DOCSLIB.ORG

Classification of Batteries and the Positioning of the Lithium Ion Battery

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Session 2A : Business Case Course of development of the lithium-ion battery (LIB), and recent technological trends Dr. Akira Yoshino Yoshino Laboratory Asahi Kasei Corp. E-mail: [email protected] 1 ClassificationClassification ofof batteriesbatteries andand thethe positioningpositioning ofof thethe lithiumlithium ionion batterybattery Aqueous Nonaqueous electrolyte battery electrolyte battery Primary Manganese dry cell Metallic lithium battery Alkaline dry cell battery Lead-acid battery, LithiumLithium ionion Secondary Ni-Cd battery, battery batterybattery Ni-MH battery (LIB) 2 What is the lithium ion battery (LIB) ? The LIB is a non-aqueous secondary battery using carbonaceous material as the negative electrode and transition metal oxides containing Li-ion (ex. LiCoO2) as the positive electrode. 3 BriefBrief historyhistory ofof LIBLIB developmentdevelopment 1981 Start of basic research on polyacetylene (PA) R R e 82 Application of PA as a negative material e search search 83 New battery system “PA/LiCoO2 ” 84 Development Development 85 New battery system “carbon/LiCoO2 ” 86 Identifying problems and 87 finding solutions 88 Application 89 Development of Application 1990 manufacturing process 91 92 Commercialization of the LIB 4 TheThe startstart ofof basicbasic researchresearch onon thethe LIBLIB waswas withwith polyacetylenepolyacetylene (PA)(PA) ＣＨＣＨ ＣＨＣＨ ZieglerZiegler--NattaNatta CatalysisCatalysis ＣＨＣＨ ＣＨＣＨ ＣＨＣＨ ＣＨＣＨ ＣＨＣＨ ＣＨＣＨ DiscoveredDiscovered byby A.G.A.G. MacDiarmidMacDiarmid A.J.A.J. HeegerHeeger H.H. ShirakawaShirakawa 5 TheThe reasonreason whywhy II triedtried toto applyapply PAPA asas aa negativenegative materialmaterial Aqueous Nonaqueous electrolyte battery electrolyte battery Primary Manganese dry cell Metallic lithium battery Alkaline dry cell battery Fatal issues with Lead-acid battery, Secondary metallic lithium Ni-Cd battery, battery as negative Ni-MH battery electrode 6 SelectionSelection ofof positivepositive materialmaterial toto bebe combinedcombined withwith PAPA waswas aa majormajor issueissue MetallicMetallic LiLi battery:battery: Discharge ＋ Li TiS2 Charge LiTiS2 PA ＋ TiS2 Inoperative × NotNot possiblepossible toto makemake aa batterybattery byby substitutingsubstituting PAPA forfor LiLi asas negativenegative materialmaterial 7 EncounterEncounter withwith thethe firstfirst positivepositive materialmaterial containingcontaining LiLi ionion InIn 19801980,, J.B.J.B. GoodenoughGoodenough etet al.al. reportedreported thethe firstfirst researchresearch onon LiCoOLiCoO2 asas aa positivepositive materialmaterial forfor secondarysecondary batterybattery J.B.J.B. GoodenoughGoodenough etet al.,al., MaterialMaterial ResearchResearch BulletinBulletin,, 1515 (1980)(1980) 783783 8 TheThe originorigin ofof presentpresent LIBLIB Charge - + PA ＋ LiCoO2 PA Li ＋ Li1-x CoO2 Discharge The origin of the present LIB was the PA / LiCoO2 system I invented in 1983 JP 85-127669 (Application date: Dec. 13, 1983) 9 CompletionCompletion ofof thethe presentpresent LIBLIB principleprinciple Charge - + C ＋ LiCoO2 C Li ＋ Li1-x CoO2 Discharge This new battery system C / LiCoO2 was invented in 1985 JP 1,989,293 USP 4,668,595 EP 205,856B2 (Application date: May 10, 1985) 10 Safety Aqueous Nonaqueous electrolyte battery electrolyte battery Primary Manganese dry cell Metallic lithium battery Alkaline dry cell battery Lead-acid battery, Secondary FatalThe issues fatal with Ni-Cd battery, issue was battery metallic lithium as Ni-MH battery negativeSAFETY electrode 11 TheThe worldworld’’ss firstfirst safetysafety testtest ofof thethe LIBLIB In the summer of 1986, at Asahi Kasei’s explosives plant in Nobeoka, Japan Metallic Li primary battery Prototype LIB 12 Metallic Li primary battery 13 PrototypePrototype LIBLIB 14 FeaturesFeatures ofof thethe lithiumlithium ionion batterybattery General features 1. Small and lightweight 2. High electromotive force 3. High current discharge 4. No harmful substances contained (ex. Cd, Pb) Features for energy storage applications 1. High charge/discharge efficiency Current efficiency: 100% Electric power efficiency: 95% 2. Low self-discharge rate: 7–8% per month 15 EnergyEnergy andand priceprice ofof currentcurrent lithiumlithium ionion batterybattery Bare cell energy of cylindrical Bare cell price of 18650 cylindrical 18650 Energy density: 600 Wh L-1 ¥200 / (2.4Ah × 3.7 V) Specific energy: 222 Wh Kg-1 = ¥22.5 Wh-1 700 700 ) ) -1 -1 600 600 500 500 400 400 300 300 200 200 100 100 Energy density (WhL density Energy Price of LIB Wh 18650 (¥ 0 0 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1992 2000 1992 2000 Year Year 16 NotableNotable futurefuture marketmarket trendstrends 1. Consumer use (IT) Growth of cellar phone and notebook computer market and new applications such as power tools 2. Automobiles HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicle) PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle) BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle) 3. Energy storage Electricity storage system for solar cell and wind power 17.
Recommended publications
  • Material - Safety - Data Sheet (MSDS) No.16 for Ansmann Zinc Carbon (Mercury Free Heavy Duty) Batteries Single Cells and Multi-Cell Battery Packs 1/6

