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View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Aberystwyth Research Portal Aberystwyth University A Note on the Ogham Inscription from Buckquoy, Orkney Rodway, Simon Published in: Journal of Celtic Linguistics DOI: 10.16922/jcl.18.5 Publication date: 2017 Citation for published version (APA): Rodway, S. (2017). A Note on the Ogham Inscription from Buckquoy, Orkney. Journal of Celtic Linguistics, 18, 103-116. https://doi.org/10.16922/jcl.18.5 Document License CC BY-NC-ND General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Aberystwyth Research Portal (the Institutional Repository) are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Aberystwyth Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Aberystwyth Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. tel: +44 1970 62 2400 email: [email protected] Download date: 03. Oct. 2019 Journal of Celtic Linguistics (2017), 18, 103–116 10.16922/jcl.18.5 A Note on the Ogham Inscription from Buckquoy, Orkney Simon Rodway Aberystwyth University I tentatively propose a new Gaelic interpretation of an ogham inscription on a spindle-whorl from Buckquoy in Orkney. In this interpretation, the spindle-whorl would be a gift from a man to a female spinster. This short note concerns a circular ogham inscription on a chalk spindle-whorl excavated in 1970 from Buckquoy, Birsay, Orkney, belonging, perhaps,to the eighth century, although dates in the seventh or early ninth century should not be ruled out (Forsyth 1995: 678–9; Forsyth 1996: lxvii, 37,162–3; cf. Padel 1972: 11, 27). Kenneth Jackson (1977) and Oliver Padel (1972: 73–5) read it as (e/ )TMIQAVSALL(c/q), and consequently added it to the undeciphered corpus of ‘Pictish’ inscriptions (cf. Morris 1995: 20).1 However, Katherine Forsyth has shown that it should be read in the opposite direction, giving the reading ENDDACTANIM(v/lb), with no real indi cation of where the inscription begins (Forsyth 1995: 684–5, 687; Forsyth 1996: 167–71, 175; cf. Jackson 1977: 221). This she interprets as BENDDACTANIML, i.e. Gaelic bendacht [for] anim L. ‘a blessing on L.’s soul’, using a formula which is ubiquitous in the medieval Roman-alphabet inscriptions of Ireland (Forsyth 1995: 688–9; Forsyth 1996: 160–86; Forsyth 1997: 36), and which occurs once in an eleventh-century bilingual ogham/runic inscription from Killaloe, Ireland (McManus 1991: 130; Forsyth 1995: 689). This looks basically plausible. However, some aspects of her analysis do not seem entirely satisfactory. The 04 Rodway 2017_1_17.indd 103 17-Jan-17 4:53:10 PM 104 Simon Rodway lack of the preposition for is disturbing. Of course a variant of the formula with an archaizing independent dative is not out of the question, although unparalleled (Forsyth 1995: 689; Forsyth 1996: 178).2 Additionally, the abbreviation of the subject’s name in this way is unique in early insular Celtic inscriptions (Forsyth 1995: 690), although there are comparable runic examples from England (Page 1973: 172). Thus, I feel that it is worth revisiting the alternative reading ANIM VENDDACT, suggested to Forsyth by Paul Russell (Forsyth 1996: 177). Forsyth is cautious about explaining VENDDACT as a personal name containing *windo- ‘white, bright’. The reasons she gives for this caution (Forsyth 1996: 177) are based on a misunderstanding of the etymology and subsequent development of this element, and thus are in fact illusory.3 There is, nonetheless, an apparent problem: the Gaelic reflex of *windo-, represented by Old Irish find < Primitive Irish *windah, does not show lowering of /i/ to /e/, impeded, according to standard doctrine (e.g. Thurneysen 1946: 46; Schrijver 1991: 21; Schrijver 1995: 29; Schrijver 1997: 44; McCone 1996: 55, 110; cf. Rhys 1879: 161–2), by /nd/. Note, however, that Sabine Ziegler (1994: 119; cf. Sims-Williams 2003: 40, 76–7, 300, 310) suggests that lowering did occur in this position in Primitive Irish, with the form find being due to subsequent raising in auslaut. If this be the case, compound names in Find- must have been reformed analogically due to the semantic transparency of the first element. At any rate, whatever the explanation, the Irish ogham inscriptions show plenty of examples of VEND- beside only one doubtful example of VIND- (Sims-Williams 2003: 76–7; cf. Rhys 1879: 115). Brittonic forms in VEND-, VENN- are also extant: these could contain the feminine form gwen < *windā (which can occur even in men’s names, e.g. Old Welsh Guengat (Lloyd 1888: 47; cf. Davies et al. 2000: 180; Sims-Williams 2003: 40–1, n. 111)), or they could be orthographical, either under the influence of Vulgar Latin e for i, or due to ancient Celtic confusion of e and i before nasal + stop, perhaps visible in numerous examples of names in Vend- from Roman Britain and from the Continent (Sims-Williams 2003: 40, 76–8, 96; cf. Dottin 1920: 297; Evans 1967: 392–3; Sims-Williams 2006: 257; Delamarre 2007: 194; Raybould and Sims-Williams 2009: 25; Falileyev 2013: 147–8). Of course, some of these names may not contain *windo- at all, but