•• 17 Appointment of Officials in L ~Ammukuo? 18 a Yes
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Japan Between the Wars
JAPAN BETWEEN THE WARS The Meiji era was not followed by as neat and logical a periodi- zation. The Emperor Meiji (his era name was conflated with his person posthumously) symbolized the changes of his period so perfectly that at his death in July 1912 there was a clear sense that an era had come to an end. His successor, who was assigned the era name Taisho¯ (Great Righteousness), was never well, and demonstrated such embarrassing indications of mental illness that his son Hirohito succeeded him as regent in 1922 and re- mained in that office until his father’s death in 1926, when the era name was changed to Sho¯wa. The 1920s are often referred to as the “Taisho¯ period,” but the Taisho¯ emperor was in nominal charge only until 1922; he was unimportant in life and his death was irrelevant. Far better, then, to consider the quarter century between the Russo-Japanese War and the outbreak of the Manchurian Incident of 1931 as the next era of modern Japanese history. There is overlap at both ends, with Meiji and with the resur- gence of the military, but the years in question mark important developments in every aspect of Japanese life. They are also years of irony and paradox. Japan achieved success in joining the Great Powers and reached imperial status just as the territo- rial grabs that distinguished nineteenth-century imperialism came to an end, and its image changed with dramatic swiftness from that of newly founded empire to stubborn advocate of imperial privilege. Its military and naval might approached world standards just as those standards were about to change, and not long before the disaster of World War I produced revul- sion from armament and substituted enthusiasm for arms limi- tations. -
Hirohito the Showa Emperor in War and Peace. Ikuhiko Hata.Pdf
00 Prelims H:Master Testpages Enigma 6/6/07 15:00 Page i HIROHITO: THE SHO¯ WA EMPEROR IN WAR AND PEACE 00 Prelims H:Master Testpages Enigma 6/6/07 15:00 Page ii General MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito photographed in the US Embassy, Tokyo, shortly after the start of the Occupation in September 1945. (See page 187) 00 Prelims H:Master Testpages Enigma 6/6/07 15:00 Page iii Hirohito: The Sho¯wa Emperor in War and Peace Ikuhiko Hata NIHON UNIVERSITY Edited by Marius B. Jansen GLOBAL ORIENTAL 00 Prelims H:Master Testpages Enigma 6/6/07 15:00 Page iv HIROHITO: THE SHO¯ WA EMPEROR IN WAR AND PEACE by Ikuhiko Hata Edited by Marius B. Jansen First published in 2007 by GLOBAL ORIENTAL LTD P.O. Box 219 Folkestone Kent CT20 2WP UK www.globaloriental.co.uk © Ikuhiko Hata, 2007 ISBN 978-1-905246-35-9 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the Publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue entry for this book is available from the British Library Set in Garamond 11 on 12.5 pt by Mark Heslington, Scarborough, North Yorkshire Printed and bound in England by Athenaeum Press, Gateshead, Tyne & Wear 00 Prelims H:Master Testpages Enigma 6/6/07 15:00 Page vi 00 Prelims H:Master Testpages Enigma 6/6/07 15:00 Page v Contents The Author and the Book vii Editor’s Preface -
The Move to Global War Japan 1931-1941
Timeline of Key Events - Paper 1 - The Move to Global War Japan 1931-1941 Revision Activities - Remembering the chronological order and specific dates is an important skill in IBDP History and can help you to organise the flow of events and how they are connected. Studied the timeline of key events below, taken from the IBDP specification, and test yourself often. Japanese Foreign Policy Events - Events related to International Cooperation and Collective Security - International Responses to Japanese Aggression 1853 July - Commodore Perry sails into Nagasaki harbour to open trade negotiations with the Japanese emperor 1854 31 March - Treaty of Kanagawa with the USA signed by Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu 1868 3 January - Meiji Restoration - Restoration of Meiji rule is declared. The Boshin War breaks out between forces of the ex-Tokugawa Shogun and Imperial Court. 1873 Mass conscription is introduced 1874 1 February - Meirokusha (Meiji 6 Society) is formed to promote what is called ‘civilisation and enlightenment’ through its social-criticism journal ‘Meiroku Zasshi’ 1877 29 January - The Satsuma Rebellion of disaffected Samurai begins. By September, its leader, Saigo Takamori, committed suicide ending the last and most serious uprising against the new Meiji government 1881 Gen'yōsha (Dark/Black Ocean Society) founded in Japan as an ultranationalist secret political and social group. It used criminal means to achieve its ends, believing in Pan-Asianism and called for increasing Japanese influence over mainland Asia. 1882 4 January - The Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors is published. Established the principle of absolute loyalty to the Emperor, and banned soldiers from expressing political opinions or comments on imperial policy 1889 11 February - The Emperor promulgates the Constitution of the Empire of Japan providing Japan with a constitutional monarchy on the Prussian model. -
