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Rearing the Family, Moving Society: Rethinking Gender, Kinship, and Work Through Japan’S Fathering Movement

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Rearing the Family, Moving Society: Rethinking Gender, Kinship, and Work Through Japan’S Fathering Movement Rearing the Family, Moving Society: Rethinking Gender, Kinship, and Work through Japan’s Fathering Movement by Nicholas Michael Feinig A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Anthropology University of Toronto © Copyright by Nicholas Feinig 2020 ii Rearing the Family, Moving Society: Rethinking Gender, Kinship, and Work through Japan’s Fathering Movement Nicholas Michael Feinig Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology University of Toronto 2020 Abstract Based on fieldwork conducted in Tokyo from 2015 to 2016 around the non-profit organization “Fathering Japan”, this ethnography follows the practice of fatherhood among participants of ikumen movements. Often translated as “childrearing man”, ikumen refers to fathers who actively engage in chores and childcare. Ikumen movements emerged as Japan’s powerful corporations weakened following the economic downturn of the early 1990s. Neoliberal restructuring across the following decades has further undercut the financial stability of households as secure fulltime positions with a “family wage” are replaced by precarious contract work. With dual income homes becoming the norm, ikumen have become a key figure in the renegotiation of the gendered division of labour. While originally a grassroots effort led by activist fathers campaigning for the recognition and legal protection of paternity leave, the ikumen concept has since been adopted by the state and industry. Recent state initiatives promote ikumen as national heroes shoring up the nation’s sagging birthrate and economy, while branded “masculine” lifestyle publications hail ikumen as fashionable consumers. In this context, how do ikumen movement participants negotiate the existing middle-class masculine norm of the salaryman – a salaried corporate worker – and this emerging model of nurturing fatherhood? By closely attending to the complexities and nuances of the everyday practice of fatherhood among ikumen, this dissertation documents how these men weave their experience as fathers and employees together with family history and memory. In this process, they cultivate diverse forms of relationality beyond the parent-child bond. By enacting caring fatherhood in their homes, communities, and workplaces, they also compose fluid and flexible masculine identities. The dissertation argues that the “fathering” or “rearing” of a child is a practice that not only changes iii men’s relationship with children and spouses, but also forges new kinds of relationships with neighbors, “papa” friends, co-workers, and society. iv Acknowledgments With the exception of names provided in this section, in the list of references, and public or celebrity figures, all names contained in this dissertation are pseudonyms. My studies were made capable by the financial support of the School of Graduate Studies and Department of Anthropology at the University of Toronto, the Dr. David Chu Scholarship in Asia Pacific Studies, the Ontario Graduate Scholarship, and grants from Yokohama National University. I want to begin by extending my deepest and most sincere thanks to my interlocutors, both within the fathering movement and without. The fathers and mothers I came to know over my time in Tokyo were accommodating and patient as I oriented myself in their world. To the members of specific organizations, namely Fathering Japan, I owe a special debt of gratitude. Their drinking parties and lectures, shared books and articles, and social media exchanges are at the heart of this dissertation. I hope that, in my own small way, I’ve captured a bit of the change to which they have dedicated their lives. In particular, I am grateful to Tetsuya Ando for welcoming me in the early stages of my research, and to the support and friendship of Shinobu Okido throughout the project. Her knowledge of Fathering Japan continues to be an asset and I consider myself very fortunate to have met her. Without the assistance of Noriko Suzuki, a co- presenter at a conference I attended in 2015, this project may not have been possible. It was thanks to her kindness that I was introduced to Chizuko Ueno and the women of WAN, with whom I continue to enjoy a fruitful professional relationship. Ueno-sensei subsequently provided a vital introduction to Ando-sama. I am thankful to have made many wonderful friends in Japan who helped to facilitate both my research and life in a foreign country more generally. In the early, sometimes frightening days of fieldwork, Kathryn Goldfarb’s assurance and assistance were a real comfort. It was through Kathryn that I met Glenda Roberts, who warmly welcomed me to her zemi at Waseda University. The zemi members were equally welcoming and provided me with the academic community I felt I was missing while abroad. Hiro Matsubara and Asato Saito, then of Yokohama National University, were wonderful hosts during pilot work. I am very grateful for Matsubara-sensei’s continued support and concern for me and hope I can one day repay his kindness. Special thanks to my good friends Matthew van Etten, Kiyoto Mashima, and Michel Marion for enriching my life in Japan. In Toronto, I consider myself very fortunate to have worked alongside some of the brightest people I’ve had the pleasure of meeting. Here, I can acknowledge only a few. Shayne Dahl and Nate Renner, as researchers who also worked in Japan, were a great resource (and better drinking buddies). Johanna Pokorny has likely read more of this dissertation than anyone outside of my committee, and I’m happy to say her influence is very much visible in the final draft. William Hebert, too, played a crucial role in shaping my thinking. This dissertation is much better for it. Sarah Williams’ brilliant work on midwives has been a productive counterpoint for my own. Throughout the writing process, and indeed my entire graduate education, the insight and encouragement of Andrea Muehlebach, a valued member of my core committee, along with that of Jesook Song and Lisa Yoneyama have been constants. I also thank them for serving as my dissertation’s examiners. My external examiner, Miyako Inoue, is a very welcome addition and I am grateful both for her time and for her research, which greatly influenced my own thinking. I v appreciate the comments provided by members of the Dissertation Writing Workshop in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Toronto from 2018 through 2019. A special thanks to Sarah O’Sullivan and Shirin Gerami, great friends without whose constant belittlement (“empowerment”) and distraction this dissertation would have been finished far sooner. Their intellectual contributions are also evident throughout this text. I met Shiho Satsuka when I was only 19, a student in her third-year undergraduate course. It was because of her intervention that I pursued graduate school, travelled widely, and met some of my dearest friends. I have always admired Shiho’s sharp mind, incredible work ethic, and intellectual curiosity, and consider myself very fortunate to have worked so closely with her for more than a decade. She set my bar for success, and I owe my strength as a writer and researcher to her standards. Sandra Bamford has always had a confounding level of faith in my abilities and I am thankful for that. Where I saw weakness in my work, which was a frequent occurrence, Sandra saw strength. Our meetings always gave me peace of mind. Working in tandem with Shiho, I could not have asked for better supervision. My deepest thanks to you both. To my parents, Ann Voyame and Harry Feinig, and my brother Matthew Feinig: thank you. Being apart from you, along with my uncle Mike Feinig, oma Louisa Feinig, uncle Jerry O’Sullivan, and grandpa Arthur Voyame, over the course of fieldwork is perhaps my greatest regret in undertaking this project. I’m trying to make up for this lost time now. To my father, Harry, a note (should you ever read this). Through this process I learned, finally, to see what a tremendous, exceptional father you are; something Matthew and I took for granted growing up (not knowing any father figure save you). On the subject of fatherhood, your example is worth infinitely more than this dissertation. Finally, to Katy Wang. I realized early on I could never complete this dissertation for myself, but I could do it for you. I love you. vi Table of Contents Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ ix Notes on Transliteration ...................................................................................................................x Glossary of Terms .......................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................1 1.1 Rearing Fathers ....................................................................................................................1 1.2 The Fathering Movement ...................................................................................................10 1.3 Fathering and Kinship ........................................................................................................14
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