    Material - Safety - Data Sheet (MSDS) No.16 for Ansmann Zinc Carbon (Mercury Free Heavy Duty) Batteries Single Cells and Multi-Cell Battery Packs 1/6

    Material - Safety - Data Sheet (MSDS) No.16 for Ansmann Zinc Carbon (Mercury Free Heavy Duty) Batteries single cells and multi-cell battery packs 1/6 Date of issue: 2015 - 02 - 23 The information contained within is provided as a service to our customers and Revision no: 1 for their information only. The information and recommendations set forth herein Revision date: 2016 - 10 - 07 are made in good faith and are believed to be accurate at the date of preparation. Editor: Ansmann AG ANSMANN AG makes no warranty expressed or implied. 1. Product and Supplier Identification Product name: ANSMANN (Super) Heavy Duty Battery Designation: Zinc Manganese Dioxide Battery Models / types: R3 (AAA); R6 (AA); R14 (C); R20 (D); 6F22 (9V E-Block); 3R12; 4R25 Electrochemical system: MnO2 (Manganese Dioxide) (positive electrode) Zn (negative electrode) NH4Cl, ZnCl2 (electrolyte) Supplier: Germany ANSMANN AG Address: Industriestraße 10; 97959 Assamstadt; Germany Phone / Fax: + 49 (0) 6294 42040 / + 49 (0) 6294 420444 Home / email: ansmann.de / [email protected] USA ANSMANN USA Corporation Address: 1001 Lower Landing Rd. Ste 101; Blackwood, NJ08012; USA Phone / Facsimile: +1 973 4395244 1012 / +1 973 2062006 email: [email protected] United Kingdom ANSMANN UK LTD. Address: Units 11-12, RO24, Harlow Business Park, Harlow, Essex. CM19 5QB. UK Phone / Facsimile: +44 (0) 870 609 2233 / +44 (0) 870609 2234 email: [email protected] Hong Kong ANSMANN Energy Int. LTD. Address: Unit 3117-18, 31/F; Tower 1; Millenium City 1; No. 388 Kwun Tong Road; Kwun Tong, kowloon; Hong-Kong
  • PSDS Zinc Air Batteries MF

