Contribution of Asian Businesses and Asian Citizens to the Economy of Texas

Contribution of Asian Businesses and Asian citizens to the economy of Texas

Chinatown Center, Austin TX

Table of Contents Table of Contents ...... 1 Introduction ...... 3 The Dallas Region ...... 5 Part 1: Asian people living in the Dallas area ...... 6 1.1 Asian people per county: Dallas, Collin and Denton ...... 6 1.2 Asian people in the City of Dallas ...... 9 1.3 Asian population in other cities: Plano, Richardson, Farmers Branch, Addison, Allen, Frisco, McKinney, Irving, Carrolton, Coppell, Lewisville, Garland ...... 12 Part 2: Asian-owned firms in the Dallas region ...... 15 2.1 Asian-owned firms per county: Dallas, Collin and Denton ...... 15 2.2 Asian-owned firms in the City of Dallas ...... 17 2.3 Asian-owned firms in other cities: Plano, Richardson, Farmers Branch, Addison, Allen, Frisco, McKinney, Irving, Carrolton, Coppell, Lewisville, Garland ...... 18 The Austin Region ...... 43 Part 1: Asian people living in the Austin area ...... 44 1.1 Asian people per county: Williamson and Travis County ...... 44 1.2 Asian people in the City of Austin ...... 47 1.3 Asian population in the City of Round Rock ...... 49 Part 2: Asian-owned firms in the Austin region ...... 51 2.1 Asian-owned firms per county: Williamson and Travis ...... 51 2.2 Asian-owned firms in the City of Austin ...... 52 2.3 Asian-owned firms in Round Rock ...... 54 The San Antonio Region ...... 70 Part 1: Asian people living in the San Antonio area ...... 71 1.1 Asian people in Bexar County...... 71 1.2 Asian people in San Antonio City ...... 73 Part 2: Asian-owned firms in the San Antonio region ...... 75 2.1 Asian-owned firms in Bexar County ...... 75 2.2 Asian-owned firms in the City of San Antonio ...... 77 The Houston Region ...... 88

Part 1: Asian people living in the Houston area ...... 89 1.1 Asian people per county: Harris and Fort Bend ...... 89 1.2 Asian people in the City of Houston ...... 91 1.3 Asian population in other cities: Bellaire, Missouri, South Side Place, Stafford, Sugarland, West University City ...... 93 Part 2: Asian-owned firms in the Houston region ...... 97 2.1 Asian-owned firms per county: Harris and Ford Bend ...... 97 2.2 Asian-owned firms in the City of Houston ...... 99 2.3 Asian-owned firms in other cities: Stafford, Sugarland ...... 101 Conclusion ...... 118 References ...... 119

Introduction Asian Americans are sometimes characterized as a model minority because their cultures encourage a strong work ethic, a respect for elders, a high degree of professional and academic success, and emphasis on family, education and religion. Statistics such as high average household incomes and low incarceration rates, low rates of many diseases and higher than average life expectancy are also seen as positive aspects of Asian American groups. Although this “model minority” image has been highly criticized (Hurh and Kim, 1989), recent sociological studies have shown that certain Asian ethnicities like Chinese and Japanese achieve a higher mean schooling years (15 years as compared to 13 for non-Hispanic whites) and can actually earn more than white people by as much as 7 percent (Sakamoto, Wu and Tzeng, 2000). Such statistics help to mask the wide range of cultural and socioeconomic diversity among the many ethnic groups considered Asian American. No state more than Texas takes pride in its heritage, and Asian Texans, through their collective and individual actions, have helped to make Texas what it is today. As an example, Chinese Texans of the nineteenth century helped to build railroads such as the Houston & Texas Central and Southern Pacific. The Galveston Chinese established perhaps the first major Chinatown in Texas, and served their city valiantly during the Galveston Storm of 1900. Japanese Texans helped to make rice a viable industry in east Texas in the early twentieth century. In World War II, Japanese Americans of the 442nd Regiment valiantly rescued the Texas "Lost Battalion" from Nazi onslaught even as their compatriots were confined at the Crystal City internment camp. In the 1970's and 1980's, Vietnamese Texans fought against intolerance for people of all national origins to work in commercial fishing and shrimping along the Texas coast in one of the most important civil rights struggles of Texas history. Korean Texans in small military towns established major Korean American communities that prospered along the years. Texas is home to one of the nation's largest South Asian American populations. One great figure among this population is Houstonian Kalpana Chawla, the first Indian American Woman to fly in outer space with the 1997 Space Shuttle Mission, who perished as a hero in the disintegration of space shuttle Columbia.

