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Special Feature Human Knowledge: Storing

Was electrotherapy Primary to Secondary Moving from primary batteries clear, but one account holds that a state-of-the-art medical treatment Essential History to secondary batteries it dates back to an earthenware technique in the Edo of Batteries pot created in Baghdad (present- (With regard to some events, there period? are varying theories and the exact The history of “storing electricity” day Iraq) sometime between the year cannot be specified.) The technology of storing third to the seventh century A.D. electricity was slow to develop, 1780 ●Galvani (Italy) discovered started with the development of and called the “Baghdad battery.” but electricity created was used principle of batteries In a reproduction experiment, it in many applications. One 1800●Volta (Italy) invented the lithium- batteries unique example is “The battery was proved to actually function as Elekiter” created by Gennai battery, but it remains unclear as Hiraga, a Rangaku (Dutch 1866●Leclanché (France) invented to how it was used in ancient studies) scholar in the Edo the original form of the dry period. Gennai gained attention battery Human beings have evolved times. batteries—used in . for repairing and improving 1900●Edison (U.S.) invented the continuously by acquiring various It is natural to think that the With the invention of portable Dutch medical equipment and nickel-iron storage battery types of wisdom. “Storing things” battery was invented from the electronic devices, such as tape using it for medical treatment. 1955●Start of domestic mercury is also an essential type of need to “use electricity whenever recorders and home video battery production wisdom for evolution. necessary.” Considering this, it’s cameras, demand for secondary NiCd battery packs for 8 mm 1964●Start of domestic production Human beings have stored all sensible to presume that the batteries that can be recharged camcorders launched by Sony of alkaline dry battery, kinds of things from food to history of batteries dates from the and used repeatedly has contained NiCd batteries and manganese dry battery and water, money, and energy. When 19th century, when many increased.” were therefore quite heavy. nickel-cadmium battery you think about storing things, different types of batteries were In the mid-1980s, when Mr. Therefore, Mr. Nishi received a 1976●Start of domestic production what is important is what to store developed. The term batteries Nishi started research on lithium- request from the Design of silver oxide battery and lithium primary battery as well as where and how to store include both primary batteries ion batteries, groundbreaking Department to halve the weight 1977●Start of domestic production it. Some things can be kept as and secondary batteries. Primary electronic devices started to hit of battery packs. In order to meet of alkali button battery they are while other things need batteries come with electricity the market. the request, it was necessary to 1986●Start of domestic production facilities for storage or know-how stored inside the housing and are “In those days, the mainstreams develop a new-type of high of air battery for changing their shapes to store designed for single discharge. On of secondary batteries were lead performance battery to replace 1990●Start of domestic production them. Human beings have stored the other hand, secondary acid batteries and nickel- the NiCd battery. Inspired by the of nickel-hydrogen battery visible as well as invisible things batteries can be recharged after cadmium (NiCd) batteries. NiCd words of Mr. Akio Morita, then Developer of the lithium-ion battery 1991●Start of use of mercury-free by using cutting-edge they are used up. batteries used sintered nickel, a Chairman of Sony, that “you manganese dry battery. technologies. It’s safe to say that Yoshio Nishi This article focuses on “storing.” very heavy material, for their might as well develop a novel Produced and developed electricity, which is essential for Graduated from the Department of Considering that secondary , resulting in heavy battery,” Mr. Nishi made up his lithium-ion battery Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science modern living, is one of the most battery is the first type of battery weight. So, the challenge we mind to work on the development 1992●Start of use of mercury-free and Technology, Keio University, in 1966. difficult things to store. After serving as Executive Vice that can store electricity, we will faced was to develop ‘more of a lithium-ion battery with high Stopped President, Executive Officer of Sony look into secondary batteries in lightweight and smaller’ voltage and high energy density 1995● Corporation, left the company in 2006. production Rechargeable batteries this feature article. “While there batteries.” per unit weight. D are indispensable for Currently serving as Corporate Research have been different types of various types of electric Fellow of Sony Corporation. Received the Charles Stark Draper Prize (US) in secondary batteries developed equipment that are 2014. The author of “Speakers and New until now, I think it’s lithium-ion Money rapidly becoming Materials” (Tojusha) and “Story of available to consumers Lithium-Ion Batteries” (Shokabo), etc. batteries that have contributed COLUMN Storing significantly to the evolution of Other types of knowledge of the human race Converting energy among its The origin of the battery is not people’s lives,” says Mr. Yoshio Some items were difficult various forms including heat, Nishi, the developer of lithium- to store until money was electricity, and light does not ion battery. Mr. Nishi was Types and principal uses of batteries introduced as a common formerly a researcher at Sony means of exchange change the total amount of energy. Chemical battery Physical battery Corporation (“Sony”) who has With the diversification of people’s values for engaged in various types of things, trade by the barter system ceased to be Primary battery Secondary battery Fuel battery Physical battery workable. This created the necessity for Hermann Ludwig （） research over many years. Alkaline dry cell Fuel battery medium of exchange, which resulted in the “When I was a child, batteries introduction of money. It is said that grain, Ferdinand （Gaming console etc.） Nickel mercury External supply of Solar battery substances needed for Alkaline manganese battery meant dry-cell batteries—primary shells, and swords were initially used as money. chemical reactions dry cell （Digital camera etc.） von Helmholtz （ etc.） NiCd battery Batteries can be categorized into primary Beautiful, high-value （Electric power tool etc.） Lithium-ion battery batteries, secondary batteries, fuel cells, and money made of A representative physicist in mid-19th century （Camera etc.） Producing Lead-acid battery electricity by Converting physical cells, etc. Besides lithium-ion batteries, metals, such as gold, Germany. Derived the law of conservation of Silver oxide battery （Car battery etc.） chemical reaction physical energy research and development is also underway on silver, and copper, energy. His students included Heinrich Hertz, Alkaline dry cell Lithium-ion battery and chemical into electricity circulated at one （Mobile phone, the development of solar cells to solve who provided the existence of electromagnetic Alkaline button battery gaming console, substances environmental and energy issues. However, only time. waves, and Shohe Tanaka, a physicist and Zinc-air battery laptop PC, etc.） secondary batteries can store electricity. music theorist.

14 Challenge 2018 Vol. 03 15