    PSDS Zinc Air Batteries MF

    Primary Zinc-Air-Battery: Button Type Hearing Aid Batteries Product Safety Data Sheet This "Safety information" is provide as a service to our customers Disclaimer: (EU) These batteries are no "substances" nor "preparations"according to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 EC. Instead they have to be regarded as "articles", no substances are intended to be released during handling. Therefore there is no obligation to supply a MSDS according to Regulation (EC) 190'7/2006, Article 31. This PSDS is intended to be unsolicited information without any further legal commitment. The details presented are in accordance with our present knowledge and experiences. They are no contractual assurances of product attributes. (U.S.A.) Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) are a sub-requirement of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Hazard Communication Standard, 29 CFR Subpart 1910.1200. This Hazard Communication Standard does not apply to various subcategories including anything defined by OSHA as an "article". OSHA has defined "article" as a manufactured item other than a fluid or particle; (i) which is formed to a specific shape or design during manufacture; ii) which has end use function(s) dependent in whole or in part upon its shape or design during end use; and (iii) which under normal conditions of use does not release more than very small quantities, e.g. minute or trace amounts of a hazardous chemical, and does not pose a physical hazard or health risk to employees. This sheet is provided as technical information only. The information contained in this Product Safety Data Sheet has been established to the best of RENATA SA's knowledge and belief.
  • Batteries Information Received from EU, Canada, Japan, Indonesia, USA and Other Stakeholders (BAJ, IPEN, NRDC, ZMWG)

    Batteries Information Received from EU, Canada, Japan, Indonesia, USA and Other Stakeholders (BAJ, IPEN, NRDC, ZMWG)

    Batteries Information received from EU, Canada, Japan, Indonesia, USA and other stakeholders (BAJ, IPEN, NRDC, ZMWG) 1. Category of mercury-added product Batteries 2. Further description of the product Mercury-containing button cells 3. Information on the use of the Currently, there are three types of button cell batteries that contain mercury: zinc air, silver oxide and alkaline. product These batteries contain mercury in small amounts (typically 0.1-2%) and the purpose of mercury in the cell is to prevent the build-up of hydrogen gas. The mercury acts as a barrier to the production of hydrogen and as such prevents the cell swelling and becoming damaged. Figure 1 – Cross Section of Zinc Anode Button Cell and Zinc Air Button Cell (European Commission, 2014) Range of mercury content/consumption per unit product - 0.1 – 2 weight-% (button cells with intentionally added mercury) - 0.0005 weight-% (button cells without intentionally added mercury) Button batteries are used for powering high drain devices such as watches, calculators, and hearing aids. 4. Information on the availability of EU mercury-free (or less-mercury) Main alternatives: Mercury-free zinc air batteries alternatives Mercury free versions are commercially available for all applications of the main types of button cells (lithium, silver, oxide, alkaline and zinc air). The most frequently used types make use of zinc air technology (European Commission, 2014). Since October 2015, mercury-containing button cell batteries have been prohibited in the EU following the expiry of the exemption granted under the Batteries Directive. 1 Canada Alternatives: mercury-free silver oxide batteries, mercury-free zinc air batteries, lithium batteries Mercury-free alternatives have been available from major battery manufacturers since the late 1990s and early 2000s (e.g.
  • Characterization of Spent Household Zinc-Carbon Dry Cell Batteries in the Process of Recovery of Value Metals

    Characterization of Spent Household Zinc-Carbon Dry Cell Batteries in the Process of Recovery of Value Metals

    Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering, Vol. 11, No.6, pp.641-651, 2012 jmmce.org Printed in the USA. All rights reserved Characterization of Spent Household Zinc-Carbon Dry Cell Batteries in the Process of Recovery of Value Metals Majharul Haque Khan and A.S.W Kurny* Materials and Metallurgical Engineering Department, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Spent zinc-carbon dry cell batteries were characterized to assess the environmental impacts and also, to identify the potentials of recovering the metal values from these batteries. Different component parts of both new and spent batteries of all the five types (AAA, AA, C, D and 9V) were examined. The outer steel casings were found to be tin plated. Steel, zinc and manganese constituted 63 percent of the total weight of the battery. Average zinc and manganese contents were about 22 and 24 percent of the total weight of spent batteries. The electrolyte paste of the spent batteries contained 22 wt. percent zinc and 60 wt. percent manganese. The rest was chlorine, carbon and small amounts of iron and other impurity elements. The major phases in the fresh batteries were carbon, MnO2 and NH4Cl, while Zn(NH3)2Cl2, ZnO.Mn2O3, Mn3O4 and Mn2O3 were the prominent phases in the spent batteries. Presence of mercury and cadmium were not detected and a small percentage of lead was found in both the zinc anode and in the electrolyte paste. Keywords: Zinc-carbon battery, Characterization, Spent batteries, Waste management 1. INTRODUCTION Zinc-carbon dry cell batteries are widely used in different household applications like toys, radios, recorders, watches, remote controls, cameras, torches etc.
  • Zinc–Carbon Battery - Wikipedia 3/17/20, 10�50 AM

