Session 2A : Business Case
Course of development of the lithium-ion battery (LIB), and recent technological trends
Dr. Akira Yoshino Yoshino Laboratory Asahi Kasei Corp. E-mail: [email protected]
1 ClassificationClassification ofof batteriesbatteries andand thethe positioningpositioning ofof thethe lithiumlithium ionion batterybattery
Aqueous Nonaqueous
electrolyte battery electrolyte battery
Primary Manganese dry cell Metallic lithium battery Alkaline dry cell battery
Lead-acid battery, LithiumLithium ionion Secondary Ni-Cd battery, battery batterybattery Ni-MH battery (LIB)
2 What is the lithium ion battery (LIB) ?
The LIB is a non-aqueous secondary battery using carbonaceous material as the negative electrode and transition metal oxides containing Li-ion
(ex. LiCoO2) as the positive electrode.
3 BriefBrief historyhistory ofof LIBLIB developmentdevelopment
1981 Start of basic research on polyacetylene (PA) R R e 82 Application of PA as a negative material e search search
83 New battery system “PA/LiCoO2 ” 84 Development Development 85 New battery system “carbon/LiCoO2 ” 86 Identifying problems and 87 finding solutions 88 Application
89 Development of Application 1990 manufacturing process 91 92 Commercialization of the LIB 4 TheThe startstart ofof basicbasic researchresearch onon thethe LIBLIB waswas withwith polyacetylenepolyacetylene (PA)(PA)
ＣＨＣＨ ＣＨＣＨ ZieglerZiegler--NattaNatta CatalysisCatalysis ＣＨＣＨ ＣＨＣＨ ＣＨＣＨ
ＣＨＣＨ ＣＨＣＨ ＣＨＣＨ
DiscoveredDiscovered byby A.G.A.G. MacDiarmidMacDiarmid A.J.A.J. HeegerHeeger H.H. ShirakawaShirakawa 5 TheThe reasonreason whywhy II triedtried toto applyapply PAPA asas aa negativenegative materialmaterial
Aqueous Nonaqueous
electrolyte battery electrolyte battery
Primary Manganese dry cell Metallic lithium battery Alkaline dry cell battery
Fatal issues with Lead-acid battery, Secondary metallic lithium Ni-Cd battery, battery as negative Ni-MH battery electrode
6 SelectionSelection ofof positivepositive materialmaterial toto bebe combinedcombined withwith PAPA waswas aa majormajor issueissue
MetallicMetallic LiLi battery:battery: Discharge Li ＋ TiS LiTiS 2 Charge 2
PA ＋ TiS Inoperative 2 × NotNot possiblepossible toto makemake aa batterybattery byby substitutingsubstituting PAPA forfor LiLi asas negativenegative materialmaterial 7 EncounterEncounter withwith thethe firstfirst positivepositive materialmaterial containingcontaining LiLi ionion
InIn 19801980,, J.B.J.B. GoodenoughGoodenough etet al.al. reportedreported thethe firstfirst researchresearch onon LiCoOLiCoO2 asas aa positivepositive materialmaterial forfor secondarysecondary batterybattery
J.B.J.B. GoodenoughGoodenough etet al.,al., MaterialMaterial ResearchResearch BulletinBulletin,, 1515 (1980)(1980) 783783
8 TheThe originorigin ofof presentpresent LIBLIB
Charge - + PA ＋ LiCoO2 PA Li ＋ Li1-x CoO2 Discharge
The origin of the present LIB
was the PA / LiCoO2 system I invented in 1983 JP 85-127669 (Application date: Dec. 13, 1983) 9 CompletionCompletion ofof thethe presentpresent LIBLIB principleprinciple
Charge - + C ＋ LiCoO2 C Li ＋ Li1-x CoO2 Discharge
This new battery system C / LiCoO2 was invented in 1985
JP 1,989,293 USP 4,668,595 EP 205,856B2 (Application date: May 10, 1985)
10 Safety
Aqueous Nonaqueous
electrolyte battery electrolyte battery
Primary Manganese dry cell Metallic lithium battery Alkaline dry cell battery
Lead-acid battery, Secondary FatalThe issues fatal with Ni-Cd battery, issue was battery metallic lithium as Ni-MH battery negativeSAFETY electrode
11 TheThe worldworld’’ss firstfirst safetysafety testtest ofof thethe LIBLIB
In the summer of 1986, at Asahi Kasei’s explosives plant in Nobeoka, Japan
Metallic Li primary battery Prototype LIB
12 Metallic Li primary battery
13 PrototypePrototype LIBLIB
14 FeaturesFeatures ofof thethe lithiumlithium ionion batterybattery
General features
1. Small and lightweight 2. High electromotive force 3. High current discharge 4. No harmful substances contained (ex. Cd, Pb)
Features for energy storage applications 1. High charge/discharge efficiency Current efficiency: 100% Electric power efficiency: 95% 2. Low self-discharge rate: 7–8% per month
15 EnergyEnergy andand priceprice ofof currentcurrent lithiumlithium ionion batterybattery
Bare cell energy of cylindrical Bare cell price of 18650 cylindrical 18650 Energy density: 600 Wh L-1 ¥200 / (2.4Ah × 3.7 V) -1 -1 Specific energy: 222 Wh Kg = ¥22.5 Wh
700 700 ) ) -1 -1 600 600
500 500
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100 Energy density (WhL density Energy Price of LIB Wh 18650 (¥ 0 0 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1992 2000 1992 2000 Year Year 16 NotableNotable futurefuture marketmarket trendstrends
1. Consumer use (IT) Growth of cellar phone and notebook computer market and new applications such as power tools 2. Automobiles
HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicle) PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle) BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle) 3. Energy storage Electricity storage system for solar cell and wind power 17