Ipv6-Only Deployment in Broadband and Cellular Networks Ipv4 As-A-Service
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Accelerating Adoption of Ipv6
Accelerating Adoption of IPv6 LUDVIG AHLINDER and ANDERS ERIKSSON KTH Information and Communication Technology Degree project in Communication Systems First level, 15.0 HEC Stockholm, Sweden Accelerating Adoption of IPv6 Ludvig Ahlinder and Anders Eriksson 2011.05.17 Mentor and Examiner: Prof. Gerald Q. Maguire Jr School of Information and Communications Technology Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Stockholm, Sweden Abstract It has long been known that the number of unique IPv4-addresses would be exhausted because of the rapid expansion of the Internet and because countries such as China and India are becoming more and more connected to the rest of the world. IPv6 is a new version of the Internet Protocol which is supposed to succeed the old version, IPv4, in providing more addresses and new services. The biggest challenge of information and communication technology (ICT) today is to transition from IPv4 to IPv6. The purpose of this thesis is to accelerate the adoption of IPv6 by highlighting the benefits of it compared to IPv4. Although the need for more IP-addresses is the most urgent incentive for the transition to IPv6, other factors also exist. IPv6 offers many improvements to IPv4 which are necessary for the continued expansion of Internet-based applications and services. Some argue that we do not need to transition to IPv6 as the problems with IPv4, mainly the address- shortage, can be solved in other ways. One of the methods of doing this is by extending the use of Network Address Translators (NATs), but the majority of experts and specialists believe that NATs should not be seen as a long-term solution. -
INTERNET ADDRESSING: MEASURING DEPLOYMENT of Ipv6
INTERNET ADDRESSING: MEASURING DEPLOYMENT OF IPv6 APRIL 2010 2 FOREWORD FOREWORD This report provides an overview of several indicators and data sets for measuring IPv6 deployment. This report was prepared by Ms. Karine Perset of the OECD‟s Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry. The Working Party on Communication Infrastructures and Services Policy (CISP) recommended, at its meeting in December 2009, forwarding the document to the Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy (ICCP) for declassification. The ICCP Committee agreed to make the document publicly available in March 2010. Experts from the Internet Technical Advisory Committee to the ICCP Committee (ITAC) and the Business and Industry Advisory Committee to the OECD (BIAC) have provided comments, suggestions, and contributed significantly to the data in this report. Special thanks are to be given to Geoff Huston from APNIC and Leo Vegoda from ICANN on behalf of ITAC/the NRO, Patrick Grossetete from ArchRock, Martin Levy from Hurricane Electric, Google and the IPv6 Forum for providing data, analysis and comments for this report. This report was originally issued under the code DSTI/ICCP/CISP(2009)17/FINAL. Issued under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the OECD member countries. ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. -
The Internet in Transition: the State of the Transition to Ipv6 in Today's
Please cite this paper as: OECD (2014-04-03), “The Internet in Transition: The State of the Transition to IPv6 in Today's Internet and Measures to Support the Continued Use of IPv4”, OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 234, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jz5sq5d7cq2-en OECD Digital Economy Papers No. 234 The Internet in Transition: The State of the Transition to IPv6 in Today's Internet and Measures to Support the Continued Use of IPv4 OECD FOREWORD This report was presented to the OECD Working Party on Communication, Infrastructures and Services Policy (CISP) in June 2013. The Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy (ICCP) approved this report in December 2013 and recommended that it be made available to the general public. It was prepared by Geoff Huston, Chief Scientist at the Asia Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC). The report is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. Note to Delegations: This document is also available on OLIS under reference code: DSTI/ICCP/CISP(2012)8/FINAL © OECD 2014 THE INTERNET IN TRANSITION: THE STATE OF THE TRANSITION TO IPV6 IN TODAY'S INTERNET AND MEASURES TO SUPPORT THE CONTINUED USE OF IPV4 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................................... 2 THE INTERNET IN TRANSITION: THE STATE OF THE TRANSITION TO IPV6 IN TODAY'S INTERNET AND MEASURES TO SUPPORT THE CONTINUED USE OF IPV4 .......................... 4 -
Ipv6 in Mobile Networks APRICOT 2016 – February 2016
