4 1 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , DECEMBE , 188514 R .

I. THE ON THE BEODIE AND AQUHOLLIE STONES, WITH NOTES ON THE INSCRIPTIONS OF THE GOLSPIE AND NEWTON STONES, AND A LIST OF THE OGHAMS IN . BY THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF SOUTHESK, K.T., F.S.A. SCOT. The Brodie Stone, as described by Dr Stuart in the Spalding Club folio"s founwa , foundatione digginn di th t presene ou g th f o s t church of s claimeDyk wa d Moy e parishionerd an osomy th b dan , f o e a s a s gravestone. It was put up in the village in commemoration of Eodney's victory. year w [i.e.,o fe s ag A befor . . e remove1856s wa Pare t ]i th ko dt of Brodie" (Sc. St.Se., vol. i. p. 9, pi. xxii. xxiii.). Long as this monu- ment has been known to the public, no one had till recently supposed that it bore inscriptions, the first intimation to that effect arriving some months ago in a letter addressed to Dr Anderson by one of his more distant correspondents. Having been favoured by the former with early notic f thio e s report d havinan , g consequently visite d examinean d d separato e stontw th n o e e enable w occasionsno o statt dm a e I , that inscriptions plainly exist there, damaged, but to some extent legible, a fact which I hope to establish in course of the present paper. Description.—The Brodie Stone stands in the grounds of the Castle of Brodie (about midway between Nair e Forres)d th side nan f th eo t a , approach, within a few yards of the eastmost of the entrance gates. It is a hewn and dressed slab, about 6J feet high, as seen above the foundation, by a little over 3 feet wide. Iron stays, bolted into the edges, support it on either hand; the base is socketed in sunken masonry, which touches the under curves of a double disc symbol, and conceals the whole lower portion of its Z sceptre-bar. On the eastern e slaereco th facb tw f to edolphin-heade d serpents r serpentino , e fishes, front one another near the top ;l in the space within their upper curves e serpen1Th t fishes might perhap e termeb s d python-heade r dog-headedo d . They canno e commob t n Hippocamp s som(a i e have supposed), those animals differin aln i gl essentials fro e monstermth s befor , whicus e h belone generath o gt l symbolis e sculptureth f mo d stones. Excep n theii t r coiled tails, thes t Brodiea e somewhat resembl e dolphineth f heraldryo s , often groupe opposen di d e pairsTh . Mortlach stone exhibits an almost heraldic couple, dog-eared, but fish-tailed (Se. E OGHAME BRODI5 TH 1 TH N ESO STONE. appears a circular symbol, formed of tendrils, which enclose seven rounded bosses ; above thi sees si nearlna y circular looped figuree righth to t ; ther curvea s ei d tendril circularly loopecentree th d subtendinn di an , g two bosses; and to the left is a smaller circle containing a Triquetra with branched ends a stil; l smaller circle, charged wit a hsimila t bu r unbranched device, rests betwee e serpentth n s where their bodies approac outware offsee th th f t o hta d curving f theio s r tails. Beneath this is the "elephant" symbol, and under it a sceptre-barred double disc occupie e tablet th e bas f th so e; bot f theseo he s th wela ,s a l serpents and the other objects, are sculptured in relief, and all the larger devices are covered with interlaced tracery.1 The western face of the slab is entirely traversed by a large em- bossed cross, with circular recesse s junction-anglesit t a s ; this likewise is decorated with tracery, and resembles the crosses on the Aboyne and Golspie stone d otheran s e assigne b se sam y thath ema o t d period. Various half-effaced decorative monsters occupy the sunken panels, and toward e sla th e foob f th so space t s have been cleare n whico d e ar h deeply cut two pairs of initials (AC and KB) in modern Roman capitals, upside down as regards the cross, as if the monument had been recum- bent or reversed when recently used as a tombstone. Both faces of the sla enclosee bar frame-likey db borders eithen , o fla p tr to nea sidee th r , St. Sc., i. pi. xiv.). The Ulbster and Monifieth examples are dog-headed, with long ears (ib., i. pi. xl.; ii. pi. cxxiii.). Owing to injuries the ear-forms are uncertain in the present case; the Anwoth mystic fish has no ears (ib., i. pi. xcvii.). At Largo, Halkirk, &c.e havw , e objects mor r leso e s similars likeli t I y . that som f theso e e monsters represent whales r largo , e marine animal f thao s t types a , imagine e earlth y yb d designers (cf. representation f Jonahe Catacombs)o sth n i , . Such forms were intensely symbolical, but the subject cannot be now pursued. At Kiloran, in Colonsay, there is a remarkable cross, man-headed above, fish-tailed below, and very suggestiv somn ei e detailos fit s (Anderson, Scotland Earlyn i Times, . 121)ii . On the stone recovered from the fabric of the Drumkilbo vault at Meigle, there are two opposed fish-tailed monsters, with horse-forelegs and dog (?) -heads, extremely like those on the newly-found Murthly stone ; and on both stones an ape-like figure with reverted head retreats from a lion-bodied animal—human-headed in the former case (Proceedings, vol. xii. p. 426, pis. xxv. and xxvi.). Except in omitting the Oghams, the Spalding Club plates of this stone are nearly 1 accurate, their chief error consistin faulte th n gyi drawin branchee th f go d Triquetra, whic distincs hi t though injured. 6 1 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , DECEMBE , 188514 R .

t otherwisbu e raised into rounded mouldings. Dow e centreth n f o s these last run bisecting lines, which constitute stems for the Ogham inscriptions,—tw ) beinB d g f an thesvisiblsymbolleo e th A ( en eo d facthe e thaon t (C) bear crossone sthe face. and , On frontin e symbolsth g , inscriptio e besth t, A npreserve f tho d e number, appear margie e slath th b n f so ntowardo e spectator'sth s right. Originally of much greater length than the others—73 inches as now existent—its stem-lined moulding extends froe groun mth a poin o t d t stonee th f o , wherp to nea e t edropi th r abruptlo s e e leveth th f o o lyt flattened borde suggeso througo t s tw inc n a r e a los r f ho th ths o break- age. The Oghams begin at the ground, and with a short interval continue to about half-way up the moulding, beyond which they are illegible, though scores are here and there apparent. This inscription, as well as the other inscriptions, seems to read upward, and as viewed b spectatoya r fro s righmhi t hand toward s leftshi . othee Onth r margisymbollee th f no d face inscriptio revealnB s itself toward spectator'e th s s s stem-lineleftIt . d moulding reaches froe mth groun withio dt n 15 inches fro slab'e mth s head, wher t finisheei sa ofn i f neatly cut acute angle. The scores begin at the ground, and when perfect probabl somraisee n yth ra inche8 e5 f d o mouldingp s to upwar e th o dt , but all save a few groups at the foot and middle are hopelessly ruined. On frontin e crossth g , inscriptio lowee th sees i n e rnC o th par f o t moulding to the spectator's right. Like the rest it begins near the ground, whence it seems to have extended for some 42 inches up the slab; the legible part is entirely low down, the upper groups having been destroyed e mouldin Th e lef.th t n sido g f thieo s face showo sn traces of Oghams. Whether designedly or through wear, its outer edge has been removed, so narrowing it as to leave no room for scores like those on the other borders. Analysis e Oghams.—Inscriptionth f o A.—For about twenty-two inches the scores .are well preserved, and may be assigned with confidence.1

1 On visiting the stone, my young companion—skilled in drawing but ignorant of Oghams—made an independent sketch of the first ten groups, which exactly agreed with mine, till then concealed t shoulI . understooe db d thae diagramt th t no e ar s facsimile inscriptionse th f o s t merbu , e attempt givo st generae eth l effect. THE OGHAMS ON THE BEODIE STONE.' 17

No. I. E. The first score is cut by a fracture running from the stone's pre- sent base, but it almost certainly passed below the line and grouped with the scores that follow. Another score might have preceded it, constituting the letter I. The last score is faint above the stem-line, though other- wis e s reststrona eth .s a g . D,DNos3 , 2 . Certain. !No. . 4A . Another instanc f partiao e l faintness, here strengtth e s i aboveh . . ThiR . s6 . . CertainalsE No . e certaingrous oNo i 5 . th s t i p. bu , fainter than those on either hand. No. 7. K". Certain. No. 8. O. Certain; fain . E"9 0 (?)1 . t. .. CertainaboveNo FragNo .- . mentary, L as it stands. These groups, as stated, occupy about 22 inches. After them come 6 inc a sh blank, followe 5y £b d inchef o s legibl e. 11iroe scoresbolth No e .n f Q statTh o . .y hide l beneatsal h

