Deploy CGN to Retain Ipv4 Addressing While Transitioning to Ipv6
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Internet in Transition: the State of the Transition to Ipv6 in Today's
Please cite this paper as: OECD (2014-04-03), “The Internet in Transition: The State of the Transition to IPv6 in Today's Internet and Measures to Support the Continued Use of IPv4”, OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 234, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jz5sq5d7cq2-en OECD Digital Economy Papers No. 234 The Internet in Transition: The State of the Transition to IPv6 in Today's Internet and Measures to Support the Continued Use of IPv4 OECD FOREWORD This report was presented to the OECD Working Party on Communication, Infrastructures and Services Policy (CISP) in June 2013. The Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy (ICCP) approved this report in December 2013 and recommended that it be made available to the general public. It was prepared by Geoff Huston, Chief Scientist at the Asia Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC). The report is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. Note to Delegations: This document is also available on OLIS under reference code: DSTI/ICCP/CISP(2012)8/FINAL © OECD 2014 THE INTERNET IN TRANSITION: THE STATE OF THE TRANSITION TO IPV6 IN TODAY'S INTERNET AND MEASURES TO SUPPORT THE CONTINUED USE OF IPV4 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................................... 2 THE INTERNET IN TRANSITION: THE STATE OF THE TRANSITION TO IPV6 IN TODAY'S INTERNET AND MEASURES TO SUPPORT THE CONTINUED USE OF IPV4 .......................... 4 -
Performance Analysis and Comparison of 6To4 Relay Implementations
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 4, No. 9, 2013 Performance Analysis and Comparison of 6to4 Relay Implementations Gábor Lencse Sándor Répás Department of Telecommunications Department of Telecommunications Széchenyi István University Széchenyi István University Győr, Hungary Győr, Hungary Abstract—the depletion of the public IPv4 address pool may delegated the last five “/8” IPv4 address blocks to the five speed up the deployment of IPv6. The coexistence of the two Regional Internet Registries in 2011 [3]. Therefore an versions of IP requires some transition mechanisms. One of them important upcoming coexistence issue is the problem of an is 6to4 which provides a solution for the problem of an IPv6 IPv6 only client and an IPv4 only server, because internet capable device in an IPv4 only environment. From among the service providers (ISPs) can still supply the relatively small several 6to4 relay implementations, the following ones were number of new servers with IPv4 addresses from their own selected for testing: sit under Linux, stf under FreeBSD and stf pool but the huge number of new clients can get IPv6 addresses under NetBSD. Their stability and performance were investigat- only. DNS64 [4] and NAT64 [5] are the best available ed in a test network. The increasing measure of the load of the techniques that make it possible for an IPv6 only client to 6to4 relay implementations was set by incrementing the number communicate with an IPv4 only server. Another very important of the client computers that provided the traffic. The packet loss and the response time of the 6to4 relay as well as the CPU coexistence issue comes from the case when the ISP does not utilization and the memory consumption of the computer support IPv6 but the clients do and they would like to running the tested 6to4 relay implementations were measured. -
Empirical Analysis of the Effects and the Mitigation of Ipv4 Address Exhaustion
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN FAKULTÄT FÜR ELEKTROTECHNIK UND INFORMATIK LEHRSTUHL FÜR INTELLIGENTE NETZE UND MANAGEMENT VERTEILTER SYSTEME Empirical Analysis of the Effects and the Mitigation of IPv4 Address Exhaustion vorgelegt von M.Sc. Philipp Richter geboren in Berlin von der Fakultät IV – Elektrotechnik und Informatik der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades DOKTOR DER NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN -DR. RER. NAT.- genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Sebastian Möller, Technische Universität Berlin Gutachterin: Prof. Anja Feldmann, Ph.D., Technische Universität Berlin Gutachter: Prof. Vern Paxson, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley Gutachter: Prof. Steve Uhlig, Ph.D., Queen Mary University of London Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 2. August 2017 Berlin 2017 Abstract IP addresses are essential resources for communication over the Internet. In IP version 4, an address is represented by 32 bits in the IPv4 header; hence there is a finite pool of roughly 4B addresses available. The Internet now faces a fundamental resource scarcity problem: The exhaustion of the available IPv4 address space. In 2011, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) depleted its pool of available IPv4 addresses. IPv4 scarcity is now reality. In the subsequent years, IPv4 address scarcity has started to put substantial economic pressure on the networks that form the Internet. The pools of available IPv4 addresses are mostly depleted and today network operators have to find new ways to satisfy their ongoing demand for IPv4 addresses. Mitigating IPv4 scarcity is not optional, but mandatory: Networks facing address shortage have to take action in order to be able to accommodate additional subscribers and customers. Thus, if not confronted, IPv4 scarcity has the potential to hinder further growth of the Internet. -