Texans of South Asian, Southeast Asian, and East Asian descent helped form the foundations of the high-tech, medical, retail and academic industries of Texas. Asian Texans have made an impact on the state's political profile, serving as city council members, state legislators, and mayors. Texas is also one of the five states with the greatest number of Asian-owned businesses in the US and as of 2000, home to the third highest population of Asian Americans exceeded only by California and New York. The purpose of this study to make the Asian community and its economic impact in the state of Texas more visible to local media and government representatives, and hopefully influence future policies. This report will present the most recent city and county-level available information regarding Asian American population and Asian American businesses, as well as their contribution to the economy of Texas. The study is divided into four parts, corresponding to four main regions of Texas: Dallas, Houston, San Antonio and Austin. Each of the four parts includes a comparative analysis of the Asian population in the region, by county, main city and other cities, in terms of demographics, educational attainment, earnings, housing tenure, and some consumer preferences, compared to the total population in the respective county or city. The data used is provided in the 2005-2009 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates as well as from the 2007- 2009 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates, the most recent datasets of the American Census to contain such detailed information about separate ethnicities. In each section, the description of Asian population is followed by a review of Asian-owned companies in that particular region, by county, main city and other cities, with information regarding the number of Asian companies, number of companies with employees, number of employees, receipts, payrolls, progress since the last Census compared to other businesses, and types of businesses. This data is drawn from the 2007 Survey of Business Owners, the last of survey of companies by race and ethnicity performed by the American Census, as well as from the 2002 Survey of Business of business owners for comparative purposes.

The Dallas Region

Part 1: Asian people living in the Dallas area

1.1 Asian people per county: Dallas, Collin, and Denton Figure 1 below represents the population dynamics of the Asian population in the three counties between 2002 and 2009.

Fig. 1: Evolution of Asian populalation in the counties of Dallas, Collin, Denton 110530 120000 103995 103685 107607 97573 95310 99551 100000 90316 76666 70023 71480 80000 64396 65764 58490 Dallas county Asians alone 60000 49616 51212 Collin county Asians alone 36074 31263 32383 31659 33786 40000 26246 27162 Denton county Asians alone 20000

0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

The most recent data regarding Asian people for the 3 counties is presented in Table 2.1. According to the 2007-2009 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates, there are 223,270 people of Asian ethnicity in the three counties, 5.85% of the total population. Most of them are concentrated in Dallas County.

120000 110530 4.6% Fig. 2: Asian population in the 3 counties 100000 76666 80000 10.1%

60000 36074 40000 5.7%

20000

0 Dallas county Collin county Denton county

There does not seem to be a great difference between the numbers of Asian males and females in the three counties, and their median age seems to be quite close to the median age of the total population (32.3 in Dallas County, 34.3 in Collin County, 32.8 in Denton County). The greatest part of Dallas County’s Asian population is between 25 and 34 years old, while in the other two counties most Asian people are between 35 and 44 years old. Interestingly, when considering the total population in the three counties, data shows that most inhabitants are actually children between the ages of 5 and 17. The levels of education of the Asian population are higher than those the total population in the three counties. 23.8% of Asians aged 25 or older in Dallas County have Graduate or Professional Degrees compared to 9.2% of the total population. In Collin and Denton Counties, the percentages are respectively 36.8% compared to 15.6% for the total population and 23.1% compared to 11.3% of the total population. Overall, the percentages of Asians with Bachelor degrees or higher are 54.0%, 73.3%, 53.5% in Dallas, Collin and Denton Counties, significantly higher than for the total population in these counties at 27.2%, 47.5%, 37.7%). Collin County seems to have the highest percentage of Asians with Bachelor and graduate degrees among both Asians and the total population. Although there is a certain percentage of Asians with less than a high school diploma in every county, it is always lower than for the total population in the respective area.

Dallas County Collin County Denton County No high school diploma

6.10 8.20% High school % 8.70 graduate 14.4 23.10% 23.8 36.80 % 0% 11.90 19.10% Some college or 0% 15.5 % % associate's 0% degree 30.2 16.0 Bachelor's 0% 0% degree 36.50 30.40% 19.20% Graduate or % professional degree Table 1.1 considers the occupation of Civilian employed population 16 years and older. Roughly 50% of Asians in every county are involved in Management, professional or related occupations; the next preferred occupation is Sales and office work.