3 46 2 S 5"I(j y 10 EDDA-R T? N o N ? Q i

Fig. 1. Diagram of Ogham Inscription—Brodie (A).

the stem-line, but the latter's lower edge is visible, and its notchless state prove. I . s 12 t thacontinue e grou. no th t No s i p d . intI n oa The lower half is in faint scoring. Thence, for about 3 feet, to the end of the raised moulding, illegible traces of Oghams are more or less per- ceptible. This is the least imperfect of the inscriptions, though in a sadly ruinous e statefirsTh t . portion seem o indicatt s e propeth e r name Eddarnon, evidently identical with Ethernan—a name apparently of old connection with the district, for it, or its probable equivalent, is found associated with a consecrated well near Burgh-head in Morayshire, a village some 10 miles distant from Dyke and Brodie. At Burgh-head, VOL. xx. B 8 1 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , DECEMBE , 188514 R .

writes Dr Stuart, " an enclosed place within the fortified area was called the Chapel-yard, and is still used as a burying ground; and about a quarter of a mile to the east of the village a spring is called ' St Ethan's Well,' from which we may conjecture that an early religious establish- ment here had been dedicated to St Ethernan or perhaps St Aidan .... Burgh-head afford exampln a s earln a f yeo religious foundation withia n fortified site, in which respect it resembles the numerous instances on record of early Irish monastic settlements within raths" (So. St. So., vol. ii. p. 62). Regarding this, Bishop Forbes suggests e thae th namth tf o e Burgh-hea e derivedb Wely ma dl fro t EtaoinmS , otherwise Monynne, Modwenna, Monenna, Memme, &c, (i.e., Etaoin, with the devotional prefi , my), whoo Mo t x m many churche n Scotlani s d were dedicated, among others Scoonie, where the most southern of our Ogham-bearing stones has been discovered (Kal. of Sc. Sts., pp. 333, 406). There is, however a saint, , also recorde n Bishoi d p Forties's Kalendar t EtherS , - nanus migho wh , e Eddarnot th wele presene th b l f no t inscription. Accordin e legendth o t g , this .saint belonge nobla o t de family among the Scots, received his education in Ireland, and on returning to his native country became Bishop of Bathine, in Buchan. " In the Annals of Ulster t A.Da , . 669 e havw , e 'Obitus Cummeni Albi Abbatis Jae. Itarnan et Corindu apud Pictones defuncti sunt.'" Among other variations in spelling, this saint's name appears as Eddran, Iphernan, Tuetheren, and Tarain (il., p. 333). e inscriptioth n I n under notic e worth e d Eddarrno immediatels ni y followed by two low scores, abutting on a fracture, and thus uncertain, but necessaril r N,—o , yS the , eitheF , lasL f rwhic o t h seems here most probable. Adopting 1ST, completin d supplyinan , git g some seven more scores for which there is room, we are tempted, on finding the letters QI at the end of the blank, to assume the letters MAQ, and join them to those mentioned, thus obtainin e familiagth r key-word Maqqi, Son,— in itself a most probable result. Accepting this the whole would read:— EDDABENON(N MAQ)QI . . . .; Edarnon, Son of .... It might be remarked, that instead of an apparently nominative form, a possessive should accompan e foryth m Maqq r Maqio i . This could OGHAME BEODIE 9 1 TH TH N ESO STONE.

easily be obtained, through, letters filling the same space, by supplying IMA instea f MAQdo readind an , g EDDABBNON(Nt bu I, MA)Q. . . I ther s littli e e certaint n sucyi h matters amidsd an ,e variation th t n i s Ogham spellings and terminals, I can only invite better qualified scholars to formulate the rules (if any) that control these diversities. r exampleFo f variationo r s Brash'M e se ss work, throughoutd an , among inscription-name n i Ns preceding Maqi, compare:—Ottinn Maqi Fec . 197)m(p ; Camini Maqqi Cattin . 212)(p i ; Cunnetan Maqi G-uc (p. 254); Annacanni Maqi Ailluattan (p. 152); Cona Maqqi Corbb . 212)(p i ; Laddig(a)ni Maqqi Mucco . 236)(p i . The designations Eddar and Eddarnon seem to be connected with a name found at Clydai, in , on a stone inscribed with both Lati Oghad nan m characters e formeth ; r reading Eterni (Fili) Victor; and the latter, Ettern(i Maqi Fic)tor—the first name distinct in both cases thin Brasr O sM . h remark s: " Etter Edernr no , fro commue mth - e samtabilit th e letters th f e o f familyo s i , s Edaiya r Etairo r , Etain, Ethain, Ethur e fine Etersceld identicaW th dan , . &c ,l e namth n ei Mart. Don., . 139p , 'Ethern, Bisho f Domiihach-Mor-Mic-Laithbho p e in Mughdorna'" (Brash, p. 337). According to O'Flaherty, Ederscel or Eidersceol became king of Ireland in A.M. 3944 {Brash, p. 182). He belonged to that great sea- faring rac f Munstero e e Clath , n Degaid, Degadi r Ernaio , , whose memorial pillarnumerouo s e sar s bot Britain hi Ireland.d nan 1 similaA r name occur n ancieni s t Cymric literature, Edeyrf o n so n Nudd being famous among the knights of King Arthur's court. In Wace's s callei Brut e h d Yder le fils NutChapee Nur o Th , .f Bod o l - edeyrn, near Holyhead, was dedicated to Edeyrn ab Nudd, who appears catalogue th n i f Welceo h Saints, -whers noticei e Bara o h es a dwh d had embrace e religiouth d s life (Lad . GuestC y , Mabinogion, ed.d 2n , pp. 151, 195). Analysis of the Oghams—Inscription B.—The first portion extends for about 9^ inches from the present ground level. No. 1. E. This

For this subject see my former and present papers on the Golspie inscription 1 (Proc. S. A. Scot., 1883-4, p. 193; and 1885-6, p. 27). 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER U, 1885. group is doubtful, but no other letter seems likely. No. 2. 0. Faint e score e Th faint fairl ar . sbu 3 t . yabov No cleare linet th e bu ., . E Froe b my stronma t i wholee t g th belowbu e grou n , th I ,O s i p. this point there are some 10 inches of damaged scores, followed by 6 inche f absolutso e blank. Then com inchex esi s presenting three well- . Q5 define. . . 0 CertainCertain . No 4 de . groupsTh . No . . scores have a backward slant. No. 6. 0. This angled form, so commo n Scotlandi n , seeme non-existenb o t s n Welsi t Englisd han h Oghams. One Irish example appears on the Kilbonane monument— probably, however, the work of a restorer (Brash, p. 235, pi. xxxiii.). My own letter to the Athenaeum (July 29, 1882), on the circular Ogham at Logie Elphinstone, offers perhaps the earliest full recognition

• //// ifiUTi I 4. 3 4. 5- 6

0 Q 0 R o i

Fig. 2. Diagram of Ogham Inscription—Brodie (B).

of the nature of these angled characters, on which so greatly depends e legibilit th e Scottisth f yo h inscriptions. Beside e singlth s e Irish example, these variants are found in the following Ogham legends:— Aboyne (five letters), Logie Elphinstone (two) (two)C , Brodid ,an eA Golspie (six) (two), B Bressa d ,an BurriayA n (si Lunnastin, x?) g (six), Conningsburgh fragment-B l case(one)al n si , undoubtedly indicating vowels o sucN h. forms Newtone appeath n i r , Aquhollie, Scooniet S , Ninian's Conningsburgd an , inscription) h (A thesf o o firse e th tw t t s ;bu see o belonm t n earlie a o gt r e otherperiodth e mord ar sr les an o e, s incomplete. Following group No. 6, there are indications of snores for about 11 OGHAME TH THN SO E BKODI1 2 E STONE.

