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BUREAU's Class-XII BUREAU’S HIGHER SECONDARY Class-XII Prescribed by Council of Higher Secondary Education, Odisha, Bhubaneswar BOARD OF WRITERS Dr. Manoranjan Kar Dr. Manas Ranjan Satapathy Formerly Professor in Botany, Lecturer in Botany, Utkal Univeristy, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar Dhenkanal (Autonomous) College, Dhenkanal Dr. Baman Chandra Acharya Dr. Subas Chandra Das Formerly Professor in Botany, Formerly Principal, Khalikote (Autonomous) College, Berhampur Sundergarh Women's College, Sundergarh Dr. Basanta Kumar Choudhury Dr. Pradeep Kumar Mohanty Formerly Reader in Botany, Presently, Editor, 'Bigyan Associate Professor in Zoology, Diganta', Odisha Bigyan Academy, Bhubaneswar Dhenkanal (Autonomous) College, Dhenkanal Dr. Ajay Kumar Acharya Dr. Jaya Krushna Panigrahi Reader in Botany, Swami Vivekananda Memorial Reader in Zoology, Sri Jayadev College of Education & (Autonomous) College, Jagatsinghpur Technology, Bhubaneswar Shri Uday Shankar Acharya Dr. Bairagi Charan Behera Associate Professor in Botany, Reader in Zoology, Samanta Chandra Sekhar (Autonomous) College, Puri Kendrapara (Autonomous) College, Kendrapara Dr. Hrushikesh Nayak Dr. Maheswar Behera Lecturer in Botany, Associate Professor in Zoology, Bhadrak (Autonomous) College, Bhadrak Samanta Chandra Sekhar (Autonomous) College, Puri BOARD OF REVIWERS Dr. Manoranjan Kar Dr. Basanta Kumar Choudhury Formerly Professor in Botany Formerly Reader in Botany, Presently, Editor, 'Bigyan Utkal Univeristy, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar Diganta', Odisha Bigyan Academy, Bhubaneswar Dr. Baman Chandra Acharya Dr. Subas Chandra Das Formerly Professor in Botany Formerly Principal, Khalikote (Autonomous) College, Berhampur Sundergarh Women's College, Sundergarh Dr. Pradeep Kumar Mohanty Associate Professor in Zoology Dhenkanal (Autonomous) College, Dhenkanal ODISHA STATE BUREAU OF TEXTBOOK PREPARATION AND PRODUCTION Pustak Bhavan, Bhubaneswar Published by : THE ODISHA STATE BUREAU OF TEXTBOOK PREPARATION AND PRODUCTION Pustak Bhavan, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India First Edition : 2017 / 5000 Publication No. : 206 ISBN : 978-81-8005-400-6 © Reserved by the Odisha State Bureau of Textbook Preparation and Production, Bhubaneswar. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without the prior written permission of the publisher. Type Setting, Design & Printing : PRINT-TECH OFFSET PVT. LTD., Bhubaneswar Price : ` 205/- (Rupees Two Hundred Five Only) FOREWORD In our continuous effort to evolve and to keep pace with this fast changing world, this Biology book for Class-XII students has been written. The book comprises of 5 units and there are 17 chapters wherein certain important aspects of Biological Science have been incorporated. As I find, the chapters include day to day affairs of the modern man. It will not only benefit our students to face the challenges of different types of examination but in the long run, help them to become complete citizens, also. The Council of Higher Secondary Education (CHSE), Odisha has implemented the Biology syllabus in line with National Council of Education, Research and Training, New Delhi from the session 2016-17, so as to integrate our students with national mainstream. This part, meant for Class-XII students are again, very important since our students have to appear at the Council Examination with the help of this textbook. This unique work has been done by the board of writers in Biology and were reviewed rigorously by the board of reviewers. Finally, the proofs have been meticulously read and recast by Dr. Basanta Kumar Choudhury and Dr. Pradip Kumar Mohanty. I sincerely thank all of them. This book could see light of the day because of their efforts only. My sincere thanks to Government of Odisha for its interest in the publication of this textbook. I also appreciate CHSE, Odisha for selecting us for the preparation and publication of the book. The Bureau will humbly appreciate the constructive comments and suggestions to improve the standard of the book. Sri Umakanta Tripathy Director Odisha State Bureau of Textbook Preparation and Production, Bhubaneswar PREFACE Bioengineering expert, Catherine J. Paul, of Lund University, Sweden has the following observation on Biological Science, "a previously completely unknown ecosystem has revealed itself to us. Formerly, you could hardly see any bacteria at all and now, thanks to such as massive DNA sequencing and flow cytometry, we suddenly see 80 thousand bacteria per ml of drinking water". We know that the modern biological science which had a humble beginning at the turn of last century by rediscovery of Mendelism made a breakthrough with deciphering the structure of the wonder molecule, DNA. After that landmark event, the science of biology has made giant strides in many spheres last six or seven decades. We tamed the nature and exploited its natural resources beyond its replenishment level. We knew more and more about our anatomy, physiology etc. in order to live a sophisticated life. In the process, we got detached from nature. Our evolution and improvement in the quality of life had share of ill effects. A student of Biology should know all these so as live a life in harmony with nature. Class-XII Biology syllabus has been framed in such a way by National Council of Education, Research and Training (NCERT), New Delhi and corroborated by Council of Higher Secondary Education (CHSE), Odisha that all the discussed ingredients have been incorporated in it. The writers and reviewers in Biology here made an humble attempt to deal all the chapters so that it can be clearly understood. They hope it will cater to the needs of our students as well as teaching community. Keeping an eye on the requirements of our students certain chapters have been conveniently elaborated. It is now open to the students and teachers in Biology to go through all the chapters and provide their valuable constructive feedback. The boards never claim the write up is original one. It has been taken from certain primary and secondary sources. The writers and reviewers acknowledge their deep sense of gratitude to Odisha State Bureau of Textbook Preparation and Production, CHSE, Odisha and Department of School and Mass Education, Government of Odisha for relying on the same team to write the Class-XII Biology book. All the members of both the boards unequivocally thank Sri Biraj Bhushan Mohanty, Deputy Director of the Bureau for his unceasing efforts and inspiration. Lastly, they thank Sri Ashok Kumar Ojha, DTP Operator, M/s. Print-tech Offset Pvt. Ltd., Bhubaneswar, Odisha for undertaking the arduous task of typing and designing all text materials of the book. Srigundicha, 25.06.2017 Writers & Reviewers BIOLOGY SYLLABUS CLASS - XII (Science) (Theory) I. REPRODUCTION (Periods - 22) (a) Reproduction in organisms : Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; Modes of reproduction - Asexual and sexual; Asexual reproduction; Modes- Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule formation, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants. Sexual reproduction in flowering plants : Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination-types, agencies and examples; Outbreeding devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events- Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes- apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation. (b) Human Reproduction : Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis- spermatogenesis and oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilization, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation (Elemntary idea). Reproductive health : Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); Birth control- Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies - IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness). II. GENETICS AND EVOLUTION (Periods - 20) (a) Heredity and Variation : Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism-Incomplete dominane, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Linkage and crossing over. (b) Sex determination : In humans, birds, honey bee; Sex linked inheritance- Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans- Thalasemia; Chromosomal disorders in humans- Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes. (c) Molecular Basis of Inheritance : Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, Genetic code, Translation; Gene expression and regulation- Lac Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA finger printing. (d) Evolution : Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (Paleontological, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwinism, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution- Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg’s principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution (in brief). III. BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE (Periods - 08) (a) Health and Disease: Pathogens; parasites
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