    Zinc–Carbon Battery - Wikipedia 3/17/20, 1050 AM

    Zinc–carbon battery - Wikipedia 3/17/20, 1050 AM Zinc–carbon battery A zinc–carbon battery is a dry cell primary battery that delivers about 1.5 volts of direct current from the electrochemical reaction between zinc and manganese dioxide. A carbon rod collects the current from the manganese dioxide electrode, giving the name to the cell. A dry cell is usually made from zinc, which serves as the anode with a negative electrical polarity, while the inert carbon rod is the positive electrical pole cathode. General-purpose batteries may use an aqueous paste of ammonium chloride as electrolyte, possibly mixed with some zinc chloride solution. Heavy-duty types use a paste primarily composed of zinc chloride. Zinc–carbon batteries were the first commercial dry batteries, developed from the technology of the wet Leclanché cell. They Zinc–carbon batteries of various made flashlights and other portable devices possible, because sizes the battery can function in any orientation. They are still useful in low drain or intermittent use devices such as remote controls, flashlights, clocks or transistor radios. Zinc–carbon dry cells are single-use primary cells. Contents History Construction Chemical reactions Zinc-chloride "heavy duty" cell Storage Durability Environmental impact See also References External links https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc–carbon_battery Page 1 of 7 Zinc–carbon battery - Wikipedia 3/17/20, 1050 AM History By 1876, the wet Leclanché cell was made with a compressed block of manganese dioxide. In 1886, Carl Gassner patented a "dry" version by using a zinc cup as the anode and a paste of plaster of Paris (and later, wheat flour) to jellify the electrolyte and to immobilize it.
  • Dry Cell Mno2 Zn

    Dry Cell Mno2 Zn

    NCSU – Dept. of Chemistry – Lecture Demonstrations Electrochemistry Dry Cell (Pencil Battery) Description: A dry-cell battery is constructed using MnO 2 and zinc. Materials: MnO 2 Voltmeter NH 4Cl Beaker Zn strip Connecting wires Pencil (sharpened on both ends) Alligator clips Deionized water Procedure: For large lecture halls, project demonstration using a document camera. 1. The electrolyte paste for this dry cell is generated in a beaker by mixing 86.0 g MnO 2 and 53.5 g NH 4Cl in 36 mL of deionized water. 2. Using the pencil and zinc strips as electrodes, connect the positive terminal (red wire) to the sharpened pencil tip and the negative terminal (black wire) to the zinc strip. Once the electrodes are connected, a voltage close to 1.5 V should be produced. Discussion: A dry-cell is composed of a cathode (metal or graphite) surrounded by a moist electrolyte paste. The paste is encased in the anode and the whole cell is typically cased in another material to prevent leakage as shown in the figure below. In this experiment, the chemistry of a standard dry-cell battery is demonstrated inside a glass beaker. The sharpened pencil serves as the 1+ graphite rod (an inactive cathode) and is immersed in an acidic (NH 4 ) electrolyte paste containing the oxidizing agent, MnO 2. The cell is completed by the presence of the zinc electrode which serves as the anode. The two half reactions taking place in this cell are shown below, although the reaction pathway for the reduction is still unclear (one possible pathway is shown).
  • Batteries in Transport – Applicable US Hazardous Materials Regulations and International Dangerous Goods Regulations

    Batteries in Transport – Applicable US Hazardous Materials Regulations and International Dangerous Goods Regulations

    March 2017 – Batteries in Transport – Applicable U.S. Hazardous Materials Regulations and International Dangerous Goods Regulations I. Background: Packaging, Shipping and Testing Batteries PRBA has compiled the information below to provide individuals and companies with an interest in the transportation of batteries and battery-powered products with a better understanding of the applicable U.S. hazardous materials regulations and international dangerous goods regulations. In addition, we have provided information on a number of PRBA-member companies and affiliations who offer hazardous materials consulting, packaging and battery testing services as well as information on the applicable regulations. Please also note that PRBA’s website has two videos on the safe transportation of lithium batteries and traveling on passenger aircraft with lithium batteries. See www.prba.org. II. What regulations currently apply to shipments of batteries under the U.S. Federal hazardous materials transportation regulations? The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) (a sub-agency of the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT)) is responsible for publishing the applicable transport regulations that apply to batteries as well as other hazardous materials. Helpful links to these regulations are provided below. In addition, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) (another sub-agency of the U.S. DOT) has authority to enforce these regulations. • 49 CFR Subchapter C – U.S. Hazardous Materials Regulations. Click here. • 49 CFR 173.185 – U.S. Lithium Battery Regulations. Click here. • 49 CFR 172.102 – Special Provisions 130 and 340 applicable to dry cell batteries and nickel metal hydride batteries. Click here. • 49 CFR 173.159, 173.159a – U.S.
  • Leclanche´ and Zinc Chloride Cell Systems

