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193260623019.Pdf Cultivos Tropicales ISSN: 1819-4087 Ediciones INCA Milián Jiménez, Marilys D. Recursos genéticos de la malanga del género Xanthosoma SCHOTT en Cuba Cultivos Tropicales, vol. 39, núm. 2, 2018, Abril-Junio, pp. 112-126 Ediciones INCA Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=193260623019 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Redalyc Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Cultivos Tropicales, 2018, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 112-126 April-June ISSN impreso: 0258-5936 Ministerio de Educación Superior. Cuba ISSN digital: 1819-4087 Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas http://ediciones.inca.edu.cu Review GENETIC RESOURCES OF COCOYAM OF Xanthosoma Schott GENUS IN CUBA Revisión bibliográfica Recursos genéticos de la malanga del género Xanthosoma Schott en Cuba Marilys D. Milián Jiménez) ABSTRACT. Biodiversity conservation is strategic to RESUMEN. La conservación de la biodiversidad es estratégica meet the growing current and future demands of the world’s para satisfacer las demandas crecientes actuales y futuras de la population. The objective of this work is to present the población mundial. El objetivo de este trabajo es dar a conocer status of the results and advances obtained in the subject of el estado de los resultados y avances obtenidos en el tema del the knowledge of the variability of the species of the genus conocimiento de la variabilidad de las especies del género Xanthosoma present in Cuba, the management of their Xanthosoma presentes en Cuba, del manejo de sus recursos genetic resources, as well as the specific classification of genéticos, así como, de la clasificación específica de los cultivars, to serve as a basis for studies leading to clarify the cultivares, para que sirvan como base a los estudios conducentes species taxonomy of the genus Xanthosoma. In this review a esclarecer la taxonomía de las especies del género Xanthosoma. presents the importance of the knowledge of the the genus En esta reseña se da a conocer la importancia del conocimiento Xanthosoma particularities and of the genetic resources de las particularidades del género Xanthosoma y de los recursos that compose it, as well as its usefulness in elucidating the genéticos que lo componen, así como, de su utilidad en el classification of the cultivated species that make up this esclarecimiento de la clasificación de las especies cultivadas important genus of plants. que componen este importante género de plantas. Key words: diversity, plant genetic resources, taxonomy Palabras clave: diversidad, recursos fitogenéticos, taxonomía INTRODUCTION provide the breeders with a set of origin, whose distribution extends genotypes for selection programs, from Mexico to Brazil and it was The conservation of establish the representativeness cultivated by the aborigines of biodiversity is strategic to meet of the collection and identify the the Antilles and the rest of the the current and future growing duplication of accessions that may continent before their discovery (4). demands of the world population; exist, among other problems (1,2). At present, its world production hence the germplasm banks The current trends in agriculture is estimated at 4,000,000 tons, arise as a response to the need are directed towards the search concentrated in the central and to conserve the plant genetic for species that allow a low-cost western zone of Tropical Africa, the heritage, which is why they food supply, protection of natural Antilles, Venezuela and Oceania. constitute the basis for agriculture resources, equity and poverty In Cuba, cultivars of the dynamic, diversified and sustained. alleviation. The roots, rhizomes genus Xanthosoma are the most A strategy of this nature has as and tubers meet most of these important in the preference of essential objectives to conserve requirements (3) and among the population and its production the variability of each species and them is the taro of the genus has increased in recent years Xanthosoma (guagüí), whose especially because it requires less genetic resources are important water in relation to other edible Instituto de Investigaciones de Viandas Tropicales (INIVIT), Apdo. 6, Santo for food. This genus is of American araceae. The nutritional values and Domingo, Villa Clara, Cuba, CP 53000 ) [email protected] 112 Cultivos Tropicales, 2018, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 112-126 April-June their easy cooking, together with differences between species or is very old and expanded in the their digestive qualities, make the between accessions, so more Old World, was introduced into species of the genus Xanthosoma, direct genome studies should be America by