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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. L'f-ivprsily Microfilm1, International A Be A ‘ *owf?! information C om pany irK'; tv .'m /Y<*b Ho.H) Ann Arbor Ml 48106- '3-10 ■ 'SA i-.i .’hi .I’OO 800 S?’ 0600 Order Number 9031066 Epic imitation in the “Metamorphoses” of Apuleius Frangoulidis, Stavros A., Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1990 Copyright ©1990 by Frangoulidis, Stavros A. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zceb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 EPIC IMITATION IN THE METAMORPHOSES OF APULEIUS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Stavros Antonios Frangoulidis, B A , M.A. The Ohio State University 1 9 9 0 Dissertation Committee: Approved by C.C. Schlam ^ C.L. Babcock __ L. C . 4 A F.T. Coulson Adviser J.W. Allison Department of Clasi, Copyright by Stavros A. Frangoulidis © 1 9 9 0 For my teachers, Professors June W. Allison, Charles L. Babcock and Carl C. Schlam in gratitude ii ACKNOWLEDGEMNTS The seeds of this dissertation were planted in a seminar offered by Professor Carl C. Schlam in the Winter Quarter of 1986 at Ohio State University. I wish to express my sincere thanks to him for his encouragement to pursue the topic further. His subsequent guidance as the director of the work has helped me to shape and present my thoughts. My thanks extend to Professor Frank T. Coulson for his encouraging words and supportive advice in the process. The numerous observations and suggestions of Professors June W. Allison and Charles L. Babcock in the course of the work are deeply appreciated. The benefit of their critical insights, however, extends to every aspect of my written work produced over the period of my graduate studies. For the continued support they have given me as well as the time and exceptional effort my adviser devoted to me in the course of the work, this thesis is admirably and gratefully dedicated to them. Professor Nancy E. Andrews read and commented on parts of this work that were presented at two meetings of the profession. Professor Jane M. Snyder encouraged and supported my goals. My colleague, John Z. Tzifopoulos, has taken much of his own valuable time challenging, revising and drawing my attention to textual details that otherwise would not have been noticed. Finally, many thanks are due to Professor Stephen V. Tracy. His personal effort made possible the extension of my financial support in the Department by providing me an assistantship in the newly established Center for Epigraphical Studies. I benefited enormously from this opportunity in that I was able to continue with my dissertation in the supportive environment of the Center. iv VITA April 24,1959 ............................................ BonvKaterini. Greece 1983 ............................................................... B.A. Classics. Ansto teleinn University of Thessaloniki, Greece 1984*85 ......................................................... Teaching Associate, Department of Classics. Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 1985 ............................................................... M.A. Classics, Department of Classics Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 1985-89 ......................................................... Teaching Associate, Department of Classics. Ohio State University. Columbus, OH 1989-90...........................................................Lecturer, Center for Epigraphical Studies. Department of Classics, Columbus, OH 1990...............................................................Teaching Associate, Center for Epigraphical Studies. Department of Classics. Columbus, OH FIELD OF STUDY Major Field: Classics Greek Literature: Professors: dune W. Allison; David E. Hahm, Bruce A. Heiden. Mark P. 0. Morford. Hans A. Pohlsander, Jane M. Snyder, Joseph R. Tebben, Stephen V. Tracy, John W. Vaughn Latin Literature: Professors: Charles L. Babcock, Frank T. Coulson. John T. Davis. Hans A. Pohlsander, Carl C, Schlam. Hans-Peter Stahl, John W. Vaughn v TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION....................................................................................................................11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...............................................................................................iii V ITA .....................................................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................................vi INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTERS PAGES I. THE NIGHT-JOURNEY, THE ARRIVAL AND THE FIRST ACTIVITIES IN THE CAVE OF THE ROBBERS......................................................................15 II. THE ROBBER-TALES OF LAMACHUS, ALCIMUS AND THRASYLEON . 29 III. THE CAPTURED GIRL-THE FAILED ATTEMPT AT ESCAPE.....................53 IV. THE TALE OF CUPID AND PSYCHE.................................................................63 V. THE TALE OF TLEPOLEMUS / HAEMUS......................................................102 VI. THE DEATH OF CHARITE................................................................................. 121 GENERAL CONCLUSION............................................................................................ 140 LIST OF REFERENCES.................................................................................................145 vi INTRODUCTION The Metamorphoses relates the pursuit of magic by Lucius, his metamorphosis into an ass, his adventures, and, finally, his restoration into human form through the intervention of Isis. As a narrative that involves travel and adventure, the Metamorphoses bears resemblances to the journeys of Odysseus ^ and Aeneas^ recounted by Homer and Vergil. In addition, Lucius' further journey to Rome after his initiation at Cenchreae may recall the travel Odysseus is told he will have to make, after his safe return to Ithaca and reunion with his wife3. But it is not just in terms of Lucius' wanderings that the novel • All passages of the Metamorphoses are quoted from the Teubner text edited by Helm (1968). The text of the Aeneid is from the OCT edition of Mynors (1969). Citations of the Odvssey are from the OCT text edited by Allen (1974), while references to the Iliad are to the OCT edition of Monro and Allen (1920). 1. See Dean (1976) 229, who constructs a useful list of romance motifs that he considers as thematic ingredients of the Odvssev: "the dramatic qualities of marvel, risk and triumphant adventure; the emphasis on generation differences; an abundant use of pageantry; the wandering journey towards "home"; the essential piety of the main character; the idealized male-female relationship; the protagonist's mental agility; an ever-present mingling of blessings and sorrows; the directing influence of a supernatural higher power; a distinguishing token or scar by which the hero will eventually be recognized; shipwreck and apparent total loss; and soothing magical music". 2 For the presence of romantic elements in Aeneas' encounter with Dido see Soady(1976)41. 3. Horn. Qd 23.264-84. I owe this observation to Professor Carl C. Schlam. For further resemblances with and divergences from Odysseus as far as the Lucius' cur iosiias is concerned see Schlani (1968) 123. Cf. also DeFilippo (1990) 1-22. 1 2 invites a comparison with the adventures of epic heroes. This affinity extends to the disposition of material and portrayal of character. Moreover, we encounter in the prose of the novel allusions to heroic situations and recollections of specific epic contexts. Apuleius' art of “imitation" in the technical rhetorical sense of adapting epic language and conventions is extensive. This epic imitation can have the immediate function of elevating the narrative by evoking the grand tone or pathos of the original contexts. Frequently, however, the borrowed materials are placed in contrast with the tone of the original. In Book XI, Mithras, the priest of Isis figuratively presents Lucius' previous misfortunes in terms of the perils and sea adventures
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