some other element – perhaps *wendo- ‘a single hair’ (Middle Irish find, finna (Matasović 2009: 413; cf. DIL, s.v. finna))?4 04 Rodway 2017_1_17.indd 104 17-Jan-17 4:53:10 PM A Note on the Ogham Inscription from Buckquoy, Orkney 105 What of the second element? The abstract-noun suffix *-ak-t- which gives Old Irish -acht : Welsh -aeth (Thurneysen 1946: 167–8; de Bernardo Stempel 1999: 334–5; Zimmer 2000: 553, 555, 576) is extremely rare in personal names, despite Forsyth (1996: 177),5 but Irish ogham GOSSUCTTIAS, GOSOCTEAS, GOSOCTAS, Old Irish Gósacht, Gúasacht (i.e. gúasacht ‘danger, peril, difficulty; fear, anxiety’) could be relevant here, despite the different vowel (MacNeill 1909: 358; Thurneysen 1946: 452; Ó Corráin and Maguire 1990: 115; McManus 1991: 108; Ziegler 1994: 185).6 However, neither Irish **findacht nor Welsh **gwynnaeth ‘whiteness’ is attested.7 Otherwise, could it be connected with *-ag-t- the past participle of *-ag- ‘to go’, cf. Gaulish Ambactus, ambactus ‘servus’, Middle Welsh Amaethon, Cynaethwy (?), Old Irish ACTO, Acht(án) etc. (Evans 1967: 90, 128; McManus 1991: 106; Ziegler 1994: 122; Delamarre 2001: 35; Delamarre 2007: 209; Irslinger 2002: 245; Sims-Williams 2003: 178, 192; Cane 2003: 162; Meid 2005: 163; Falileyev 2007: 17; Falileyev 2013: 6; Falileyev 2014: 121, 136; Salinas de Fría 2013: 29–33; Wodtko 2013: 222)? Another possibility is the ancestor of Welsh aeth ‘pain, pang, grief; fear’ : Old Irish écht ‘slaying, slaughter’ < *anx-tu-, probably seen in Middle Welsh Elaeth (Sims-Williams 2003: 179, n. 1083; Cane 2003: 19, 162).8 At any rate, I think that VENDDACT could be an otherwise unattested Celtic name.9 However, the lack of a genitive form in the inscription is a stumbling block to reading this as Gaelic ANIM VENDDACT ‘soul of Findacht (vel sim.)’ (Forsyth 1996: 177). However, another possibility suggests itself to me. There is plenty of evidence for modern use of anam ‘soul’ as a term of endearment in Ireland and Scotland (see Dinneen 1927: 43; Mac Airt 1956; Thomson 1961: 35), comparable to Middle Welsh eneit ‘soul’, by extension ‘friend’ (GPC s.v. enaid). The earliest Gaelic examples of which I am aware are from the late twelfth- or early thirteenth-century Acallam na Senórach (e.g. Dillon 1970: ll. 11, 71, 130 etc.), but note the diminutive form anamán in a tenth- or eleventh-century poem (Murphy 1956: 37.10d).10 Could we then understand the Buckquoy inscription as Gaelic ‘to/from Findacht, a friend’ or some such? Both nouns would be independent datives. A further possibility occurs to me. Anam, when used as a term of endearment, can be preceded by m’ < mo ‘my’ (e.g. Dillon 1970: l. 71). The occurrence of to, do ‘your’ (abbreviated to t’ before vowels) beside mo, m’ in hypocoristic names in the insular Celtic 04 Rodway 2017_1_17.indd 105 17-Jan-17 4:53:11 PM 106 Simon Rodway languages is well documented (see, e.g., Vendryes 1936; Evans 1970–2: 426; Jenkins and Owen 1984: 107; Zimmer 2007: 455–6). Rolf Baumgarten analyses these forms as having the force ‘X that you are’, i.e. ‘(dear) X that you (truly/uniquely) are’ (Baumgarten 1989: 102–5). Cf. Hiberno-English ‘your man’ calquing Irish mo dhuine. Could we here have T’ANIM as a variant of attested m’anam? In that case, the personal name would be VENDDAC, i.e. the attested Findach (O’Brien 1962: 643).11 How would this fit with comparable inscriptions? I am unaware of any other ogham inscriptions on spindle-whorls, although a spindle-whorl inscribed with ‘ogham-like’ marks was discovered at Burrian, North Ronaldsay, Orkney (MacGregor 1972–4: 92; Forsyth 1996: 509–10; cf. Padel 1972: 15).12 We do have some runic inscriptions on insular spindle-whorls, however. A Norse runic inscription on a spindle-whorl discovered somewhere in the Northern Isles of Scotland (exact provenance unknown) reads Gautr reist rúnar ‘Gautr wrote the runes’ (Liestøl 1984: 232; Forsyth 1995: 691; cf.
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  • Language, Politics and Identity in Ireland: a Historical Overview

    Language, Politics and Identity in Ireland: a Historical Overview

    This is a repository copy of Language, Politics and Identity in Ireland: a Historical Overview. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/98924/ Version: Accepted Version Book Section: Crowley, AE (2016) Language, Politics and Identity in Ireland: a Historical Overview. In: Hickey, R, (ed.) Sociolinguistics in Ireland. Palgrave Macmillan , London , pp. 198-217. ISBN 978-1-137-45347-1 Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Language, politics and identity in Ireland: a historical overview. Tony Crowley 1. Introduction. The Belfast Agreement (1998) brought about new constitutional arrangements between the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom, and a new structure of governance within Northern Ireland. Designed, amongst other aims, to end the war in Northern Ireland that had lasted almost thirty years, the agreement was arguably the most important political development within Ireland since the declaration of the Irish Republic in 1948.