The median annual income of Asian families is $65,649 in Dallas County, $104,982 in Collin County, and $77,074 in Denton County. In the first two counties, this income surpasses that of the median annual income for all families by 26.6% and 10% respectively. In the case of Denton County, the median income of Asian families is 10.9% lower than the one for all ethnicities combined. If we consider the income per capita, Asian individuals make on average $26,383 in Dallas County or 2.74% more than per capita income for the total population; $35,872 for Collin County or 3.16% lower than that of the total population; and $25,272 for Denton county or 19.5% lower than for the total population. One common explanation for these discrepancies is that Asian families have more contributors to household income than do non-Asian families.

Figure 4: Median income per family 120,000 104,982 100,000 95,428 86,572 77,074 80,000 65,649 60,000 51,850 Asians Total population 40,000

20,000

0 Dallas county Collin county Denton county

In Dallas County, Asian households account for 4.17% of the occupied housing units, and 9.33% and 4.72% for Collin and Denton Counties. Most are owner-occupied housing units at 50.9%, 74.2%, and 60.9% respectively. The rates are comparable to those of the total households for all ethnicities combined. Collin County seems to be the richest of the three with the highest income per individual and family, as well as the highest ratio of owners to renters. Asian householders seem to have comparable preferences regarding the year of construction of the house they occupy as the rest of the population living in the same

8 area. In Dallas County, most Asians occupy houses built 1960 to 1979 (but the distribution is rather smooth); in Collin County, from 1990 to 1999; and in Denton County, houses built after 2000. These preferences are probably related to house availability and average year of construction of houses in those particular counties. The percentage of Asian households not possessing a car is very low, even lower than the one for total households in the three counties. Most Asians prefer driving their own vehicle to work (which is also the case for the rest of the population), and only 1.9% on average use public transportation. Regarding house heating fuel, Asians from Dallas and Denton counties prefer electricity, while most Asian families from Collin County seem to prefer gas. Percentages are very close to those obtained for the total population in those counties. When considering the median value of Asian owner-occupied housing units, we realize that these are considerably higher than the median values obtained for the whole population in those areas. The median value of an Asian-owned house in Dallas County is $170,700 (30.7% higher than average for the whole population), in Collin County $233,100 (15% higher than average), and in Denton County $216,900 (22.26% higher than average). The Asian consumers seem to prefer buying more expensive houses than the average household in the respective areas. Monthly owners expenses are also higher for the Asian households than for the average. As for rented housing units, Asians pay slightly more than the average renters in the counties of Dallas and Denton, and slightly less in Collin County. On average, 62.3% of Asian renters pay less than 30% of their income on gross rent.

1.2 Asian people in Dallas City

Figure 5 below represents the population dynamics of the Asian population in the City of Dallas between 2002 and 2009.

Fig. 5: Dallas Asians alone 50000 45411 35742 40000 31544 33942 27947 29607 30189 30000 21451 20000 Dallas Asians alone 10000 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Table 1.2 presents data regarding Asian people in Dallas City. According to the Census data, there are 33,942 Asian ethnics in Dallas City, representing 2.65% of the total population. 50.2% of accounted Asians are male, and the median age is 32.9, slightly higher than the median age for the total population (31). Most Asian Dallas inhabitants are between 25 and 34 years old.

Fig 6: Dallas City Asian population

33,942

Asians Total population

1,281,758

In terms of educational achievement, 29.9% of the Asian population 25 years or older has a Graduate or professional degree (as compared to 9.6% of for the total population). 60.9% of the Asian population in Dallas have a Bachelor degree or higher, as compared to 28.1% for the total population.

Fig. 7: Asians' educational attainment in the city of Dallas 35.00% 31.00% 29.90% 30.00% 28.20%

25.00% 21.50% 22.20% 20.00% 18.50% 14.80% Asians 15.00% 12.60% 11.70% 9.60% Total population 10.00%

5.00%

0.00% Less than high school High school graduate Some Bachelor's degree Graduate or diploma college/associate's professional degree degree

55.2% of civilian, employed Asians work in management, professional or related occupations; the next preferred occupation is Sales and office work. Asian families’ median income is 44.7% higher than median income for all Dallas families, while per capita income for Asian individuals is 21.9% than for the average Dallas individual.