Japan-Republic of China Relations Under US Hegemony: a Genealogy of ‘Returning Virtue for Malice’
Japan-Republic of China Relations under US Hegemony: A genealogy of ‘returning virtue for malice’ Joji Kijima Department of Politics and International Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2005 ProQuest Number: 10673194 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10673194 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Abstract Japan-Republic of China relations under US hegemony: A genealogy of ‘returning virtue for malice’ Much of Chiang Kai-shek’s ‘returning virtue for malice’ (yide baoyuan ) postwar Japan policy remains to be examined. This thesis mainly shows how the discourse of ‘returning virtue for malice’ facilitated Japan’s diplomatic recognition of the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan during the Cold War era. More conceptually, this study re- conceptualizes foreign policy as discourse—that of moral reciprocity—as it sheds light on the question of recognition as well as the consensual aspect of hegemony. By adopting a genealogical approach, this discourse analysis thus traces the descent and emergence of the ‘returning virtue for malice’ trope while it examines its discursive effect on Tokyo’s recognition of Taipei under American hegemony. -
Rebellion and Defiance in the Japanese Army, 1860-1931
Culture of Disobedience: Rebellion and Defiance in the Japanese Army, 1860-1931 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Orbach, Dan. 2015. Culture of Disobedience: Rebellion and Defiance in the Japanese Army, 1860-1931. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467476 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Culture of Disobedience: Rebellion and Defiance in the Japanese Army, 1860-1931 A dissertation presented by Dan Orbach to The History Department, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts May 15th, 2015 © 2015 Dan Orbach All rights reserved Dissertation Advisor: Professor Andrew D. Gordon Dan Orbach Culture of Disobedience: Rebellion and Defiance in the Japanese Army, 1860-1931 Abstract Imperial Japanese soldiers were notorious for following their superiors to certain death. Their enemies in the Pacific War perceived their obedience as blind, and derided them as “cattle”. Yet the Japanese Army was arguably one of the most disobedient armies in the world. Officers repeatedly staged coups d’états, violent insurrections and political assassinations, while their associates defied orders given by both the government and high command, launched independent military operations against other countries, and in two notorious cases conspired to assassinate foreign leaders. -
Imperial Japanese Justice and Right-Wing Terrorists, 1878–1936
DOI: 10.4312/as.2018.6.2.129-156 129 Pure Spirits: Imperial Japanese Justice and Right-Wing Terrorists, 1878–1936 Danny ORBACH*19 Abstract Why was the legal system in 1930s Japan so friendly to right-wing offenders, even when they tried to assassinate leading statesmen and generals? The answer is intertwined with a cultural narrative defined here as “subjectivism”, that assigned vital importance to a crim- inal’s subjective state of mind when evaluating his or her transgressions. Though influ- enced by Western thought, this narrative was indigenous to Japan. It originated in the late Edo period, shortly prior to the establishment of the Meiji State in 1868, under specific historical circumstances and was later reinforced by the policy of the early Meiji State. Consequently, it pervaded education, politics and popular discourse alike, in the civilian sphere and even more so in the army. Until the early 1920s, this trend had a relatively modest influence on the Japanese justice system. It then began to gain traction in military courts dealing with political crimes of army personnel. From 1932 it influenced civilian courts as well, though civilian judges were rela- tively more reluctant to accept it than their military peers. After a peak in the mid-1930s, it again receded into the background, following the abortive coup d’état of February 26, 1936. Keywords: Modern Japan, Japanese law, legal history, subjectivism, political terrorism Nepokvarjeni duhovi: pravosodje v Japonskem cesarstvu in desničarski ter- oristi med letoma 1878 in 1936 Izvleček Zakaj je bil japonski pravni sistem v tridesetih letih 20. -
"Japan Review" Is Available