Deploying Ipv6 in Fixed and Mobile Broadband Access Networks
Deploying IPv6 in Fixed and Mobile Broadband Access Networks Tomás Lynch – Ericsson Jordi Palet Mar8nez – Consulintel Ariel Weher – LACNOG Agenda (1/2) • IPv6 in Broadband Networks – Where are we? • IPv6 TransiHon Mechanisms for Broadband Networks • IPv6 Prefix Assignment • Deployment of IPv6 in Mobile Broadband Networks • Deployment of IPv6 in PPPoE & IPoE Networks • Deployment of IPv6 in Cable Networks Agenda (2/2) • Current IPv6 Deployments in Broadband Access Networks • Other Systems Involved in IPv6 Deployment • IPv6 TransiHon Planning • Useful Documents • Conclusions IPv6 in Broadband Networks Where Are We? IPv4 Yes, the IPv4 pool IPv4 with NAT But we can use IPv4 and NAT!!! Yeah, right … IPv6 Why IPv6? Move to IPv6 Now! New Business Operaonal OpportuniHes Needs Allows continuous growth Simplify service of Internet business providers operations Ready for Cloud and M2M IPv4 Address (moving towards 50 billion) Depletion Increasing government New business models regulations requiring IPv6 deployment IPv6 Readiness – No Excuses! › Laptops, pads, mobile phones, dongles, CPEs: Ready! – OS: 90% of all Operating systems are IPv6 capable – Browsers are ready! – Mobile devices: Android, IOS6, LTE devices are ready! – Mobile Apps: More than 85% with IPv6 support – CPEs: More than 45% support IPv6 IPv6 Traffic is Growing – No Excuses! In LACNIC23, May 2015 • Peru 13% • World 6% Source: Google IPv6 StasHcs - 8/16/2015 So ISP what are you doing? • You may have IPv6 in your backbone: – Dual stack backbone, 6PE, 6VPE – Easy stuff! • Loopbacks, IGP (yes, ISIS is great), we love to configure BGP! – If not, what are you waiHng for? • What about your customers? – Mobile broadband: customers change their phone more quickly than their clothes, easy stuff but those GGSN licenses are killing me. -
Fireware Configuration Example
Configuration Example Use a Branch Office VPN for Failover From a Private Network Link Example configuration files created with — WSM v11.10.1 Revised — 7/22/2015 Use Case In this configuration example, an organization has networks at two sites and uses a private network link to send traffic between the two networks. To make their network configuration more fault-tolerant, they want to set up a secondary route between the networks to use as a backup if the private network link fails, but they do not want to spend money on a second private network connection. To solve this problem, they can use a branch office VPN with dynamic routing. This configuration example provides a model of how you could set up your network to automatically fail over to a branch office VPN if a primary private network connection between two sites becomes unavailable. To use the branch office VPN connection for automatic failover, you must enable dynamic routing on the Firebox at each site. You can use any supported dynamic routing protocol (RIP v1, RIP v2, OSPF, or BGP v4). This configuration example is provided as a guide. Additional configuration settings could be necessary, or more appropriate, for your network environment. Solution Overview A routing protocol is the method routers use to communicate with each other and share information about the status of network routing tables. On the Firebox, static routes are persistent and do not change, even if the link to the next hop goes down. When you enable dynamic routing, the Firebox automatically updates the routing table based on the status of the connection. -
New Techniques to Enhance the Capabilities of the Socks Network Security Protocol
NEW TECHNIQUES TO ENHANCE THE CAPABILITIES OF THE SOCKS NETWORK SECURITY PROTOCOL Mukund Sundararajan and Mohammad S. Obaidat Computer Science Department, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, NJ, U.S.A. Keywords: Security protocols for computer networks, SOCKS, telecommunications, multicast, UDP tunneling. Abstract: SOCKS is an industry standard network security protocol used in private networks to allow secure traversal of application layer traffic through the boundaries of the network. Standardized by IETF in Request for Comments (RFC) 1928 (Leech et al., 1996) as SOCKS Version 5, this protocol has found widespread use in various security frameworks to allow a variety of application layer protocols to securely traverse a firewall. This paper is the result of research performed on the usability of the protocol in application domains such as multicast. We discuss some of the shortcomings of the SOCKS protocol and provide a framework and the methods for enhancing the capabilities of the protocol in areas such as multicast and advanced TCP and UDP capabilities not addressed by the current standard of the protocol. The methods proposed are being implemented in a reference implementation by the authors. 1 INTRODUCTION Operating in a client server mode, application nodes or computers within a SOCKS protected In today’s global and geographically dispersed network are ‘socksified’ by a socks client library that organizational world, network security is a key provides a transparent abstraction layer between the concern to organizations and individuals. With application and the kernel socket library and hides advances in technology, most of today’s the implementation details of the socks protocol from organizations have their key resources and data the application. -