IPv6 in Mobile Networks APRICOT 2016 – February 2016 Telstra Unrestricted Introduction Sunny Yeung - Senior Technology Specialist, Telstra Wireless Network Engineering Technical Lead for Wireless IPv6 deployment Wireless Mobile IP Edge/Core Architect Telstra Unrestricted | IPv6 in Mobile Networks | Sunny Yeung | 02/2016 | 2 Agenda 1. Why IPv6 in Mobile Networks? 2. IPv6 – it’s here. Really. 3. Wireless Network Architectures 4. 464XLAT – Saviour? Or the devil in disguise? 5. Solution Testing and Results 6. Conclusion 7. Q&A Telstra Unrestricted | IPv6 in Mobile Networks | Sunny Yeung | 02/2016 | 3 Why IPv6 in Mobile Networks? Why IPv6 in Mobile Networks? • Exponential Growth in mobile data traffic and user equipment • Network readiness for Internet-of-Things • IPv4 public address depletion • IPv4 private address depletion • Offload the NAT44 architecture • VoLTE/IMS Remember – IPv6 should be invisible to the end-user Telstra Unrestricted | IPv6 in Mobile Networks | Sunny Yeung | 02/2016 | 5 IPv6 It’s Here. Really. IPv6 Global Traffic The world according to Google Source - https://www.google.com/intl/en/ipv6/statistics.html Telstra Unrestricted | IPv6 in Mobile Networks | Sunny Yeung | 02/2016 | 7 Carrier Examples SP1 SP2 / SP3 SP4 Dual-Stack SS+NAT64+DNS64+CLAT SS/DS+NAT64+DNS-HD +CLAT 1. Every carrier will have a unique set of circumstances that dictates which transition method they will use. There is no standard way of doing this. 2. You must determine which is the best method for your network. In any method, remember to ensure you have a long-term strategy for the eventual deployment of native Single Stack IPv6! Telstra Unrestricted | IPv6 in Mobile Networks | Sunny Yeung | 02/2016 | 8 IPv4 reality – from a business perspective 1. -
Evolution of Mobile Networks and Ipv6
Evolution of Mobile Networks and IPv6 Miwa Fujii <[email protected]> APNIC, Senior Advisor Internet Development 25th April 2014 APEC TEL49 Yangzhou, China Issue Date: [25/04/2014] Revision: [3] Overview • Growth path of the Internet – Asia Pacific region • Evolution of mobile networks • IPv6 deployment in mobile networks: Case study • IPv6 deployment status update • IPv6 in mobile networks: way forward 2 Growth path of the Internet The next wave of Internet growth • The Internet has experienced phenomenal growth in the last 20 years – 16 million users in 1995 and 2.8 billion users in 2013 • And the Internet is still growing: Research indicates that by 2017, there will be about 3.6 billion Internet users – Over 40% of the world’s projected population (7.6 billion) • The next wave of Internet growth will have a much larger impact on the fundamental nature of the Internet – It is coming from mobile networks http://www.allaboutmarketresearch.com/internet.htm 4 Internet development in AP region: Internet users 100.00 Internet Users (per 100 inhabitants) New Zealand, 89.51 90.00 Canada, 86.77 Korea, 84.10 Australia, 82.35 80.00 United States, 81.03 Japan, 79.05 Chinese Taipei, 75.99 Singapore, 74.18 70.00 Hong Kong, China, 72.80 Malaysia, 65.80 Chile, 61.42 60.00 Brunei Darussalam, 60.27 Russia, 53.27 50.00 China, 42.30 Viet Nam, 39.49 40.00 Mexico, 38.42 Peru, 38.20 The Philippines, 36.24 30.00 Thailand, 26.50 20.00 Indonesia, 15.36 10.00 Papua New Guinea, 2.30 0.00 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 http://statistics.apec.org/ 5 Internet -
Performance Analysis and Comparison of 6To4 Relay Implementations
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 4, No. 9, 2013 Performance Analysis and Comparison of 6to4 Relay Implementations Gábor Lencse Sándor Répás Department of Telecommunications Department of Telecommunications Széchenyi István University Széchenyi István University Győr, Hungary Győr, Hungary Abstract—the depletion of the public IPv4 address pool may delegated the last five “/8” IPv4 address blocks to the five speed up the deployment of IPv6. The coexistence of the two Regional Internet Registries in 2011 [3]. Therefore an versions of IP requires some transition mechanisms. One of them important upcoming coexistence issue is the problem of an is 6to4 which provides a solution for the problem of an IPv6 IPv6 only client and an IPv4 only server, because internet capable device in an IPv4 only environment. From among the service providers (ISPs) can still supply the relatively small several 6to4 relay implementations, the following ones were number of new servers with IPv4 addresses from their own selected for testing: sit under Linux, stf under FreeBSD and stf pool but the huge number of new clients can get IPv6 addresses under NetBSD. Their stability and performance were investigat- only. DNS64 [4] and NAT64 [5] are the best available ed in a test network. The increasing measure of the load of the techniques that make it possible for an IPv6 only client to 6to4 relay implementations was set by incrementing the number communicate with an IPv4 only server. Another very important of the client computers that provided the traffic. The packet loss and the response time of the 6to4 relay as well as the CPU coexistence issue comes from the case when the ISP does not utilization and the memory consumption of the computer support IPv6 but the clients do and they would like to running the tested 6to4 relay implementations were measured. -
Empirical Analysis of the Effects and the Mitigation of Ipv4 Address Exhaustion