Vol.1 No.1 Fall 2017 APAN ISSN 2433-4456 REVIEW The History of Asia in the 20th Century ‒The Origins of Prosperity and Stability‒ THE JAPAN INSTITUTE OF Preface INTERNATIONAL Yoshiji Nogami AFFAIRS The History of Asia in the 20th Century -The Origins of Prosperity and Stability- Akihiko Tanaka History as a Barrier to Charting a Better Future Brahma Chellaney History and Memory Issues: A Comparative Study of the Treatment of the Colonial Period in France and Japan Valerie Niquet History and Diplomacy: Perspective From Japan Nobukatsu Kanehara THE JAPAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The Japan Institute of International Affairs (JIIA), founded in 1959, is an independent nonpartisan policy thinktank specializing in foreign affairs and security policy. On top of a wide range of research programs, the institute promotes dialogues and joint studies with other institutions and experts at home and abroad, and makes foreign policy proposals to the government, and disseminates information on international relations to the public. The institute, together with a large network of afliated scholars, aims to serve as an indispensable resource on international affairs in a complex world. Publisher : Yoshiji Nogami, President, JIIA Editor in Chief : Yasutaka Miyazawa, Director of Research Coordination, JIIA The opinions expressed in the articles in Japan Review do not necessarily reflect the opinions or positions of the Japan Institute of International Affairs. No article or any part thereof may be reproduced without the express permission of JIIA. -
Road to War” Given by Prime Minister Asia Abe in His Statement of 14 August 2015
The Official Position, 2015 • Using Socrative, let’s think more carefully about the History Issue in East explanation of the “road to war” given by Prime Minister Asia Abe in his statement of 14 August 2015. • Let’s read some commentaries on it: Week 2: The Road to War • Tessa Morris-Suzuki • Tokyo Foundation Round Table • A Korean Newspaper © Philip Seaton, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, 2018. © Philip Seaton, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, 2018. 1 2 The “Road to War” The “Road to War” 1853 & 1854 Perry’s Black Ships 1884 Gapsin Coup (Korea) Late 1850s Unequal treaties and opening of Japan 1889 Meiji Constitution Early 1860s Domestic terror and political violence 1894 Tonghak Rebellion, First Sino-Japanese War 1867 Taisei hokan: Return of power to the emperor 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki, Japan gains Taiwan 1868-9 Boshin War 1895 Triple intervention (Japan returns Liaodung peninsula) 1869 Annexation of Ezochi (creation of Hokkaido) 1900 Boxer Rebellion 1873 Seikanron, subjugate Korea debate 1902 Anglo-Japanese Alliance 1874 Taiwan Expedition 1904-5 Russo-Japanese War 1875 Kanghwa Incident (1876, Treaty of Kanghwa) 1877 Satsuma Rebellion 1905 Korea becomes a Japanese protectorate, Japan gains Karafuto 1879 Annexation of Ryukyu (Okinawa) 1910 Annexation of Korea © Philip Seaton, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, 2018. © Philip Seaton, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, 2018. 3 4 The “Road to War” The “Road to War” 1914 World War I: Japan captures Tsingtao and Pacific Islands 1931 Manchurian Incident 1915 The Twenty-one Demands -
The Economic Development of Japan
The Economic Development of Japan The Path Traveled by Japan as a Developing Country Kenichi Ohno Translated from Kenichi Ohno, Tojokoku Nippon no Ayumi: Edo kara Heisei madeno Keizai Hatten (The Path Traveled by Japan as a Developing Country: Economic Growth from Edo to Heisei), Yuhikaku Publishing Co. Ltd., Tokyo, 2005. Copyright © 2006 by GRIPS Development Forum GRIPS Development Forum National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies 7-22-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-8677, Japan Phone: 81-3-6439-6000 Fax: 81-3-6439-6010 Email: [email protected] I would like to thank my students at GRIPS for giving me the opportunity to write this book, and Ms. Azko Hayashida for compiling the English edition. Contents ————————————————— Preface to the English Edition Foreword to the Japanese Edition Chapter 1 Modernization for Latecomers ······ 1 Chapter 2 The Edo Period: Pre-conditions for Industrialization ······ 21 Chapter 3 Meiji (1): Key Goals of the New Government ······ 39 Chapter 4 Meiji (2): Importing and Absorbing Technology ······ 55 Chapter 5 Meiji (3): Development of Major Industries ······ 71 Chapter 6 Meiji (4): Budget, Finance and the Macroeconomy ······ 85 Chapter 7 World War I and the 1920s: Export-led Boom and Recession ······ 99 Chapter 8 The Showa Financial Crisis of 1927 ······ 113 Chapter 9 The 1930s and the War Economy ······ 125 Chapter 10 Postwar Recovery, 1945-49 ······ 143 Chapter 11 The High Growth Era ······ 161 Chapter 12 Economic Maturity and Slowdown ······ 183 Chapter 13 The Bubble Burst and Recession ······ 199 Final Exams ······ 217 Questions Asked by Students ······ 221 References ······ 233 Preface to the English Edition Materials contained in this book were initially made available on the English- language website for a Master’s program at the National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS) in Tokyo. -
World War I and the 1920S: Export-Led Boom and Recession