inches, then an utter obliteration of some 16 inches, extending to the end of the elevated moulding. Nothing can be made of this part. The lengtmouldine abovth w f ho no e s grounga 58s di \ inches t possiblbu , y e wholth n eru waysmale t Oghama th s no a , l d rounsdi d mark appears just where all trace is lost of either scores or stem-line. Analysis e Oghams—Inscriptionth f o C.— ) Thre(? No. . 1 e scores below the line, probably preceded by lost scores. No. 2. 0. Certain. No. 3. N. The interior is broken out, but space and position seem to dictat . N eThes e groups occup 6 inchesy , after whic a hseve n inch interval of damaged scores. No. 4. T. Certain. Nos. 5, 6, 7. DAH? The third score has a faintly marked portion below the line, otherwise the group would read C. No. 8. 0. Certain. The second

rnlTini!..... H . ______LLLllilll____; rj _ _. Pair i z z it 567 £

? 0 N TPAHO

Fig . Diagra3 . Oghamf mo Inscription—Brodie (C).

example on the stone of an angled vowel. Prom here the raised moulding extends for about. 2 feet, indicating the utmost former limit e inscriptionoth f s surfact it mos bu f , o t e show n absoluta s e blank. e wholTh e e mouldinlengtth inchef 2 o 4 h s i gs fro e presenmth t level of the ground. Nothing can be made of this fragment. General Remarks.—The incompleteness of the Brodie inscriptions robs the f valum o recorda s ea t thei ye , r suggestio f relationno s between the person buried at Dyke, and the saint of the Burgh-head Monastery, is not without interest of its own. The bare fact, indeed, of their existence in such a locality, under such conditions, and on a monument markeo os ff considerabl o e dtypea on s i , e importance. This discovery 22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 14, 1885.

add twelfta slise f Scottisth o t o t h h Ogham monuments; a t filli 1p u s long blank in their local distribution, supplying a missing link in the chain that nearly follows the coast-line from Fife to the Shetland Islands, and it furnishes one of the best specimens of the combination of evidently contemporaneous Oghams with the Christian cross and the mysterious symbols f theo a mos l mf al o , t pronounced character, being only equalle n thadi t e respecGolspith y b te monument s neares,it t neighbour to the north. , . e noteb Moreover y d ma thae Triquetra—on t th i t, e mostth f o e ancient and widely-diffused of Moon-symbols, so familiar as presented in the three-leg cognisance of the —appears conspicuously on this stone .in company with Ogham letters does a ,cognate sth e Sun- symbol, the Fylfot, , or Tetragrammaton, on the Ogham-bearing ston t Newtonals ey a note e ob ma dt I tha. circulae th t r looped device, the uppermost object between the necks of the dolphin-headed serpents, much resemble e similasth r device, whic reversea n hi d position seems to proceed froe similath m r e serpenearlth yn o troc k carvint a g Anwoth n Gallowayi , , wher e sceptreth e d double-dis s i likewisc e apparent (So, . , So.,piSt .31 xcvii.). volp . i . . The fact that these largd evidenan e t inscriptions hav lono s e g remained unnotice well-knowa n do n monument, describe depicted dan d e Spaldinth n i g Club folio some thirty years ago, should encourage antiquarie reneweo t s d investigatio e design e Sculptureth th f no n so d Stones, especially in those portions where borders or mouldings occur; for there, as in the present case, Oghams may conceal themselves under e aspecth f mero t e mutilated trace f somo s e conventional braided ornament.

THE GOLSPIE STONE. Having lately been enabled to examine this stone, a conspicuous object in the Duke of Sutherland's museum at Dunrobin, I find it necessary to amend my former version of the Oghams, which (as stated at the time) was entirely taken from a photograph (Proc. S. A. Scot.,

Aquhollie 1Th e inscriptio add) post,. 37 thirteenthsa n (v . p . THE OGHAMS ON THE GOLSPIE STONE. 23

1884-5, p. 193). The scores' in the present case are not generally indistinct, but owing to the absence of stem-line on the unevenly formed moulding that bears them somo wels t a , s a le probably accidental mark- ings, ther uncertaintiee ear f positioso d detai t an neasil no l y resolvable by means of drawings or photographs, or even casts. The subjoined diagra o examination e s mresuli offeretw th f s o e a tstoned th f o ,s followe carefuy db l e photographstud th excellenn a f yo f o d t san paper - cast kindl Reve th r Joasy D .y prepare b f Golspie so e m r dfo .

i a 3 4 f (> j § a /a a 12 n i$ \s

it «7 29 it) I (A) N N

Fig. i. Diagram of Ogham Inscription—Golspie Stone.1 Translation.—ALLDALL D(e)QQAADD M(a)QQ NTOFFHRRI ANN. All- dall Degad, son of Nur, or Nuri, (rests) here. Analysis of the Oghams—No. 1. A. As viewed on the stone, this is undoubtedl under-barren ya , likdA e e thosAboyneth n ei , Burriand an , Lunnastin ge photograph inscriptionsth s a , H t s no see; o indicatemt . No. 8. D. This might be an 0, the scores passing slightly below the centrmouldinge th f eI o agre t bu e, wit Brasr h. M n readinD hi s a t gi

In the above I have tried to copy the forms and positions of the Oghams. But, beside1 s minor faults smale th , l marks—belo . 22abovd —No an t , ea 16 t wNos a , 15 . are rather too strongly shown, and the first score of No. 18 should nearly touch the last of No. 17. It should be remembered that the stem-line is imaginary. 4 2 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , DECEMBER H, 1885,

. Q,Q10 Nos , . 9 .Thes e groups also overpas e centreth s d mighan , t possibly be E,E, but I decidedly prefer the other version. Although Nos. 8, 9, 10, cut the imaginary stem-line they very slightly overpass it, and their heads reach to the border-line above them, while their feet removee ar d fro e lowemth r border-lin e breadt thira e th y th f eb d o f ho moulding. Throughou inscriptioe th t positioe nth groupe th f no s seems n greai t measur e indicateb o t e theiy b d r relative distances froe mth border-lines, as will appear in other examples. Mr Brash here reads e seconth Q,T t dbu , grou s fiv f ha thespe o t beindigitso no e gTw . clearl yphotographe seeth n ni I formerl, y rea insteadT f Qo d. No. 15. M.. There is space for an A after this letter, but no signs of it exist; two small marks belo havy line wth ema e been mean o represent t e th t vowel t thebu , y rather accidentale seeb mo t . Noe smal.Th 16. l Q . stroke belo initiae wth l scorrepreseny ema vowea t l sound I inclin t bu , e to think it a mere fracture. There are, in fact,, two small ragged strokes, formin rougga h angle pointed toward. N e . scorth s18 e. aboveNo . : Contrary to indications in the photograph, which led me to read I, the scores are not continued above the line. The first score of this group crosses, and almost touches the last score of the preceding Q, suggesting combination i e loweth t nr anglewitBu n scora t h. i e dA really passes the foot of the upper, and taken together they form a fork rather than an angle. Nos. 14 and 15 hold the same relative positions, but ther e readinth e g D,M s evidenti , . . U,U20 Nos , . Ther19 . a s i e very small score on the line between these groups. If not accidental, it may be a divisional point; it is too insignificant to stand for a vowel. No. 22. F. A small fracture above the first digit might suggest A,L, but for every reason F seem . ThiB . ss preferable 24 lette . No r occupie. s e stone' th ture t th a ns topt I onl. y slightly overpasse e imaginarth s y s stem-lineloweit hardl n , I ca rr eithee t lengto yb bu ,d slan N r an h t agreeing with those of the next group, which is unmistakably E, Nos. 26, 27, 28. I,A,N. The last score of I, the first of N, and the obliteratede ?0 ar ) r (o whol t undeA f bu ,econdition e o th r t seemsi s safe to supply them. Nos. 28, 29. N,N. These groups stand so high on the moulding as almost to suggest Q,Q, or letters of that system; but on considerin groupe stone'e th th f t o sa sl gtopal t wil,i seee b l n that they THE OGHAMS ON THE GOLSPIE STONE. 25

come forward towards that surface of the slab which faces their reader, and consequently towards their own upper border-line. Thus the heads of Nos. 25, 26 almost touch that line, while their feet are remote from the lower border, though both groups strongly cross the centre, where the stem-line ought to be. Compared with these, Nos. 28, 29 are lower placed thed nearee bottoe ,an yar th f thei n o o t rm p row to tha e nth part of the moulding. For reasons formerly given, the word ANN (or ONN) probablo s s 1i endinn ea g tha I cannot t hesitat reao et d these finals as N,N, supplying the lost initial score of No. 28. Mr Brash reads N.IST. Analysis e Words,—th f o ALLDALL. Alldall propeA . r name. Assum- ing it to be here significant, we find that the first syllable, All or Oil, denotes Great (O'Brien; H. Soc. Diet.). e secondTh , Dall, demands more inquiry s commo,it n renderings (Blind, Obscure) seeming irrelevant. It here perhaps embodied an occult meaning, signifying one who deals in blind or obscure subjects—a Mystery-man, not one bereft of sight. Thus in Greek the word Mwmyy, one initiated, derives through M.vi. Thence she goes with Col mano t l y e samplaceth en i s country, producind an g leavin r offspringhe t eac ga f o f the ho t firse a ,m on t in beneficent forms,