Fig. 8: Median incomes in the city of Dallas 70,000 63,228 60,000

50,000 43,708 40,000 32,297 Asians 26,486 30,000 Total population 20,000

10,000

0 Median family income Median individual income

Asian occupied housing units account for 2.9% of the total occupied housing units in Dallas. Only 36.5% of these households are owner-occupied, as compared to 45.8% for total occupied households. Most of the housing units occupied by Asians are built between 1960 and 1979, and 93.1% of Asian households possess one vehicle or more.

78.6% of Asian people prefer driving their own vehicle to work, and only 3.2% use public transportation (the percentages are very similar to the total population). Most Asians in Dallas prefer electricity as a heating fuel. Like the results obtained in section 2.1, Asian house owners tend to buy houses more expensive than the average house owner in Dallas city (51.86% in difference), while Asian renters pay a slightly higher rent than average renters. On average, 51.5% of Asian renters pay less than 30% of their income on gross rent (as compared to 66.1% for the total Dallas population).

1.3 Asian population in other cities: Plano, Richardson, Farmers Branch, Addison, Allen, Frisco, McKinney, Irving, Carrolton, Coppell, Lewisville, Garland The data regarding the Asian population in these twelve cities is presented in table 1.31 and in Figure 10 below.

Fig 10: Asian population in various cities of the Dallas region 45,000 39,043 40,000 35,000 30,000 23,248 25,000 20,994 20,000 14,908 15,000 13,061 10,000 8,173 6,610 5,248 6425 3,707 5,000 816 649 0

The total Asian population in the considered cities is 142,882 representing 10.52% of the total population of these cities. The largest Asian community resides in Plano (39,043) and the smallest one in Addison (649). The gender ratio seems quite even throughout the cities, while the median age is 33.5.

1 The data originates 2005-2009 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, which is less accurate than the 3- years Community Survey but more complete, including geographical areas with very few Asian ethnics

Of all the Asian population 25 years or older in these cities, 61% on average possess a Bachelor degree or higher, as compared to 41.78% for all ethnicities combined. However, in the cities of Richardson, Allen, Frisco, Coppell the percentage of Asian with less than a high school degree is slightly higher than for all ethnicities combined. We can deduce that, although most Asians are highly educated people, there are still some with less education.

Fig 11: Percentage of the population with bachelor degree or higher in the 12 cities 70% 61% 60%

50% 41.78% 40%

30%

20%

10%

0% Asians Total population

Unfortunately, the occupational distribution is not available for Asians in all the cities considered. In the cities where data is available, 50.9% Asians on average work in management or professional occupations, 11.7% in service occupations, 22.1% in sales and offices, 4.3% in construction, and 10.9% in production, transportation and moving. When considering earnings, 30.4% of the Asian population earns more than $75,000, 22.9% earns between $50,000 and $74,999, 15.9% between $35,000 and $49,999, 13.6% between $25,000 and $34,999, 12.7% between $15,000 and $24,999, 3.3% between $10,000 and $14,999, and 1.2% less than $10,000. The median income for year-round, full-time working males is $61,676 (16.4% higher than for all ethnicities combined) and for females, $42,011 (1.21% higher than for all ethnicities combined). The highest median income for male Asians is found in the city of Plano, and for females in the city of Allen. The lowest median income for this ethnicity is observed in the city of Garland for both men and women.

Fig 12: Average median income for the 12 cities 70000 61676 60000 53003 50000 45510 42011 40000 Asians 30000 Total population 20000

10000

0 Males Females

There is a total of 44,271 Asian households in the studied cities, 9.42% of the total population. The city with the greatest number of households is Plano, while the city with the lowest number of households is Farmers Branch. 63.8% on average are owner- occupied households, as compared to 62.8% for the total population. 96.76% of Asian households possess 1 vehicle or more (data is not available for all cities). Data regarding the monthly owner costs and gross rent as percentage of Asian household income is not available for all cities considered. From the available data, we can deduce that 64.98% of Asian householders spend less than 30% of their income on owner costs as compared to 71.22% for households of all ethnicities combined) and 62.02% of renters spend less than 30% of monthly income on gross rent compared to 51.64% for the total population. After considering the data presented, we can conclude that Asian ethnics inhabiting the Dallas region are mostly people between 25 and 40 years old, of which most hold a bachelor degree or higher. The percentage of graduate degrees is much higher than the regional average, and in most cases, the median income is higher. The main occupations are management , professional, or sales. Most Asian households own a home whose year of construction usually corresponds to the regional average for all ethnicities combined, but whose price is substantially higher than average. However, the renters do not pay a much higher rent than regional average. Both electricity and

