Thermostable Enzymes As Biocatalysts in the Biofuel Industry
CHAPTER 1 Thermostable Enzymes as Biocatalysts in the Biofuel Industry Carl J. Yeoman,*,# Yejun Han,*,† Dylan Dodd,*,†,‡ Charles M. Schroeder,*,†,},} Roderick I. Mackie,*,†,# ,†,‡,#,1 and Isaac K. O. Cann* Contents I. Introduction 2 II. Thermostable Cellulases 5 A. Exoglucanases 7 B. Endoglucanases 11 C. Glucosidases and cellodextrinases 15 III. Thermostable Hemicellulases 19 A. Xylanases 19 B. Xylosidases 25 C. Glucuronidases 26 D. Endoarabinanases 27 E. a-L-Arabinofuranosidases 28 F. Esterases 30 G. Mannanases, mannosidases, and other auxiliary enzymes 32 IV. Structural Basis for Thermostability 35 V. Improving Thermostability and Biotechnological Applicability 36 * Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA { Energy Biosciences Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA { Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA } Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA } Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA # Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA 1 Corresponding author. Advances in Applied Microbiology, Volume 70 # 2010 Elsevier Inc. ISSN 0065-2164, DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2164(10)70001-0 All rights reserved. 1 2 Carl J. Yeoman et al. VI. Discussion and Future Prospects 38 Acknowledgments 40 References 40 Abstract Lignocellulose is the most abundant carbohydrate source in nature and represents an ideal renewable energy source. Thermostable enzymes that hydrolyze lignocellulose to its component sugars have significant advantages for improving the conversion rate of biomass over their mesophilic counterparts. We review here the recent literature on the development and use of thermostable enzymes for the depolymerization of lignocellulosic feedstocks for biofuel production.
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