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN FAKULTÄT FÜR ELEKTROTECHNIK UND INFORMATIK LEHRSTUHL FÜR INTELLIGENTE NETZE UND MANAGEMENT VERTEILTER SYSTEME Empirical Analysis of the Effects and the Mitigation of IPv4 Address Exhaustion vorgelegt von M.Sc. Philipp Richter geboren in Berlin von der Fakultät IV – Elektrotechnik und Informatik der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades DOKTOR DER NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN -DR. RER. NAT.- genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Sebastian Möller, Technische Universität Berlin Gutachterin: Prof. Anja Feldmann, Ph.D., Technische Universität Berlin Gutachter: Prof. Vern Paxson, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley Gutachter: Prof. Steve Uhlig, Ph.D., Queen Mary University of London Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 2. August 2017 Berlin 2017 Abstract IP addresses are essential resources for communication over the Internet. In IP version 4, an address is represented by 32 bits in the IPv4 header; hence there is a finite pool of roughly 4B addresses available. The Internet now faces a fundamental resource scarcity problem: The exhaustion of the available IPv4 address space. In 2011, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) depleted its pool of available IPv4 addresses. IPv4 scarcity is now reality. In the subsequent years, IPv4 address scarcity has started to put substantial economic pressure on the networks that form the Internet. The pools of available IPv4 addresses are mostly depleted and today network operators have to find new ways to satisfy their ongoing demand for IPv4 addresses. Mitigating IPv4 scarcity is not optional, but mandatory: Networks facing address shortage have to take action in order to be able to accommodate additional subscribers and customers. Thus, if not confronted, IPv4 scarcity has the potential to hinder further growth of the Internet. -
Deploying Ipv6 in Fixed and Mobile Broadband Access Networks
Deploying IPv6 in Fixed and Mobile Broadband Access Networks Tomás Lynch – Ericsson Jordi Palet Mar8nez – Consulintel Ariel Weher – LACNOG Agenda (1/2) • IPv6 in Broadband Networks – Where are we? • IPv6 TransiHon Mechanisms for Broadband Networks • IPv6 Prefix Assignment • Deployment of IPv6 in Mobile Broadband Networks • Deployment of IPv6 in PPPoE & IPoE Networks • Deployment of IPv6 in Cable Networks Agenda (2/2) • Current IPv6 Deployments in Broadband Access Networks • Other Systems Involved in IPv6 Deployment • IPv6 TransiHon Planning • Useful Documents • Conclusions IPv6 in Broadband Networks Where Are We? IPv4 Yes, the IPv4 pool IPv4 with NAT But we can use IPv4 and NAT!!! Yeah, right … IPv6 Why IPv6? Move to IPv6 Now! New Business Operaonal OpportuniHes Needs Allows continuous growth Simplify service of Internet business providers operations Ready for Cloud and M2M IPv4 Address (moving towards 50 billion) Depletion Increasing government New business models regulations requiring IPv6 deployment IPv6 Readiness – No Excuses! › Laptops, pads, mobile phones, dongles, CPEs: Ready! – OS: 90% of all Operating systems are IPv6 capable – Browsers are ready! – Mobile devices: Android, IOS6, LTE devices are ready! – Mobile Apps: More than 85% with IPv6 support – CPEs: More than 45% support IPv6 IPv6 Traffic is Growing – No Excuses! In LACNIC23, May 2015 • Peru 13% • World 6% Source: Google IPv6 StasHcs - 8/16/2015 So ISP what are you doing? • You may have IPv6 in your backbone: – Dual stack backbone, 6PE, 6VPE – Easy stuff! • Loopbacks, IGP (yes, ISIS is great), we love to configure BGP! – If not, what are you waiHng for? • What about your customers? – Mobile broadband: customers change their phone more quickly than their clothes, easy stuff but those GGSN licenses are killing me. -
IGF 2016 Best Practice Forum on Ipv6 'Understanding the Commercial And
Fall 08 IGF 2016 Best Practice Forum on IPv6 ‘Understanding the commercial and economic incentives behind a successful IPv6 deployment’ Editor Wim Degezelle January 2017 IGF 2016 Best Practice Forum on IPv6 ‘Understanding the commercial and economic incentives behind a successful IPv6 deployment’ Table of contents Table of contents ......................................................................................................................................... 2 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................... 3 Glossary of Terms ....................................................................................................................................... 5 1. Introduction & Background ................................................................................................................ 7 1.1. About the IGF & BPFs ..................................................................................................................................... 7 1.2. Scope and Goal of the 2016 BPF ................................................................................................................. 7 2. Why deploy IPv6? ................................................................................................................................ 10 2.1. The Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) ..................................................................................................... 10 2.2. Why Adopt IPv6? -
Ipv6 Deployment – Ipv4 Lifetime Exhaustion Sooner Than Expected?