1 Wher Norse eth e elemen strons ti g amon Gaelic-speakine gth g peopl northe th n ei , 0 is commonly used for A, e.g., Ord for Ard. In Oghams A, 0, U, interchange, as likewis othed , Ian E ; ro interchangeed s sometimes take place. 2 Cerid-wen, sai signifo dt y Grain-lady, represents Ceres, viewee twofolth s da d goddess of the Mysteries, beneficent Mother Nature and terrible Hecate, Queen of the Under-World. The Irish form is Ceara. Another British name for her is Ked, a highly symbolical term, originally denotin e maternath g l principl n natureei e Th . Iris .seemha Ain An o havt sr eo e bee e samea closelnth r o , y allied deity—Ana-itis, e Orientath l Aphrodit Artemisr eo . 6 2 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , DECEMBE , 188514 R .

such as a wheat-grain or a bee, but latterly as savage and destructive animals. Of these, the two last were a kitten, which, as the Paluc Cat, became one of the Three Chief Molesters in the Isle of Man, and an eaglet, hatched on Snowdon, and finally carried to Scotland—a myth, no doubt f dee o valuabl,d pan e significance.1 Thus associated, Ball was evidently a mystical syllable; though used perhaps in the present case without reference to its occulter meanings. The words Dalbh, a lie, and Dalbhdha, sorcery (O'S., H.S.D,), may be con- nected with Dall, as representing ideas of darkness and illusion. Other meanings, however assignee b wore y th do ma ,t d Alldall ) (1 . Memorial-stone nearlye th s i l obsoletAl . e Ail stona , e (H.S.D., O'B.); Dallan-cloiche signifies a gravestone; Clach-dall (Local), a memorial- stone. Substituting the older word, we get All-dall for Clach-dall, and the legend would reade Memorial-stonTh , f Degadeo . This versionI r JoassD ow n hesitatinI o t e. accepo gt probablo s t a readinge e on , doubt arises fro e nominativmth e for f Degadmo , which f governei , d by Alldall, ought to be Degadi, under usual rule, and in apparent analogy with Nuuffhrri. ) Grea(2 t l AxesignifieAl . s great. Dal Tas i lTailr o l adzen a , r o , cooper's axe (ILS.D., O'B.}. "The term Tailcend ... the Book of Armagh renders Asciciput . undoubtedl . . ycompouna f Ascia,o d n a adze Oaput"d an , (Beeves, Adamnan, . 351)p . Tuad mora hs i e common wor axeweaponfor dbut , s lik Golspie the tha in te warrior's handmay have been distinguished by a special name. The material of the blade is undoubtedly iron; its origin seems to be Norman, Prankish, or Danish, rather than Celtic; it is not only " great " in size, but very remarkable forn i post,. m (v . 30) p . D(e)QQAADD. Degad. My former misreading of one of the letters being e "foune th threb n o i dt tale s serieei Th Triadf so s printe Myvyriae th n di n 1 Archaiology" (Lady C. Guest, Mabinogion, 2nd ed., p. 268). There seem to be variations in the nomenclature and renderings. Davies (citing Faber) makes it Dallwyr Dallben (Mystagogue ,e Mystics Chieth e val f th f Dallwyo o ef n i ) r (the Mystics)—r o Blin n dMe Myth. Brit. , . 426pp , 432. Herbert writes Dallwaran Dallben (Blind Authority r Blino , d Euler, wit Blina h d Head); adding that this character remind Mordf o s blinde su ath whoo t , heatine mth f Ceridwen'go s furnace was entrusted (Neodrwidic Heresy, . 120pp , 122). THE OGHAMS ON THE GOLSPIE STONE. 27

corrected, this now more clearly appears as the name so familiar in Oghams, that of the great Munster clan, the Degadi or Ernai. In such forms as Ddecced, Decqedd, Dechet (not to mention related forms like Deco, Dego, &c.), it occurs at least five times in South Irish inscriptions, once in , once in Pernhroke (if I rightly read the Carew legend as "Map Gweut Decetty"),1 and once in Anglesea (in Eoman letters in these two last) ; perhaps also the same word is indicated in Ttuicuhatt (Duiqhad, Lunnastine th n o ) g Stone. MAQQ. Son. NUUFPHRRI. Of Nur, or Nuri. The dropping of consonants doet herno s e exceed that which happen e Bressath n i sy (B) inscription, where Nahhtffddadd admittedly represents the recorded name Nadod terminae Th genitives .i I l , suffixe name th Nure eb f i d , included if it be Nuri (cf. Norie: as in Norie's chapel, near Callendar,— Fortes, Kal. f So.o Sts., . 42Korie'p n i 5r ;o s Law Fifen ,i , &c.)s A . Noar, a similar name occurs in Oghams, at Grortamaecaree in Kerry:— Noar Maqi Farudran(=Foran). The reading there, however, may he !N"ur rather than Noar,—" either alternative would not make much change in the name, which is of an archaic type. We find Nar in the Annals of Innisfallen" (Brash, p. 199, pi. xxix.). Naomh (pronounced Nuv), a Saint r Sacredo , , perhap n combinatioi s n with Fear a Man, , seema s possible root for M"ur. In reference to this I have been favoured with the following com- munication from Dr Joass :—" As to Nuuffhrri signifying, as suggested, Nuv-fhear or Saint-man, in the genitive case, the rule is that the adjective follows the noun; but there are exceptions, and one of these is when a quality is meant to be ascribed in a special degree ; e.g., Allt garbh, a rough burn; Garbh-allt, The rough burn. Fear Mor, a great man, Morfhear, a Lord, the great man of his district, as Morfhear Chatt, Ear f Sutherlando l sacreA . d dignitary might thu e calleb s d Naomh-fhear locally, instead of Fear naomh, and the genitive would be pronounced Nuvir. If a Latinised form were adopted, it would be Nuviri, and might come to he Nufri, or in Ogham JSTuuffhrri.2

1 Gweut seems equivalen Wido t te Pietis th , he Gaeli th for f cmo name Foith (Reeves, Adamnan, . 374)p . 2 I is one of the commonest genitive forms ia Welsh and Irish Oghams. 28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 14, 1885.