gas are used as house warming fuels, and most Asian people drive their own vehicle to work. Since it is not only Asian people, but also Asian firms which contribute to the economy of the Dallas region, the next section will focus upon the specific characteristics of Asian companies in this region.

Part 2: Asian-owned firms in the Dallas region

2.1 Asian-owned firms per county: Dallas, Collin, and Denton Data regarding Asian companies in the three counties is presented in Table 2.1. There are a total of 27,284 Asian-owned firms in the three counties, which represents 7.5% of the total number of firms. Most Asian-owned firms are located in Dallas County (15,081), 6.9% of the total number of firms in this particular county. In Collin and Denton Counties, Asian-owned businesses account for 6.7% and respectively 5% of the total number of businesses.

Fig 13: Asian firms in three counties 18,000 15,801 4.9% 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 7,834 10% 8,000 6,000 3,649 6.2% 4,000 2,000 0 Dallas county Collin County Denton County

If we compare this data to the numbers presented in the 2002 Survey of Business Owners, we find that Asian businesses have been flourishing between 2002 and 2005, registering a 31.6% growth in number of companies in Dallas County compared to a growth of only 17.2% for total number of businesses in that county, a remarkable 113.3% growth in Collin County compared to a 43.3% growth in the total number of companies, and 77.4%, as compared to 44.3%, in Denton County. The number of Asian

businesses has grown with 74.1% on average in the three counties considered between 2002 and 2007.

Fig 14: Evolution of Asian firms in three counties 18,000 15,801 16,000

14,000 12,004 12,000 10,000 Dallas county Asians firms 7,834 8,000 Collin county Asians firms 6,000 Denton county Asian firms 3,673 3,649 4,000 2,057 2,000 0 2002 2007

These businesses account for $8,675,539,000 in receipts in the three counties, 1.67% of the total number of receipts. 76.3% of the receipts realized by Asian companies were registered in Dallas County. Of the 27,284 companies, 6.511 (23.9%) are employer firms. These companies offer jobs to 50,057 Texas people, 2.86% of total employees in the private sector in the three counties. The annual payroll awarded to employees of Asian businesses is $1,439,219,000, representing 1.71% of the total annual payroll accounted for all private businesses on the respective areas. Most of the receipts of Asian businesses are realized by employer firms (90.3%). The number of Asian per specific sector is not available for all sectors in all three counties. We can however state that out of the businesses classified per specific sector in all three counties, the most prevailing sectors are professional, scientific and technical services (4,153 businesses), health care and social assistance (2,415 businesses), and manufacturing (799 businesses). In Dallas County, where the data regarding the division of Asian businesses per specific sector is the most complete and accurate, 32.3% of classified Asian businesses are other services, 14.8% in retail, 13.1% in professional, scientific and technical

16 services, 9.1% in health care and social assistance, 8.5% in accommodation and food services, 4.7% in the real estate and rental sector, 4.3% in wholesale, 3.6% in administrative and support and waste management and remediation services, 3.1% in manufacturing, 3% in finance and insurance, 1.4% in arts, entertainment and recreation, 1.1% in information, 0.6% in educational services and 0.3% in construction.

2.2 Asian-owned firms in Dallas city The data regarding Asian businesses in Dallas city is presented in Table 2.2. The total number Asian of firms for Dallas city is 5,977, 4.9% of the total number of firms in this city. This number is 29.5% greater than the number of Asian firms registered in 2002, while the total number of firms for all ethnicities registers only a 13.8% growth in the same period.