Ipv6-Only Deployment in Broadband and Cellular Networks Ipv4 As-A-Service
IPv6-only Deployment in Broadband and Cellular Networks IPv4 as-a-Service LACNIC31 May, 2019 Punta Cana, DO @JordiPalet ([email protected]) - 1 Transition / Co-Existence Techniques • IPv6 has been designed for easing the transition and coexistence with IPv4 • Several strategies have been designed and implemented for coexisting with IPv4 hosts, grouped in three categories: – Dual stack: Simultaneous support for both IPv4 and IPv6 stacks – Tunnels: IPv6 packets encapsulated in IPv4 ones • This has been the commonest choice • Today expect IPv4 packets in IPv6 ones! – Translation: Communication of IPv4-only and IPv6- only. Initially discouraged and only “last resort” (imperfect). Today no other choice! • Expect to use them in combination! - 2 Dual-Stack Approach • When adding IPv6 to a system, do not delete IPv4 – This multi-protocol approach is familiar and well-understood (e.g., for AppleTalk, IPX, etc.) – In the majority of the cases, IPv6 is be bundled with all the OS release, not an extra-cost add-on • Applications (or libraries) choose IP version to use – when initiating, based on DNS response: • if (dest has AAAA record) use IPv6, else use IPv4 – when responding, based on version of initiating packet • This allows indefinite co-existence of IPv4 and IPv6, and gradual app-by-app upgrades to IPv6 usage • A6 record is experimental - 3 Dual-Stack Approach IPv6 IPv6 IPv4 IPv4 Application Application Application Application TCP/UDP TCP/UDP TCP/UDP IPv6 IPv6 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6-only stack Dual-stack (IPv4 & IPv6) IPv4-only stack IPv6 -
Guidelines for the Secure Deployment of Ipv6
Special Publication 800-119 Guidelines for the Secure Deployment of IPv6 Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Sheila Frankel Richard Graveman John Pearce Mark Rooks NIST Special Publication 800-119 Guidelines for the Secure Deployment of IPv6 Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Sheila Frankel Richard Graveman John Pearce Mark Rooks C O M P U T E R S E C U R I T Y Computer Security Division Information Technology Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8930 December 2010 U.S. Department of Commerce Gary Locke, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology Dr. Patrick D. Gallagher, Director GUIDELINES FOR THE SECURE DEPLOYMENT OF IPV6 Reports on Computer Systems Technology The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leadership for the nation’s measurement and standards infrastructure. ITL develops tests, test methods, reference data, proof of concept implementations, and technical analysis to advance the development and productive use of information technology. ITL’s responsibilities include the development of technical, physical, administrative, and management standards and guidelines for the cost-effective security and privacy of sensitive unclassified information in Federal computer systems. This Special Publication 800-series reports on ITL’s research, guidance, and outreach efforts in computer security and its collaborative activities with industry, government, and academic organizations. National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 800-119 Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 800-119, 188 pages (Dec. 2010) Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. -
Implications of Large Scale Network Address Translation (NAT)
Implications of Large Scale Network Address Translation (NAT) A BROADBAND INTERNET TECHNICAL ADVISORY GROUP TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP REPORT A Near-Uniform Agreement Report (100% Consensus Achieved) Issued: March 2012 Copyright / Legal Notice Copyright © Broadband Internet Technical Advisory Group, Inc. 2012. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed to others so long as such reproduction or distribution complies with Broadband Internet Technical Advisory Group, Inc.’s Intellectual Property Rights Policy, available at www.bitag.org, and any such reproduction contains the above copyright notice and the other notices contained in this section. This document may not be modified in any way without the express written consent of the Broadband Internet Technical Advisory Group, Inc. This document and the information contained herein is provided on an “AS IS” basis and BITAG AND THE CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS REPORT MAKE NO (AND HEREBY EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY) WARRANTIES (EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR OTHERWISE), INCLUDING IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, NON-INFRINGEMENT, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR TITLE, RELATED TO THIS REPORT, AND THE ENTIRE RISK OF RELYING UPON THIS REPORT OR IMPLEMENTING OR USING THE TECHNOLOGY DESCRIBED IN THIS REPORT IS ASSUMED BY THE USER OR IMPLEMENTER. The information contained in this Report was made available from contributions from various sources, including members of Broadband Internet Technical Advisory Group, Inc.’s Technical Working Group and others. Broadband Internet Technical Advisory Group, Inc. takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any intellectual property rights or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this Report or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights. -