    Leclanche´ and Zinc Chloride Cell Systems

    FUEL CELLS AND BATTERIES Dr.HASSAN ABDUL‐ZEHRA ZINC-CARBON BATTERIES (Leclanche´ and Zinc Chloride Cell Systems) Dry Cells Invented by George Leclanche, a French Chemist in the 1860’s, The common dry cell or LeClanche cell, has become a familiar household item. An active zinc anode in the form of a can house a mixture of MnO2 and an acidic electrolytic paste, consisting of NH4Cl, ZnCl2, H2O and starch powdered graphite improves conductivity. The inactive cathode is a graphite rod. Anode (oxidation): 2+ - Zn(s) → Zn (aq) + 2e Cathode (reduction): The cathodic half-reaction is complex and even today, is still being studied. MnO2(s) is reduced 2+ to Mn2O3(s) through a series of steps that may involve the presence of Mn and an acid-base + - reaction between NH4 and OH : + - 2MnO2 (s) + 2NH4 (aq) + 2e → Mn2O3(s) + 2NH3(aq) + H2O (l) The ammonia, some of which may be gaseous, forms a complex ion with Zn2+, which crystallize in contact Cl- ion: 2+ - Zn (aq) + 2NH3 (aq) + 2Cl (aq) → Zn(NH3)2Cl2(s) Overall Cell reaction: 2MnO2 (s) + 2NH4Cl(aq) + Zn(s) → Zn(NH3)2Cl2(s) + H2O (l) + Mn2O3(s) Ecell = 1.5 V Uses: common household items, such as portable radios, toys, flashlights, Advantage; Inexpensive, safe, available in many sizes Disadvantages: At high current drain, NH3(g) builds up causing drop in voltage, short shelf life + because zinc anode reacts with the acidic NH4 ions. Features: • Inexpensive, widely available • Inefficient at high current drain • Poor discharge curve (sloping) • Poor performance at low temperatures The major advantages and disadvantages of Leclanche´ and Zinc-Chloride batteries are listed in Table 1 below.
  • Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction in Alkaline Electrolytes Elena S

    Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction in Alkaline Electrolytes Elena S

    Review Cite This: ACS Catal. 2018, 8, 6665−6690 pubs.acs.org/acscatalysis Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction in Alkaline Electrolytes Elena S. Davydova,*,† Sanjeev Mukerjee,‡ Fredérić Jaouen,§ and Dario R. Dekel*,† † The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering and the Nancy & Stephan Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel ‡ Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States § Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253, CNRS, UniversitéMontpellier, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: In the past 5 years, advances in anion- conductive membranes have opened the door for the development of advanced anion-exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) as the next generation of affordable fuel cells. Several recent works have shown that AEMFCs currently achieve nearly identical beginning-of-life performance as state- of-the-art proton exchange membrane fuel cells. However, until now, these high AEMFC performances have been reached with platinum-group metal (PGM)-based anode and cathode catalysts. In order to fulfill the potential of AEMFCs, such catalysts should in the near future be free of PGMs and, eventually, free of critical raw materials. Although great progress has been achieved in the development of PGM-free catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in basic media, significantly less attention has been paid to the catalysis of the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR). The much lower HOR activity of Pt in basic media compared with that in acid was itself revealed only relatively recently. While several PGM-based composite materials have shown improved HOR activity in basic media, the HOR kinetics remains slower than necessary for an ideal nonpolarizable electrode.
  • NEW TECHNOLOGY BATTERIES GUIDE NIJ Guide 200-98 ABOUT the LAW ENFORCEMENT and CORRECTIONS STANDARDS and TESTING PROGRAM