"If regardee Nb (No.) r AN, e gen'N18 s fo a d th . sing. mas. def. art., then perhap Gaelie sth c word might com whicn ei derives hi d from Uidhe, a journey, and Fear. Uidh'Fhear is now written Uidhear, and mean sa Travelle Pilgrimr o rearlien i f I rwrittes . timewa t i sn Uidh- fear, its genitive would be pronounced Uifir, Latinised Uifiri, and Mac 'n Uifri might mean the Son of the Traveller or Pilgrim, and might assume Ogham form as above." In aid of this reading may be cited a very ancient inscription in Irish-Roman letters, incised on a stone found in St Brecan's tomb, in Ireland. It bears the following legend :— + OR AR BRAN NAILITHER, a praye Brecar fo r e Pilgrinth m (Petrie, Anc. Arch, of Ireland, . 140)p . According to Dr Petrie, the word Ailithre (from Ail, a great stone, and Itriallam roundo g o t ,s stil i ) l use n Irelandi o denott d pilgrimaga e e (0. . 118)p , . I have though t possibli t e that NAALLUOER commemoratee th , d name in the Burrian legend, might be 'N Aluor = 'N Ali(th)er, the Pilgrim, as in the above; but though these northern Oghams have marked peculiarities t i seem, s preferable e wholeth n o reao t ,, d Naalluod an r Nuffhrr(i s propea ) r names, generalised designations being rare (perhaps non-existent Oghame th n i ) Irelanf so Walesd dan . Other Versions.— y formeInm r pape I r rreferreBrash' M o t ds version. Though confessedly imperfect, it helps to confirm my own independent readinimportano tw f o g t debatable groups, viz., DQQAADD rather than OBRAADD, and NN for the final letters of the inscription. As regard e formesth r question, Orraadd n itselfi , , seem probabls a s s ea thadvantage eth alternatives ha f t furnishini eo d an , r vowela gfo t bu , e reasonth s alread t adopyno t givei (seo t d . wore 24)I np Th d. might represent Urradh, a chieftain, similarly to that in the Burrian inscription, "Naalluorr Ann, Uurraddt, Mheffc Aarrocs. n thaI "t legen I dformerl y read Uurradd s Uurraca t =( t Aireach a Noble), , offering, however, the alternative, which now seems to me preferable, as digite th s rather indicat thaD (Proc.e D n. Scot., C A . S 1883-4 . 200),p . Some authorities have propose o combint d e lateth e r groupe th f o s inscription, and read Nuuffhrriann or Uuffhrriann, with a presumed referenc "o t e Oifrion , vulgarly Aifrion, the Mass; literall e sacrificyth e THE OGHAMS ON THE GOLSPIE STONE. 29

offered at the Mass" (O'B,). Such a reading I venture to think improbable, as well as contrary to Ogham analogies elsewhere. It has, I believe, been conjectured thae personagth t n thio e s stoneo wh , advances, arme knifed d an s combatini wite , ax h e manelesth g s lion (or panther), which stands facing him on a salmon's back, and that he thus represent a defendese "th Oifrion f o r " against savage pagans. Admittin likelihooe gth symboliy an f do c quaintnes thosn si e early times, I canno t vie scene bu tw th e differently, thinkin t gpretti y clear thae th t lion rests in the background among the other symbols, and is no more hostile than the salmon beneath it, whose head, through want of perspective, seem s n itselreadru fo y t agains e man'th t s knifee e moutth Th f .o h lion n facti , shuts i , , seeme thougax touco e st forepas hth it h d itan w; t slightlbu s i y raised photogrape th ,n i les o s s hfolie thath o n i plate , where the foot has an erroneous upward slant, as if in act to strike. A similar, but more plainly leonine animal, standing by itself, is seen on the Bressay Stone, another on that at Ulbster, and another in Jonathan's Cav n Fifei e . Grouped animals, clearly maneless lions, occur on several of the stones; the single animal, near the mirror and e Newbiggincombth n i , g example s canin i a wolf , t I e seemb e. o t s n taili , paws d heaan , d (8c.. So., St . p ii L cxxiii.). This feline animal, when single havy ema , bee e badgnorthera th n f o e n tribe. t mayI 1 , however, represent mythological ideas, dependen e animal'th n o t s species. Compare r Hen-wen'w examplefo So , e e legenth th , sf o d offspring e Paluth , r Spotteco e Threth d f eo Cat Chiee on , f Molesters {ante, p. 26). The Golspie animal bears conventional marks, similar to those frequently show animaln no e Sculpture th f so d Stones,e sucth s ha reindeer, bull, horse, and boar, as well as on the symbolic " elephant" (cf. Sacrifice of cow, St Vigeans, Sc. St. Sc., i. pi. Ixx.). The strangely shaped axe in the man's hand has been already spoken of. Weapons of The Catti? The Earls of Sutherland bore the Gaelic title Morfhear Chatt, Lord of 1Catt principalita , y comprising Sutherlan Caithnesd an d s (Catt-nez, Norse).e Th natives call Sutherland Cattaobh (pron. Cattu), the side of the Catti, and Caithness they call Gallu, the stranger's side (Information from Dr Joass). The Sutherland crest (probably derived fro mbadga older efa r tha e feudanth l mulletsshielde th n o ) is a Cat-a-mountain or Wild Cat (Gaelic, Cat), an animal also borne armorially by the great Clan Chattan tribe of Inverness-shire. 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 14, 1885. the same form appear in the hands of a Centaur (Meigle, ib., i. pi. Ixxiv. Verified, 1886), and perhaps in those of a dog-headed man (Rossie, ib., ii. xcix.). A similar iron axe, in the British Museum, was found in the Thames. Another, in the Museum at Rouen, is there described as Merovingian. One of the first recorded specimens of the class was taken from a Merovingian cemetery at Envermeu in Normandy, by M. L'Abb^ Cochet, who characterises its form as " peu usitee," and states tha tcognate mosth f o t e examples belon Isle Francef th e o go t . Similar iron hatchets from Denmark were e showParith sn i n Exhibitio f no 1855 (Cochet,.Sepultures Oauloises, &c., 185 . 7159-208) pp ; a n O . Gnosti collectionn ow c y gemm femala n ,,i e warrio re seve(onth f neo Planetary Genii) wields a similarly formed, double-bladed axe, but under the circumstances an Amazonian " bi-pennis " was most probably intended. THE . Sinc e datth e eformey om f r remark thesn o s e difficult inscriptions certain amendments have suggested themselves. These I now ask leave to offer, embodying the newer versions in the general summary subjoined. Revised Versions. Ogham Inscription.—AIDDAI QNNN FOEBEER IPH UA TOSH. Main Inscription (1).—AITTAI FURUB-INQIN SUOL o UOSE. Translation.—Ete\ Forar's daughter e son race th f TIos sth o f eo f .o , Main Inscription (2).—UECHN ELISI MAQQI LOGOU-PATE. Translation.—Disciple of—or Childre ) of—Eliseuse n(? th f o n so , Pries e Logh-fir f Hth o tu f o (?) r o ,e Priest (?)—or f Lugupatao n so , ) (? r Oghams,e Mainn Notesth o n d o Inscriptionan (1).—For thesm a eI incline keeo t d p very closelearliesy m o yt t version . (Proc.Scot.,A . S 1882-3, p. 44), only substituting QNNN in the Oghams for QNBAN, and reading the former (Cuninin=Co2WweweaM) as Daughter, a sense it might naturally have borne, thoug apparentlw no h y restricte Daughter-ino t d - law or Daughter by adoption (ib., supplementary, p. 45). On reflection, I feel boun reao dt d FTTRTJR t first a t FUEUs a no ,, N (nor KXTNUN oncs a , e suggested); and this leads me to read the corresponding Ogham OGHAME NEWTOE TH 1 TH 3 N SO N STONE.

FOBREEE, rather than FOBBENN, as there seems to be a clear accordance between the inscriptions. Under usual rule, NN better suits the position tha nthin i RB, t s casbu ;t groupmerele eth no e ysar belo stem-linee wth , d theturne e entirelan yar t i d f downwardsyof placeo s r wanf i d fo s a ,t of room, or in correction of an error discovered in process of inscribing; their slant also is greater than in other instances of sloped N. As formerly pointed out e positio,th f iNGiNo n , following insteae pr f o d ceding PTJBUE, may result from its being an after-thought. Furur, Suol, and Logou, might be read as Furyr, Syol, and Logoy, the U in those cases being formed lik. eY To confor o rulemt t I firstnow,a s ,a , rea de Oghams th los n ni , rather than ouosii. In both of the inscriptions I suspect an inten- tional confusion betwee s (H r HuasUo nuo d IOSSan ) A (Jesus)—see post, p. 35. The concluding word, LOGOU-PATEB, may also be designedly ambiguous—Christian or Pagan, or a mixture of both. Notes n Maino Inscription (2).—The first wor n thii d s section, tTRcror s Lora f Lighe o d, m rea ty b d(Ur , Light; Chan, Lord), does not to my knowledge occur in Celtic mythology, though, for reasons formerly stated e Orientath , l derivation seemedw allowableno m a I . incline thino dt k that Urch(a)n e entombereferth o t s d lady, Etc"d an , designate r perhap(o r r fatherhe s she a Neophyt s a )e mysterie th n i e s of a semi-pagan creed. The subject cannot now be dealt with. To justify the proposed translation, compare "Oian a parchellan, &c." (Skene . i 4 Books482), , f Wales,o 21 .. ii Substitutin g Uircean ( = Urch(a)n) for the equivalent Porchellan, we find the meaning I ventur o suggestt e e alse storSe th of Henweo .y n (ante, . 25)p . Otherwise, might Urch(a) e explaineb n d throug , UrachanhUr , child, children 1 (Armstrong, Gael. Diet.). ELISI, the next word, may, as I had supposed, represent the name of • the dual god El-Isi or Eli-Esaye (Sun-Moon; Osiris-Isis, &c., see Proe. S. A. So., 1882-3, p. 41). But though these names occur separately, and mythological analogies would countenance their union, I have met with no Celtic instanc f thao e t exact combination variour fo d san ,reason sI now incline to view Elisi as the name of an individual, Elis or Eliseus, a Master in the mysteries referred to. The Swastika or Tetragrammaton 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 14, 1885.

