Session 2A : Business Case Course of development of the lithium-ion battery (LIB), and recent technological trends Dr. Akira Yoshino Yoshino Laboratory Asahi Kasei Corp. E-mail: [email protected] 1 ClassificationClassification ofof batteriesbatteries andand thethe positioningpositioning ofof thethe lithiumlithium ionion batterybattery Aqueous Nonaqueous electrolyte battery electrolyte battery Primary Manganese dry cell Metallic lithium battery Alkaline dry cell battery Lead-acid battery, LithiumLithium ionion Secondary Ni-Cd battery, battery batterybattery Ni-MH battery (LIB) 2 What is the lithium ion battery (LIB) ? The LIB is a non-aqueous secondary battery using carbonaceous material as the negative electrode and transition metal oxides containing Li-ion (ex. LiCoO2) as the positive electrode. 3 BriefBrief historyhistory ofof LIBLIB developmentdevelopment 1981 Start of basic research on polyacetylene (PA) R R e 82 Application of PA as a negative material e search search 83 New battery system “PA/LiCoO2 ” 84 Development Development 85 New battery system “carbon/LiCoO2 ” 86 Identifying problems and 87 finding solutions 88 Application 89 Development of Application 1990 manufacturing process 91 92 Commercialization of the LIB 4 TheThe startstart ofof basicbasic researchresearch onon thethe LIBLIB waswas withwith polyacetylenepolyacetylene (PA)(PA) ＣＨＣＨ ＣＨＣＨ ZieglerZiegler--NattaNatta CatalysisCatalysis ＣＨＣＨ ＣＨＣＨ ＣＨＣＨ ＣＨＣＨ ＣＨＣＨ ＣＨＣＨ DiscoveredDiscovered byby A.G.A.G. MacDiarmidMacDiarmid A.J.A.J. HeegerHeeger H.H. ShirakawaShirakawa 5 TheThe reasonreason whywhy II triedtried toto applyapply PAPA asas aa negativenegative materialmaterial Aqueous Nonaqueous electrolyte battery electrolyte battery Primary Manganese dry cell Metallic lithium battery Alkaline dry cell battery Fatal issues with Lead-acid battery, Secondary metallic lithium Ni-Cd battery, battery as negative Ni-MH battery electrode 6 SelectionSelection ofof positivepositive materialmaterial toto bebe combinedcombined withwith PAPA waswas aa majormajor issueissue MetallicMetallic LiLi battery:battery: Discharge ＋ Li TiS2 Charge LiTiS2 PA ＋ TiS2 Inoperative × NotNot possiblepossible toto makemake aa batterybattery byby substitutingsubstituting PAPA forfor LiLi asas negativenegative materialmaterial 7 EncounterEncounter withwith thethe firstfirst positivepositive materialmaterial containingcontaining LiLi ionion InIn 19801980,, J.B.J.B. GoodenoughGoodenough etet al.al. reportedreported thethe firstfirst researchresearch onon LiCoOLiCoO2 asas aa positivepositive materialmaterial forfor secondarysecondary batterybattery J.B.J.B. GoodenoughGoodenough etet al.,al., MaterialMaterial ResearchResearch BulletinBulletin,, 1515 (1980)(1980) 783783 8 TheThe originorigin ofof presentpresent LIBLIB Charge - + PA ＋ LiCoO2 PA Li ＋ Li1-x CoO2 Discharge The origin of the present LIB was the PA / LiCoO2 system I invented in 1983 JP 85-127669 (Application date: Dec. 13, 1983) 9 CompletionCompletion ofof thethe presentpresent LIBLIB principleprinciple Charge - + C ＋ LiCoO2 C Li ＋ Li1-x CoO2 Discharge This new battery system C / LiCoO2 was invented in 1985 JP 1,989,293 USP 4,668,595 EP 205,856B2 (Application date: May 10, 1985) 10 Safety Aqueous Nonaqueous electrolyte battery electrolyte battery Primary Manganese dry cell Metallic lithium battery Alkaline dry cell battery Lead-acid battery, Secondary FatalThe issues fatal with Ni-Cd battery, issue was battery metallic lithium as Ni-MH battery negativeSAFETY electrode 11 TheThe worldworld’’ss firstfirst safetysafety testtest ofof thethe LIBLIB In the summer of 1986, at Asahi Kasei’s explosives plant in Nobeoka, Japan Metallic Li primary battery Prototype LIB 12 Metallic Li primary battery 13 PrototypePrototype LIBLIB 14 FeaturesFeatures ofof thethe lithiumlithium ionion batterybattery General features 1. Small and lightweight 2. High electromotive force 3. High current discharge 4. No harmful substances contained (ex. Cd, Pb) Features for energy storage applications 1. High charge/discharge efficiency Current efficiency: 100% Electric power efficiency: 95% 2. Low self-discharge rate: 7–8% per month 15 EnergyEnergy andand priceprice ofof currentcurrent lithiumlithium ionion batterybattery Bare cell energy of cylindrical Bare cell price of 18650 cylindrical 18650 Energy density: 600 Wh L-1 ¥200 / (2.4Ah × 3.7 V) Specific energy: 222 Wh Kg-1 = ¥22.5 Wh-1 700 700 ) ) -1 -1 600 600 500 500 400 400 300 300 200 200 100 100 Energy density (WhL density Energy Price of LIB Wh 18650 (¥ 0 0 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1992 2000 1992 2000 Year Year 16 NotableNotable futurefuture marketmarket trendstrends 1. Consumer use (IT) Growth of cellar phone and notebook computer market and new applications such as power tools 2. Automobiles HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicle) PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle) BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle) 3. Energy storage Electricity storage system for solar cell and wind power 17.