    NEW TECHNOLOGY BATTERIES GUIDE NIJ Guide 200-98 ABOUT the LAW ENFORCEMENT and CORRECTIONS STANDARDS and TESTING PROGRAM

    ENT OF M JU U.S. Department of Justice T S R T A I P C E E D Office of Justice Programs B O J C S F A V M F O I N A C I J S R E BJ G National Institute of Justice O OJJ DP O F PR JUSTICE National Institute of Justice Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program NEW TECHNOLOGY BATTERIES GUIDE NIJ Guide 200-98 ABOUT THE LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CORRECTIONS STANDARDS AND TESTING PROGRAM The Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program is sponsored by the Office of Science and Technology of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), U.S. Department of Justice. The program responds to the mandate of the Justice System Improvement Act of 1979, which created NIJ and directed it to encourage research and development to improve the criminal justice system and to disseminate the results to Federal, State, and local agencies. The Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program is an applied research effort that determines the technological needs of justice system agencies, sets minimum performance standards for specific devices, tests commercially available equipment against those standards, and disseminates the standards and the test results to criminal justice agencies nationally and internationally. The program operates through: The Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Advisory Council (LECTAC) consisting of nationally recognized criminal justice practitioners from Federal, State, and local agencies, which assesses technological needs and sets priorities for research programs and items to be evaluated and tested. The Office of Law Enforcement Standards (OLES) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, which develops voluntary national performance standards for compliance testing to ensure that individual items of equipment are suitable for use by criminal justice agencies.
  • The BATTERY (Dry Cell) (How They Generate Electrical Power) Steve Krar the Common Battery (Dry Cell) Is a Device That Changes Chemical Energy to Electrical Energy

    The BATTERY (Dry Cell) (How They Generate Electrical Power) Steve Krar the Common Battery (Dry Cell) Is a Device That Changes Chemical Energy to Electrical Energy

    1 The BATTERY (Dry Cell) (How They Generate Electrical Power) Steve Krar The common battery (dry cell) is a device that changes chemical energy to electrical energy. Dry cells are widely used in toys, flashlights, portable radios, cameras, hearing aids, and other devices in common use. A battery consists of an outer case made of zinc (the negative electrode), a carbon rod in the center of the cell (the positive electrode), and the space between them is filled with an electrolyte paste. In operation the electrolyte, consisting of ground carbon, manganese dioxide, sal ammoniac, and zinc chloride, causes the electrons to flow and produce electricity. How do batteries work? Electricity is the flow of electrons through a circuit or conductive path like a wire. Batteries have three parts, an anode (-), a cathode (+), and the electrolyte. The cathode and anode (the positive and negative sides at either end of a smaller battery) are hooked up to an electrical circuit. Electron Flow The chemical reactions in the battery causes a build up of electrons at the anode. This results in an electrical difference between the anode and the cathode. You can think of this difference as an unstable build-up of the electrons. The electrons wants to rearrange themselves to get rid of this difference. But they do this in a certain way. Electrons repel each other and try to go to a place with fewer electrons. In a battery, the only place to go is to the cathode. But, the electrolyte keeps the electrons from going straight from the anode to the cathode within the battery.
  • How Batteries Work 1

    How Batteries Work 1

    CVEC School Program – Reading Activities How Batteries Work 1. Imagine a world where all electric devices had to be plugged in. we would need cords for our cell phones. Wires would run from our calculators and TV remotes. We would trip over cords on the floor and get tangled in wires. We would not be able to travel far without electrical outlets to plug our cars into. Thankfully, batteries solve all these problems! Batteries give us electricity that we do not have to plug in. 2. There are 2 types of batteries: wet cells and dry cells. 3. In a wet cell, energy is made when liquids mix together. In a dry cell, energy is made from a paste of electrolytes. Most of our batteries are dry cells. Dry cells are safer than wet cells. They are also easier to use. 4. A dry cell has 3 parts: the cathode (+), the anode (-), and the electrolyte. The cathode is the tip of the battery with the + sign. The anode is the tip of the battery with the – sign. The electrolyte is a thick, chemical paste. 5. In a dry cell, the electrolyte moves electrons. It takes them from the cathode (+) to the anode (-). When the electrons reach the anode (-), they move through the wire to get back to the cathode. As the electrons move through the wire, they light up the bulb. This is electricity. 6. Every battery is either disposable or rechargeable. 7. When the electrons stop moving, the battery “dies.” When a disposable battery runs out of energy, we throw it away.