n thi e lette eth forM Pupil'f C rmo s name denotes connection with some religious idea j1—is it over-fanciful to find similar suggestions in Master'e th s name, wher three th e e central groupelettero s o t e s sar a d combine into a W-shaped omega? Thus viewed, the whole word contracts itself into EQI, whic s suggestivhi f severaeo l sacred tri-literals, such as the all-pervasive Gnostic IAO (varied into AIO, &c.), or the Bardic " oiw [om ?] which formed the unutterable name of God" (Herbert, Neodmidic Heresy, p. 124). The letter L may have been here graven in Irish-Roman form expressly to secure the outlines for this sacred combination. The prominence of the letter E seems also to mark Elisi as a word of special import. Its Judaic nature is entirely consonant wit e doctrine th he systeth f o mwhico st e inscriptioth h n seemo t s belong. I venture on such rather strange and hazardous conjectures, believing that myster d secrecyan wit s e bettey(a th h r known Gnostic superstitions) formed the essence of that system, which mainly ex- pressed s writing itselfs it artit n i ,d , througsan n elaboratea h , quaint, and half-childish symbolism. To show that such ideas influenced the designers of the Sculptured Stones does not nullify the work of those who have vindicated the Christian ownership of so much in that symbolis f manmo y people t doubte no d times s si an dt i ; that Christi- anity was there, especially where crosses are prominently displayed; longw ho ,r questione th fo d an sr o whethet arefa s a ,w t alla ho r r ,o Paganis d Judaisman m intruded themselves into some northern branch or branche f Christianitso y durin gcertaia n obscure periohistore th n di y of Scotland. The next word comprises five letters; it begins with MA and ends intermediateso tw e th d witan ,, I hthoug t identicalno h e alikar ,n i e their general character. Under these circumstances hars i makt o di t , e it anything but the nearly inevitable MAQQI, though there may be no exampl a Q f o formee d like letterth e n questioni s ,f o unles e on s e numerae formth th f o s l Kopp e acceptedh y a ma ^ . These letters, however, resemble G, as constantly found in ancient English and

e fragmenth n a larg O f o te cros t Dunrobina s wela t ,Swastik cu l a appears 1 by itself on the base. On the Drumkilbo stone at Meigle what seems to be meant interlacefon a r d Swastik grotesquels ai y forme fouy db r naked men. THE OGHAM THN O SE NEWTO3 3 N STONE.

Irish MSS. and inscriptions, and as " G is very often commuted with C " (O'Donovan), we may here have the form MAGGI as an equivalent for MACCI. The inscriber plainly worked with the Irish alphabet in his mind (cf. Greek Pater-Noster n Booi f Armagh)o k s influenceit d an , s t appeas rudelcoulbu hi t n i ryno d formed Greek cursives s naturalla , y so on stone as on parchment. There is nothing abnormal in the mixture of Greek and Eoman characters in one legend, as might be shown by examples fro e latemth r Byzantine coinage inscriben O . d gems, "the mixture of Greek and Roman characters, as in the epitaphs of the Catacombs h centur5t r o ,y h betoken "4t (Reve th e . datW C f .th s . o e King, Hand Boole, ix. ,e firs . N.Y.,Met.th t . f Mm 40)I p wor e . b d remaie L mos th n a s t a nd doubtfull omittedan , F Qso n a ,ytw , Greek letters in the Newton legend; and of these the Q and F forms were familiar as numerals, while the L is merely a minuscule Lambda, without its small lower fork-line. In the difficult first word, Aittai or Et^, two letters are uncertain, but pretty clearly Greco-Irish AI (/^-shaped A, with horizontal top for the I); and of the remaining letters in the legend, severa onle ar l y Greek e form somsees n th i a , CHn f nd i seo an , , ML ,, anoG f d U. LOGOU-PATE, the last word, I formerly translated Logos-Father, disposew no different a assigm o dt t a Wordi e Fathe I th o t nt f o ,bu r; though related, meaning.1 The Greek Logos signifies, no doubt, The Worda sacre n i ,d Christian t i primarilsense t bu ; y denotee th d Universal Eeason Worlde e South th ,f lo whicn ,i h sense referencet i o t s formed part of the of all the Mysteries. The Celtic Lug or Logh, denoting the spiritual and intellectual Essence, is connected with ideas of fire, and the temple-fires seem to have been regarded as its special abode. The Sun-god of the , "worshipped from Mid- nortSpaie th f WaleErin,n ho i o nt s "swa Lie Irelann Llewr i u o d an ,d Lug a wor, d signifying Light (Prof. Rhys, Hibbert Lectures, 1886). Lug, Hu, and Mithras seem to be identical. PATE, the second part of e compoundth perhapy ma , s signify t Paterno , , Father t Patebu ,r o r Pater, a Mithraic priestly title. " The Mithriacs of Koine had no less It has also occurred to me that Logoupatr may lie a compound proper name aki1n to Lugucurit, Lugnaedou, &c., formed perhaps from Patrick or Peter, with VOL. XX. C 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 14, 1885.

than eight different titles ,r othe o unde f whice o r on r h they received initiation thesf o e e (perhapOn . higheste sth thas Patef o )wa t . r... . From them one course of Mithriac solemnities was called the Patrica " (Herbert, Neodruidic Heresy, . 32)I havp s A e, elsewhere indicated, a form of , more or less Mithraic, seems to have existed in r otheBritainhe rt n Koini a wels provinces a , s d a l ean ; granting this, Pater might have the meaning now assigned, the whole word signifying Priest of Lug (Hu, or Mithras), or of the Logh, or Logh-fire. With this last compare an expression in Gorchan Cynvelyn, where the bard says :— "An froe m dm sheddin blooy gm d they compassionated, Omen-fire;e th Son f o ransoy m m they appointed." (Herbert1 , Britannia after Romans, . 205.i ) Continued attention to these subjects confirms my belief that a system compounded from , Judaism —id an , n other words, of Gnosticism or late Mithraicism—did exist in Britain, and probably in Ireland, durin ge centuriesomth f o e s succeedin e departurth ge th f o e Eoraans.2 (See Proc.. So.,A . S 1882-3 , 42.27 ). pp ,

the prefix Lug or Lugu—cf., the names Gilli-petir, Mal-petair (B. of Deer, pp. 93, 95). Should we read Logou-reat» instead of Logou-patr, as the forms would conceivably permit, we obtain Lugnaedon itself, the commemorated name in a very ancient Irish epitaph:—Lie Lugnaedon Mace Lmenueh e ston Th f ,Lugnaedon o e f Limo n - so , enueh. This Lugnat r Lugnadano , fifta , h centur yt Patrick' S saint s wa , s nephew, being a son of his sister Limania (Petric, p. 165). 1 The text and translation, as given by Mr Skene, run thus:— "A minhe i creuon u dychiorant. Mab coel kerth vygwerth ywuaethant.a " . 96.ii , ) W. f o . (4B "And me, on account of my blood, they deplored, omen-pilee Soth f no ransoy m , m they contributed." ' (ib., i. 414.) , In Pughe's Dictionary we find:—"Coel Certh, The omen or signal of alarm, the firin beacon.a f go t 'o fBardi1s Maye e eveth ,cth f so fire n o f rejoicin o s. . . . g November.f o ant d1s " 2 " The revived Druidism, as it appears in its final brief struggle with Christianity (during the short-lived independence of the Britons after the withdrawal of the Eoman legions in A.B. 440), as it is set forth in the mystical poems of Taliesin, com- e seventposeth n i d h century a religio s i , n "offerin n mani g y point a wonderfus l analogy to the ancient Persian tenets " (Rev. C. "W. King, The Gnostics, p. 190). THE OGHAMS ON" THE NEWTON STONE. 35