IPv6 Deployment – IPv4 lifetime Exhaustion sooner than expected? Tony Hain Cisco Systems - Technical Leader IPv6 Forum Fellow [email protected] Session Number Presentation_ID © 2003 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Distribution of IPv4 addresses by /8 Central 93 ARIN 23 RIPE NCC 19 APNIC 16 LACNIC 4 AfriNIC 1 Defined 4 Multicast 16 Experimental 16 IANA - Pool 25% remaining 64 0 102030405060708090100 IANA allocated 22 /8’s between Jan. 1, 2004 and Jul. 1, 2005 Presentation_ID © 2003 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 222 Allocation of IPv4 /8 blocks per month by IANA 7 6 5 IANA Allocations to RIR's 4 Raw /8 allocations per month 3 2 1 Presentation_ID 0 Jan-95 Jan-96 Jan-97 © 2003 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 333 Allocation of IPv4 /8 blocks per month by IANA IANA Allocations to RIR's Sliding-window 6 month geo-mean scale normalized to current 1 per month 2.50000 2.00000 1.50000 1.00000 0.50000 0.00000 Sep-95 Sep-96 Sep-97 Sep-98 Sep-99 Sep-00 Sep-01 Sep-02 Sep-03 Sep-04 Sep-05 Sep-06 Presentation_ID © 2003 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 444 Allocation of IPv4 /8 blocks per month by IANA 2.75 3 2.5 2.25 IANA Allocations to RIR's 1.75 2 Sliding-window 12 month average 1.5 1.25 0.75 1 0.5 0.25 0 Presentation_ID Jan-95 Jan-96 Jan-97 Jan-98 © 2003 Cisco Systems, Inc. -
Guidelines for the Secure Deployment of Ipv6
Special Publication 800-119 Guidelines for the Secure Deployment of IPv6 Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Sheila Frankel Richard Graveman John Pearce Mark Rooks NIST Special Publication 800-119 Guidelines for the Secure Deployment of IPv6 Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Sheila Frankel Richard Graveman John Pearce Mark Rooks C O M P U T E R S E C U R I T Y Computer Security Division Information Technology Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8930 December 2010 U.S. Department of Commerce Gary Locke, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology Dr. Patrick D. Gallagher, Director GUIDELINES FOR THE SECURE DEPLOYMENT OF IPV6 Reports on Computer Systems Technology The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leadership for the nation’s measurement and standards infrastructure. ITL develops tests, test methods, reference data, proof of concept implementations, and technical analysis to advance the development and productive use of information technology. ITL’s responsibilities include the development of technical, physical, administrative, and management standards and guidelines for the cost-effective security and privacy of sensitive unclassified information in Federal computer systems. This Special Publication 800-series reports on ITL’s research, guidance, and outreach efforts in computer security and its collaborative activities with industry, government, and academic organizations. National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 800-119 Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 800-119, 188 pages (Dec. 2010) Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. -
Deploy CGN to Retain Ipv4 Addressing While Transitioning to Ipv6
White Paper Deploy CGN to Retain IPv4 Addressing While Transitioning to IPv6 The IANA ran out of IPv4 addresses to allocate in February 2011, and the Regional Internet Registries (RIR) will have assigned most of their addresses by the end of 2011. The world is faced with the fundamental problem of IPv4 address space exhaustion. There is a huge demand for IP addresses resulting from the explosive growth of mobile devices, including smartphones, portable gaming consoles, tablets, laptops and netbooks, and machine-to- machine modules. Figure 1 shows the expected growth in mobile phones alone. The number of mobile subscribers is expected to be 4.5 billion by 2014. Figure 1. Expected Mobile Phone Growth (in Millions) (Source: IDC) Preserve IPv4 Addressing with CGN Service providers are looking for ways to extend the use of the IPv4 addresses they have during their transition to IPv6. IPv4 addresses are still valid and ubiquitous, and not everyone is using IPv6 yet, so the two addressing schemes will coexist for a long time. Although new IPv4 addresses are not available, there is a short-term alternative that ensures your business continuity. That alternative is Carrier Grade NAT (CGN), a solution that service providers can employ today to extend their use of IPv4 addresses. The extension is achieved in two ways: IPv4 addresses are extended because they are translated from many private addresses to one public address. The extension is also a time extension–-service providers can continue using IPv4-only networks for a while. Cisco’s approach to help customers as they transition to IPv6 is to “Preserve, Prepare and Prosper.” CGN helps customers “Preserve” the present mode of operation.