question: 5 Conwy ............................................................. 10 Greenham Banner Workshops ....................... 24 Replica Book ................................................... 14 Overarching Project Questions: “Did we deliver Mid-Wales 10 Soldiers Stories .............................................. 24 what we said we would?” 5 Ceredigion ...................................................... 10 The WW2 Book of Remembrance? ................ 14 Llangollen International Eisteddfod .............. 24 Case Studies: Project Overviews ....................... 5 Powys .............................................................. 10 ‘Remembering for Peace’ Exhibition Tour 15 Digital Storytelling and Oral Histories 25 Objectives 5 South West 10 National Library, Aberystwyth - Launch ........15 Pilot Projects with Partners ........................... 25 Activities
    [Show full text]