Apart from Mr Herbert's theories on other subjects, it is difficult to reas workhi d s without comin o that g t conclusion, whic a hstud f o y Gnosticism s widesit e symbolisn i ,th t f e senseSculptureo th d f man o , d Stones, greatly tend o strengthent s d thu an justifo ,t s e surmisth y e late r Chalmeroth feM f Aldbarso cites a ,D y b dr Stuars prefachi n i t e to the earlier of the Spalding Club folios {Preface, i. xiv.). In Taliesin's Wand of Moses there are lines in which Christ and Hu or Huas (Mithras, Dionysos, &c. clearle )ar y identified. Wit s usuahhi l power, Mr Skene upholds the authenticity of that Bard's poems Books4 ( f Wales,o linee spoke s w givee . th 190)i hi ar no s d f n ni no an , translatioe th n i text t n,bu (mad "a distinguishey eb d Welsh scholar— " ib., p. 17) they and various lines of similar tendency have been omitted, sometimes without marks of elision. In proof of this, and as an example for general purposes, I ask leave to quot passagea f someo e length fro e poemth m referre. dto

" 0 pop aduer y torof uroder dychyfaerawt. adeficd Bu grisy . t gwledic dogyn volawt. Dy bwyth duw kern arfetn y , t mei heissorawtry . Hynt gwiryoned kyflawn rihed kynnel whonawto . Gwyeil iesse dy pobyl 'iude. dychyfaerawt. Hu gelwir lieu o luch aleho yr eu pechawt. Deheu reen mynyd adien mwyn kyfundawt. Yn ran eluyd yn temhyl selyf seil o gyffrawt. Gofunet gwas colofyn dias ffest fflemychawt. Paradwys drws. bugeil dews duun gwledychawt. Neu rygigle proffwyden uga u lleenawc. Geni iess rydarf'uua uuched.y t hy . " (Skene, ib., . 173ii , 174.) "From every return his host of brothers he rencountered, Advantage acknowledged to Christ the Ruler, portion of praise. The glorious God sits on the lap of Mary his counterpart. The course of truth, perfect nobility, a pattern of thee. Rods of Jesse, thy people Judah rencountered.

Dexterous Lord, courteous, faultless gentlf o , e concord. n respece temple I earthth th f n f Solomoni o ,o et , foundatiof o n impulse, [Line omitted without elision marks.] . 36 PROCEEDIN.GS :OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 14, 1885.

The door of Paradise ; shepherd of God • profoundly he reigned. Was it not heard from learned prophets Tha birte th tJesuf h o taked sha n place;—"

(Skene, ib., i. 561.)

t ever"A y returning crowe th , brethref do meed di te nh with ; A confessed gain, to Christ the Sovereign and a sufficing praise. Bright God did place in Mary's lap one like herself, truthf o y , wa .perfec e Th governancen i t . Marked wit e indisputhth - able Mark of Jesse, thy people, Judah! he came to meet. He is called Hu, the lion of radiance imperfectly given by reason of their sins, . . Lord of the south, mountain without fault, mild bond of concord In the partition of the country, in Solomon's temple the foundation of activity, Consecrated minister, pillar of tumult fiercely flaming1 At the door of Paradise, the chosen shepherd with the gift of sovereignty. heare Surelb frof y dlearneo e myma th d prophets The nativity of Jesus ;—" (Herbert, ND.IL, . 129pp , 130.) e poeAth s m proceeds, further omission se translationth occu n i r , chiefly, it would seem, where there are references or allusions to the Bardic mysteries. Whether this results from difficulties in the text, I have no means of judging; but such omissions are unfortunate, as tendin darkeo gt nsubjeca t already deplorably obscure.

1Gadarnu HerH Bardie s ei th , c Christt Mithrae Britone no th ,th . . f o s. s merely wielding the fiery Cherubic sword, but being himself that sword (Herbert, ib., . 130) p Barde th . f so Mon (Taliesis termede on wa a y , "thb ,n?) e th isl f o e praise of Hu " (Skene, ib., i. 299). THE OGHAMS ON THE AQTJHOLLIE STONE. 37

THE AQUHOLLIB STONE. Description.—Unhewn whinstone (?), 8 feet above ground. In Kincardine- shire, about 5 miles N.W. from Stonehaven, near Riccarton and the Rae- dykes. Known as the " Lang Steen"; said to have formed part of a circle recently removed. Oghams, on a south angle; much worn and doubtful; e Irisvowelsth hn i systems a , ,point e seeb t scoreso mt no s whicn o , h view the present version is founded. Groups read from below upwards.

Fig. 5. Diagram of Ogham Inscription—Aquhollie Stone. Translation.—F[A]DH DONAN ui TE(N?) ..... [Here] rests [the body] of Donan, of the race of ..... Analysis of the Oghams.—No. 1. F. Nothing seems to have preceded. No . (A?)2 . . Rootraceo n r this t mfo , bu ,surfac e worn. Nos .. 3D,H4 , . Perhap t lasbu t , scorT s e . Perhapsrathet proN . no 7 t -. r bu apart,No . bably, L,F. No. 11. I. Possibly E,A, the. last dot being apart. No. 14. Most likely N. Illegible beyond. Analysis Words.— e oth f F[A]DH. Perhaps (1) Faoidh, rests (here), like ANM, ANN othen i , r inscriptions, from " Faoidh , . v.n.,.. slee o r t rest—o p ' Eo faoidh for kic,' restee flag-stonh a n do e " (H.S.D.), Irish form, Faoidhim reso ,t t (O'-Z?.); or (2) Fad, Fod. "a turf, clod, soil, land," used here for grave, more or less metaphorically, eithe implyins ra turga f mound"n i Guss a r au,o carari m fan fhdd, place m tila I l d unde e clammth r y earth " (M'Alpine, Diet.);) (3 r o Fadh, a field (also "glebe-land, Ager Ecclesiaslicus "), which with its cognates seems to have a wide range of forms and meanings, perhaps (as with the Logie Elphiustone Athat, n "Athai t Bhoto") being used likLatie th e n Locuso t denot a burial-placee . DONAN. Three Scottish saint f thao s t n namo e ear record e nearesth , n localiti t y associated with Auchterless, Aberdeenshire. Ui. Genitivgrandsona , Ua f descendanter o o , res.e tTE(N? Th illegible . . . ) . Bemarks.—Having been kindly informed of the existence of Oghams on this ston theiy b e r recent discoverer e Revth , . Joh . MichienG f Dinneto , , I examined and noted down the inscription on May-day 1886. There are numerous remain antiquitf so neighbourhoode th n yi . 38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 14, 1885.