European colonizers; a product of high demand in the used, such as the analysis of the Xanthosoma (‘taro’ or ‘guagüí’) is national market, as well as in the karyotype that allows knowing of American origin, distributed from diet of hospitals, nursing homes the number and structure of Mexico to Brazil, and was cultivated and kindergarten. For this reason, chromosomes, and the use of by the aborigines of the Antilles and the Ministry of Agriculture, intends biochemical and molecular markers the rest of the continent before their to obtain a significant increase in (14-16). These methodologies do discovery (4). the production of this crop in the not evaluate the effect of the When the Europeans arrived coming years, in order to meet the environment on the expression of in America, the taro or guagüí was growing demands of the market genes, so they do not substitute, but known from southern Mexico to (5) where a suitable strategy complement the morphoagronomic Bolivia, but probably its cultivation plays an essential role in the characterization and evaluation (17). was more intense in the Antilles. genetic improvement of the crop, In the Research Institute The domestication could have from a broad source of variability of Tropical Roots and Tuber occurred in several places, with represented by its germplasm (6). Crops (INIVIT) a collection of different materials, and was based Several attempts have been cultivated accessions of taro of on consumption processes when made worldwide to classify and the genus Xanthosoma has been roasting and cooking the rhizomes, identify taro germplasm of this maintained since 1967, coming which eliminated the irritating genus and one of the first was from collections, introductions substances, calcium oxalate carried out in Cuba (7), to identify and from the program of genetic crystals and saponins, which are different accessions of the genera improvement of the culture, which present in all the parts of the plant Xanthosoma and Colocasia. constitutes the largest collection (11,19). The taro was domesticated Several authors stated that the of genes of this genus worldwide to the extent that its rhizomes identification of Xanthosoma and one of the highest variability enjoyed greater acceptance as cultivated species was not clear, preserved. In this collection, food. From America, it took to West although four of them were morphoagronomic, cytogenetic, Africa, which has been the largest recognized: X. atrovirens Koch genetic-biochemical and molecular producing region; in it displaces the & Bouché, X. caracu Koch & studies have been developed to taro of the genus Colocasia for its Bouché, X. nigrum (Vell) Manf. help elucidate the taxonomic status greater yield, and because it can (X. violaceum Schott) and X. of the genus, improve the structure replace the yams (Dioscorea spp.) sagittifolium (L.) Schott (8-11). of the crop clones, select the best in the preparation of smash a very Some cultivars cannot be adapted cultivars resistant to the popular food in tropical Africa (11). included in any of these; however, attack of pests and diseases, It is suggested that there are many of these authors agree that how to determine the degree of approximately 40 native species for Xanthosoma, it is preferable to variability in this collection (18). of tropical America (10), which speak of ‘clones of the genus’, most are easily distinguished from the ENERALITIES OF THE TARO grouped in a polymorphic species, G clones of the genus Colocasia by Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) CULTIVATION OF THE GENUS the peltate leaves of this one. The Schott, because of the deficiencies XANTHOSOMA different species are cultivated for of the existing classification, up to Origin, evolution and geographical their rhizomes or edible leaves, that a modern revision of the genre, dispersion others for their ornamental foliage clarify the complex taxonomic that can be even mottled. The taro were the first crops situation of the same. In Cuba, the term ‘viandas’ used by man and in Cuba are known Traditionally, the diversity is used to name, among other by this name the edible species of that exists within and between vegetables, edible tropical the family Araceae belonging to populations has been determined roots, rhizomes and tubers, and the genera Colocasia Schott and by evaluating its morphoagronomic within them, plants of the genus Xanthosoma Schott; Colocasia, characteristics (12,13); However, Xanthosoma and Colocasia (20). also known as ‘islander malanga’, these are not enough to establish 113 Marilys D. Milián Jiménez There are two species of their contribution of energy as to industrialize and diversify it Xanthosoma in Cuba: X. cubense carbohydrates, for their
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