Internet Address Space: Economic Considerations in the Management of Ipv4”, OECD Digital Economy Papers, No
Please cite this paper as: OECD (2008-06-18), “Internet Address Space: Economic Considerations in the Management of IPv4”, OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 145, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/230461618475 OECD Digital Economy Papers No. 145 Internet Address Space ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF IPV4 OECD DSTI/ICCP(2007)20/FINAL FOREWORD The report provides an analysis of economic considerations associated with the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. It provides background analysis supporting the forthcoming ICCP-organised Ministerial-level meeting on ―The Future of the Internet Economy‖, to take place in Seoul, Korea on 17-18 June 2008. This report was prepared by Ms. Karine Perset of the OECD‘s Directorate for Science Technology and Industry. It was declassified by the ICCP Committee at its 54th Session on 5-7 March 2008. It is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. This paper has greatly benefited from the expert input of Geoff Huston from APNIC, David Conrad from the IANA, Patrick Grossetête from CISCO Systems, Bill Woodcock from Packet Clearing House, Marcelo Bagnulo Braun from the University of Madrid, Alain Durand from Comcast, and Vincent Bataille from Mulot Déclic, although interpretations, unless otherwise stated, are those of the author. 2 DSTI/ICCP(2007)20/FINAL TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................................... 2 MAIN POINTS .............................................................................................................................................. -
Guidelines on Firewalls and Firewall Policy
Special Publication 800-41 Revision 1 Guidelines on Firewalls and Firewall Policy Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Karen Scarfone Paul Hoffman NIST Special Publication 800-41 Guidelines on Firewalls and Firewall Revision 1 Policy Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Karen Scarfone Paul Hoffman C O M P U T E R S E C U R I T Y Computer Security Division Information Technology Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8930 September 2009 U.S. Department of Commerce Gary Locke, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology Patrick D. Gallagher, Deputy Director GUIDELINES ON FIREWALLS AND FIREWALL POLICY Reports on Computer Systems Technology The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leadership for the nation’s measurement and standards infrastructure. ITL develops tests, test methods, reference data, proof of concept implementations, and technical analysis to advance the development and productive use of information technology. ITL’s responsibilities include the development of technical, physical, administrative, and management standards and guidelines for the cost-effective security and privacy of sensitive unclassified information in Federal computer systems. This Special Publication 800-series reports on ITL’s research, guidance, and outreach efforts in computer security and its collaborative activities with industry, government, and academic organizations. National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 800-41 Revision 1 Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 800-41 rev1, 48 pages (Sep. 2009) Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. -
Ipv6 Transition Strategies
IPv6 Transition Strategies Philip Smith <[email protected]> MENOG 14 Dubai 1st April 2014 Last updated 5th March 2014 1 Presentation Slides p Will be available on n http://thyme.apnic.net/ftp/seminars/ MENOG14-IPv6-Transition.pdf n And on the MENOG14 website p Feel free to ask questions any time Introduction Why should we care? 3 “The times, They are a’ changin’” IPv4 All Gone! Source: ipv4.potaroo.net (Jan 2014) 4 Is IPv4 really running out? p Yes! n IANA IPv4 free pool ran out on 3rd February 2011 n RIR IPv4 free pool will run out soon after n www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/ p (depends on RIR soft-landing policies) p The runout gadgets and widgets are now watching when the RIR pools will run out: n inetcore.com/project/ipv4ec/index_en.html n ipv6.he.net/statistics/ 5 Strategies available for Service Providers p Do nothing n Wait and see what competitors do n Business not growing, so don’t care what happens p Extend life of IPv4 n Force customers to NAT n Buy IPv4 address space on the marketplace p Deploy IPv6 n Dual-stack infrastructure n IPv6 and NATed IPv4 for customers n 6rd (Rapid Deploy) with native or NATed IPv4 for customers n 464XLAT with native IPv6 and NATed IPv4 for customers n Or other combinations of IPv6, IPv4 and NAT 6 Definition of Terms 7 Dual-Stack Networks p Both IPv4 and IPv6 have been fully deployed across all the infrastructure n Routing protocols handle IPv4 and IPv6 n Content, application, and services available on IPv4 and IPv6 p End-users use dual-stack network transparently: n If DNS returns IPv6 address for domain