LIST op THE OGHAMS IN SCOTLAND. 1. Scoonie.—EDDABR BALMONN[EN . Eddar . . Balmonne]f o , . . . n 2. Aboyne.—MAQQI TALLUORRH FFENNAACC ABBORFTHHAAN. (Stone?) f Taloreo n So , Fineace oth f f Aber-fthaho n (Aboyne?) , (Bodyor ; f o ) the son of Talore, Fineach of Aber-ftha (?) (rests) here. 3. Logie Elphinstone.—ATHAT BHOTO. The Grave of Bodo. . 4 Newton.—AIDDAI QNNN FOERERR IPH ITA IOSIL Ete, daughtef o r Forar, of the race of the sons of los, or Uos. Irish-Greek Inscrip- tion.——AlTTAI FUHUBINGIN SUO UOSELO . URCHN ELI8I MAQQI LOGOUPATR. Ete, Forar's daughtere son th e f rac Uosso f th o ef o ,. Disciple of— or Children (?) of—Eliseus, son of the Priest of Hu (?), or of the Logh- iire Priest (?);—o f Lugupatao n so r r (?). 5. JBrodie (A).—EDDARNON[N MAQ]Q , . . .Eddarnon ; . . f . Io n So , Brodie (B).—. .H . O. .. OQ.; . Brodie(C).—. O...... O N. .. IDAHO ... 6. Golspie.—ALLDALL DQQAADD MQ NTJUFFHHRI [A]NN. Alldall Degad, Son of Nur (or Nuri), (rests) here. . Bressay7 (A).—BERNISES T: MEQ Q DDRROI ANN. (Body f Berniso ) , Spn of Dru, (rests) here. Bressay (B).—CROesoc : NAHHTFFDDADDS : DATTRR : ANN B[EAN?] . . .; (Body) of Crusa, Natdod's daughter, (rests) here : (the Wife of Bernis ?). . 8 Burrian.—NAALLUORR UUHRADDN AN T MhBFFc AARROCCS. Naluor (rests) here ; a Chieftain, Son of Orroc. 9. Lunnasting.—XTTUICUHAATTS AHAAHHTTMNN: N : HCCFFEFF:NEDTONN . (Body) of Duichad, of Manan-land, Son of Fife (?), is lodged (?) here. 10. St Ninian's.— . . . . ES MEQQ NANAGOFFEST. (Stone?) of . . ., Son of Nanagus. 11. Conningsburgh (A).— . . . . ROMQOSEFBB. . . (Stone?) of . . ., Son of Safi (?). 12. Conningsburgh (B).— . . . m(?) . Aquhollie.—13 F[A]DH DONAN ui TE[N? . (Here . . ] ) rests (the body) of . Donan .. race f th eo f o , 14. Gigha.—Fragmentary inscription, believe exiso dt t (Brash, . 364)p . LIST OF THE OGHAMS IN SCOTLAND. 39

This list is meant to furnish an accurate transliteration of the Ogham inscrip- tions in Scotland, as well as to correct certain small errors in my former papers and diagrams. The value of some of the groups must remain for ever doubtful; the alternatives having been already stated under the proper headings, they will not here be referred to, except in a few special cases. . Scoonie.—1 Reading Oghame th s downwards,! formerly made this inscription "[Majqqi Dahiialle, (Stone) of the Son of Dali," but (through a suggestion from Professor Rhys) I am now inclined to read them in the more usual way, from below upwards viewes a d dan , fro e spectator'mth s right. Ther s difficulti e y in the grouping where the stag's leg crosses and confuses the Oghams, but the slanting score just below may represent M, and this is followed by O, (or by e lesth s n likeli , E y casg represenle e e o scores)thae sideth tw th f tt o s . Should the present version be accepted we gain interesting results. Eddar is a name closely akin to Eddarnon, recently identified on the Brodie Stone (ante, p. 18), both quite of the type associated with Ogham legends. The appropriateness of the other word, Bal-monn(en), almost casts doubts on the reading, but I found it before remembering its connection with the locality. The Church of Scoonie, according to Dr Stuart, was dedicated to St Monena, who die . dBisho6) (Sc.A.B7 . . Sc.,p 51 St .. pii Forbes notices this female saint under the headings Etaoin, Modwena, and Memine—in which last form the Scoonie dedication seems to have been made (Kal. of Sc. Sts., p. 396). In the same wor e finw kd another saint, whose name woul e equalldb y appropriate presene foth r t purpose t MonaS , r Moenenno , martyred (A.D. 571), whose relics rest at "Inverry" in this part of Fife, to whom the neighbouring church of St Monans was dedicated (ib., p. 412). "Bal" is the well-known prefix, specially prevalen AnguFifn d i t ean s place-names slightln I . y varied form whole th s e name occurs throughout Scotland, as Balmanno, Balmeanach, Ballminnoch, &c. There is a Kilminning farm in the parish of Grail, a few miles distant from St Monans. Accepting " Balmonnen, seee "w hav o mt e another example th f eo local designations, or' semi-surnames, found onl n Scottisi y h Oghams (cf. Aboyne, Golspie, Lunnasting, Burriari). Ther difficultiee ear n mosi s f theso t e cases, but the subject invites attention. 2. Aboyne.—Abbor-fthhaau seems more likely than Abor-fthha, An(n) The river-name should probabl foune yb supplyiny db gvowea readind an l g Fothan r Fithano I inclin. vie o et e whol wth e earlworn a s ydmodera e forth f mo n Aboyne. Teach-Baeithin, a church founded in Ireland by St Baithen, is now locally know TS-boyns na e (Reeves, Adamnan, . 372)p d Innes-boyn,an e simi- larly takes nam e(th V frot Baothen eS d mOghaa an alss B i bein) mo.V F g interchangeable, Aber-Vothan would as easily pass through Aber-Voyne into Ab-Boyne Aber-Brothocs a , k passes into Ar-Broath. 3. Logie Elphinstone.—"The Grave of Bodo" seems far more probable than the other reading. 4. Newton.—See ante, pp. 30-36. 40 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 14, 1885.

5. Brodie.—See ante, . 14-22pp . 6. Golspie.—See ante, pp. 22-30. 7. Bressay (B).—On the stone, a colon point stands between "Dattrr" and "Ann"; the diagram (Proc., 1884-5, p. 198) is there imperfectly printed. The e smallvalu th stroke w f o elo , eithen o s n whai r 0 sid t f o otherwise e reads "Crroscc unknowns "i supposee b t they bu , y ma modif o dt e voweyth l sound, perhaps . intoOE 8. Burrian.—Naalluorr, not Naalluorar; the nearly invisible stroke between B and B (like that in Golspie, between U and U), cannot be read as a vowel, though it may have some unexplained force. " Uurraddt," Chieftain, seems preferable to " Uurract," Noble, the four high scores being divided into pairs by the greater length and slope of the third score. If, iri Golspie, " Orraadd " shoul reae "dr b Dqqaadd,dfo obtaie "w same nth e word t forbu , reasons given I prefer the latter. In the diagram (Proc., 1884-5, p. 200), supply a single point beneat shoul, stem-linee A hth , d11 . No , t afteno , r A Naalluorr , 17 . No . be cross-barred below. 9. Lunnasting.—The diagram (Proc., 1884-5 . 202)p , , omit e colosth n points that should follow " Ahaahhttmnnn, erroneousld an " y places them between " Nedt "d Onn."an " These probably signify division t theibu , r absence does not necessarily imply union. The intent of such pointing is sometimes hard to discover, the St Vigeans inscription (Sc. St. Sc., ii. pi. cxxviii.), for example, having single point n seemingli s y useless positions r Skene'M n I s. Four Ancient Books f Wales,o e transcriptionth s fro e MSSmth . constantly show full-stops where comma points, or none, are required. The word " Hccffeff" is full of difficulty. In favour of my surmise that " Hcc " (Hecc or Hicc) stands for Mhicc, may be cited the use of Ic for the genitive of Mac in the Ulster Scotd ol Annals sn i MSSd , footnote).an , .als71 s i . (Sc. o. Sc.,p t I . harS( ii o dt say whether " Ned "n (lodgetOn d her approximatels i ) e? shoule y w right f i d r ,o j oin the syllables and read the proper name, Nedtonn (Nedon 1 Nectan ?). There was a St Nethan (A.D. 408), to whom the Church of Cambus-nethan was dedicated (Forbes, Kal. of Sc. Sts., p. 419). On the latter view, the inscription might commemorate four separate persons. Or perhaps Nedton might furnish, a local surname for Fef, as Ahatmanan does for Tuicuhat. The name Ttuicuhaatt or Duiqhad may (as surmised) be another example of Degad (Golspie, ante), represente Aberdeenshire th y db e name Duguid, often pronounced Deccat. 10. St Ninian's.—Note the northern IT in " Nanagoifest," as in " Nuuffhrri," " Naahhtffddadd," " Hccffeff, othen i " r inscriptions. 11. Conningsburgh (A).—I now incline to read " Maqo Sefbe" (Brash, p. 414), rather tha O'Sefbe.nq "Ma " Sefb s probabli e y Safi, either alons a r eo beginnin glongea r worpartlw dno y effaced. 12. Oonninysburgh .(B).^M. mere fragment. . Aquhollie.—13 See ante,. p37 ,