World War I and the 1920s: Export-led Boom and Recession Taisho Democracy – An open-air speech meeting demanding universal suffrage in Ueno Park, 1919. Chapter 7 1. Impact of World War I When the First World War erupted in July 1914, its consequences for the Japanese economy were at first uncertain. As the European major powers began to fight each other, their international trade was suspended, which meant that Europe could no longer supply textiles, machinery and chemicals to the rest of the world. It was feared that Japanese investment would be adversely affect- ed. In reality, Japan did experience severe shortages of high-quality machines and industrial materials as domestic demand for them surged. But it soon became clear that WW1 would bring a huge bonanza to the Japanese economy, at least in the short run, because of the sudden increase in global demand for Japanese products. An enormous export-led boom was generated because global demand shifted from Europe to Japan and also because the US economy was expanding. Japanese manufactured products were still of inferior quality but could substitute for European products which now became unavailable. The Japanese macroeconomy, which previously faced a mounting trade deficit and gold reserve loss, was greatly stimulated by this sharp rise in foreign demand. During WW1, the domestic price level more than doubled and real GNP surged, with an estimated annual growth close to 10 percent. In terms of GNP expenditure, exports rose, imports were slightly suppressed, investment only moderately increased and with a lag (due to the shortage of machinery), and private consumption fell (Figure 7-1). -
Post-War Korean Conservatism, Japanese Statism, and the Legacy of President Park Chung-Hee in South Korea
Post-War Korean Conservatism, Japanese Statism, and the Legacy of President Park Chung-hee in South Korea Minji Jeong and Youseop Shin Former President Park Chung-hee ruled South Korea from 1961 to 1979. During this period, his ideas were deeply engraved in Korean society. Even in the present day, his conservative ideas are a source of continuing controver- sy. To understand conservative ideas and ideological disputes between con- servatism and progressivism in Korea, it is important to objectively understand Park’s ideas. To this end, we analyze his ideas in relation to Japanese statism. We do not intend to resolve the long-standing controversies over whether Park was pro-Japan during the colonial period or whether his ideas and poli- cies benefited Korea. Nor do we intend to evaluate his ideas in a wholly neg- ative light by arguing that they were influenced by Japanese statism. Various legitimate stances can be taken toward statism, in general, and Park’s ideas, in particular, and it is not our purpose to evaluate these stances. In this article, we show that there is a resemblance between conservative characteristics of Japanese statism—a mixture of militarism, elitism, and physiocracy—and Park’s ideas and his policies. Key Words: Korean conservatism, Japanese statism, European fascism, progres- sivism, Park Chung-hee *Minji Jeong([email protected]) received M.A. in Social Sciences from the University of Chicago and M.A. in Political Science from Yonsei University. She served as a Political and Economic Analyst at the Korean Embassy in Rwanda and a Researcher at the Yonsei Institute for North Korean Studies. -
LCSH Section J
J (Computer program language) J.G.L. Collection (Australia) J. R. (Fictitious character : Bell) (Not Subd Geog) BT Object-oriented programming languages BT Painting—Private collections—Australia UF J. R. Weatherford (Fictitious character) J (Locomotive) (Not Subd Geog) J.G. Strijdomdam (South Africa) Weatherford, J. R. (Fictitious character) BT Locomotives USE Pongolapoort Dam (South Africa) Weatherford, James Royce (Fictitious J & R Landfill (Ill.) J. Hampton Robb Residence (New York, N.Y.) character) UF J and R Landfill (Ill.) USE James Hampden and Cornelia Van Rensselaer J. R. Weatherford (Fictitious character) J&R Landfill (Ill.) Robb House (New York, N.Y.) USE J. R. (Fictitious character : Bell) BT Sanitary landfills—Illinois J. Herbert W. Small Federal Building and United States J’rai (Southeast Asian people) J. & W. Seligman and Company Building (New York, Courthouse (Elizabeth City, N.C.) USE Jarai (Southeast Asian people) N.Y.) UF Small Federal Building and United States J. Roy Rowland Federal Courthouse (Dublin, Ga.) USE Banca Commerciale Italiana Building (New Courthouse (Elizabeth City, N.C.) USE J. Roy Rowland United States Courthouse York, N.Y.) BT Courthouses—North Carolina (Dublin, Ga.) J 29 (Jet fighter plane) Public buildings—North Carolina J. Roy Rowland United States Courthouse (Dublin, Ga.) USE Saab 29 (Jet fighter plane) J-holomorphic curves UF J. Roy Rowland Federal Courthouse (Dublin, J.A. Ranch (Tex.) USE Pseudoholomorphic curves Ga.) BT Ranches—Texas J. I. Case tractors Rowland United States Courthouse (Dublin, J. Alfred Prufrock (Fictitious character) USE Case tractors Ga.) USE Prufrock, J. Alfred (Fictitious character) J.J. Glessner House (Chicago, Ill.) BT Courthouses—Georgia J and R Landfill (Ill.) USE Glessner House (Chicago, Ill.) J-Sharp (Computer program language) USE J & R Landfill (Ill.) J.J.