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History of Modern India BIG LEARNINGS MADE EASY An initiative of Group HISTORY OF MODERN INDIA Civil Services Examination MADE EASY Publications Corporate Office: 44-A/4, Kalu Sarai (Near Hauz Khas Metro Station), New Delhi-110016 E-mail: [email protected] Contact: 011-45124660, 8860378007 Visit us at: www.madeeasypublications.org History of Modern India © Copyright, by MADE EASY Publications. All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording or oth- erwise), without the prior written permission of the above mentioned publisher of this book. First Edition: 2017 Second Edition: 2018 Third Edition: 2019 © All rights reserved by MADE EASY PUBLICATIONS. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form without the written permission from the publisher. Contents History of Modern India Unit – I: An Era of Power Struggle Chapter-3 Chapter-1 Advent of Europeans ....................................29 3.1 Introduction ........................................................29 Mughals ............................................................2 3.2 Need for New Trading Routes ............................29 1.1 Development of the Mughal Empire ....................2 Geographical Causes ........................................29 Babur ...................................................................2 Technological Advancement ..............................29 Humayun ..............................................................3 Political Causes ..................................................30 Sur Empire (1540-55) ...........................................3 Economic Causes ..............................................30 Akbar....................................................................3 Psychological Causes ........................................30 Jahangir ...............................................................5 Religious Causes ...............................................30 Shah Jahan ..........................................................5 3.3 The Portuguese ..................................................30 Aurangzeb ...........................................................5 Portuguese Rise in India ....................................30 1.2 Later Mughals ......................................................5 Portuguese Decline in India ...............................31 Bahadur Shah-I ....................................................6 3.3 The Dutch ...........................................................31 Jahandar Shah (1712-13) .....................................6 Dutch Rise in India .............................................31 Farrukh Siyar (1713-19) ........................................6 Dutch Decline in India ........................................32 Saiyid Brothers .....................................................6 3.4 The French .........................................................32 Muhammad Shah (1720-48) .................................6 French Rise in India ...........................................32 1.5 Foreign Invasions .................................................6 French Decline in India ......................................32 Nadir Shah’s Invasion ..........................................6 3.6 The British ..........................................................33 Ahmed Shah Abdali’s Invasions ...........................7 Reasons for Success of British East India 1.6 Analysis ................................................................7 Company ............................................................33 Causes of Decline of Mughal Empire ...................7 Chapter-4 Chapter-2 Obstacles to British Rise ..............................35 Rise of Regional Powers...............................12 4.1 Anglo-French Conflict ........................................35 2.1 Introduction ........................................................12 Introduction ........................................................35 2.2 Successor States ...............................................12 First Carnatic War (1746-48) ..............................35 Awadh ................................................................12 Second Carnatic War (1749-1754) .....................35 Bengal ................................................................15 Third Carnatic War (1758-1763) .........................36 Hyderabad .........................................................17 Critical Analysis ..................................................37 2.3 The New states...................................................19 4.2 Anglo-Mysore Wars (1767-99)............................38 Punjab ................................................................19 Introduction ........................................................38 Marathas ............................................................19 First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-69) ......................38 Jat State .............................................................21 Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84) ................39 2.4 Independent Kingdoms ......................................21 Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-92) ....................39 Mysore ...............................................................22 Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798-99) ..................40 Kerala .................................................................25 4.3 Anglo-Maratha Wars (1775-1819) ......................41 Rajput States ......................................................25 Introduction ........................................................41 2.5 Conclusion .........................................................27 First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-82) ....................41 (iii) Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-06) ...............41 6.2 Judicial System ..................................................54 Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-18) ...................42 Need for a Judicial System ................................54 4.4 Anglo-Sikh Relations ..........................................43 Development of Judicial System ........................54 The Sikhs ............................................................43 An Overview .......................................................55 Emergence of Ranjit Singh .................................44 Critical Analysis ..................................................55 Governance under Ranjit Singh .........................44 6.3 Indian Civil Services ...........................................55 Religious Policies ...............................................44 Introduction ........................................................55 First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46) ..........................44 Important Chain of Events ..................................55 Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49) .....................45 6.4 Finance and Revenue: Drain of Wealth ..............56 Drain of Wealth: Factors and Forces ..................56 Chapter-5 Drain of Wealth: Mechanism ................................56 Rise of British Power in Bengal ...................47 Drain of Wealth: Impact ......................................56 5.1 Introduction ........................................................47 Drain of Wealth: Theories ...................................56 5.2 Bengal ................................................................47 6.5 Land Revenue Policy .........................................56 Factories and Farmans.......................................47 Need for a Land Revenue System ......................57 Tension in Bengal ...............................................47 Permanent Settlement ........................................57 5.3 Black Hole ..........................................................48 Ryotwari Settlement ............................................58 5.4 Battle of Plassey (1757) .....................................48 Mahalwari System ..............................................58 Introduction ........................................................48 6.6 Commercialization of Agriculture .......................59 Conspiracy .........................................................48 Factors and Forces ............................................59 Causes ...............................................................48 Pattern ................................................................59 Events ................................................................48 Features .............................................................59 Aftermath ............................................................49 Impact ................................................................59 Significance of Plassey ......................................49 6.7 De-industrialization of India ................................59 5.5 Mir Jafar .............................................................49 Factors and Forces ............................................60 5.6 Mir Qasim ...........................................................49 Impact ................................................................60 Treaty with Calcutta Council (1760) ...................49 6.8 Famines ..............................................................60 Mir Qasim and East India Company ...................50 Causes of Famines .............................................60 Conflict Continues ..............................................50 6.9 European Business Enterprises .........................60
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