Fig 15: Asian firms as part of the total firms registered in Dallas

5,977

Asian firms Total firms

121,288

The receipts for the City of Dallas Asian companies represent $3,165,560,000 (1.7% of the total company receipts). 36.5% of Asian companies in Dallas city are employer companies, offering jobs to 15,033 Texan people, 2.07% of Dallas city employees by private companies. The annual payroll offered by Asian businesses is $478,254,000, which represents 1.29% of the annual payroll offered by all businesses in Dallas. Employer companies realize 95.15% of total receipts of all Asian companies. 31% of all Asian companies classified per specific sector are registered in the other services sector, 16.6% in retail trade, 13.1% in in professional, scientific and technical services, 11.14% in accommodation and food services, 8.5% in health and social assistance, 5.83% in wholesale, 4.4% in the real estate and rental sector, 3.5% in

17 finance and insurance, 2.65% in manufacturing, 2.23% in arts, entertainment and recreation, and 0.9% in information. These results are consistent with the ones obtained in section 1.1, demonstrating that Asian businesses in the Dallas region tend to concentrate in the same sectors.

Fig 16: Sectors of concentration of Asian firms in Dallas

2.65% 2.23% 0.90% Other Sectors 3.50%

Retail Trade 4.40% Professional, scientific, and technical 31% services 5.83% Accommodation and food services

Health care and social assistance 8.50% Wholesale

Real estate and rental and leasing

11.14% Finance and insurance

16.60% Manufacturing

13.10% Arts, entertainment, and recreation

Information

2.3 Asian-owned firms in other cities: Plano, Richardson, Farmers Branch, Addison, Allen, Frisco, McKinney, Irving, Carrolton, Coppell, Lewisville, Garland

Data on Asian companies from all these Dallas region cities is presented in Table 2.3 but unfortunately, all levels of data are not available for all the cities considered.

Fig 17: Asian firms in 9 cities of the Dallas Region 4,500 4,137 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,746 2,389 2,500 2,000 1,497 1,620 1,500 952 1,000 779 282 500 119 0 Plano Richardson Farmers Addison Frisco Irving Carrolton Lewisville Garland Branch

There are a total of 14,521 Asian businesses in all these cities, 11.68% of all companies registered. This percentage is much higher than the one obtained at county and the Dallas city level. Most Asian companies are concentrated in the cities of Plano (4,137), Garland (2,746), Irving (2,389), Carrollton (1,620), and Richardson (1,437). The exact number of Asian-owned companies is not known for Allen, McKinney and Coppell, probably due to very low presence. The average number of Asian-owned companies for the cities considered is 1613. Compared to 2002, there was an increase of 48% in the number of Asian firms for all cities studies (excluding the city of Addison where the number of firms in 2002 is not available), as compared to 26.16% increase in the total number of businesses. The only city where the number of Asian firms actually decreased between 2002 and 2007 is Farmers Branch, but this decrease is correlated with a decrease in the total number of firms in this city.

Fig 18: Evolution of Asian firms in 8 cities between 2002 and 2007 4,500 4,000 Plano 3,500 Richardson 3,000 Farmers Branch 2,500 Addison 2,000 Frisco 1,500 Irving 1,000 Carrolton 500 Lewisville 0 Garland 2002 2007

The annual receipts for Asian businesses in these Dallas region cities total $3,912,322,000, or 1.52% of total company receipts excluding the cities of Allen, McKinney and Coppell for which such data is not available for Asian-owned companies. 22.1% of the Asian-owned companies in these small cities are employer companies, a smaller percentage that the one registered at county level or in the city of Dallas. The explanation might be that Asian-owned businesses adjust to local markets, and since we are considering rather small cities from the Dallas region, it is logical that smaller businesses might be more successful there. For the same probable reason, Asian employer companies account for only 87.8% of the total Asian company receipts in the studied cities. There are 21,910 employees working for Asian-owned businesses in the cities of Plano, Richardson, Farmers Branch, Addison, Frisco, Irving, Carrolton, Lewisville, Garland, 3.06% of all private employees working in these cities. The city with the greatest number of people employed in Asian-owned businesses is Irving (6424) while the city with the lowest number is Lewisville (544). The median for the number for the number of employees in Asian businesses is 1682 employees. While the city of Irving also contains the highest number of employees per all companies registered for all ethnicities, it is Frisco that holds the last place, right before Lewisville. The annual payroll received by employees of Asian-owned companies from these cities combined is $732,477,000 (1.98% of total annual payroll by all registered

20 companies). The smallest annual payroll is received by employees of Lewisville, the highest one by the ones in Irving, which is perfectly logical considering that these are the cities with the lowest, respectively the highest number of employees in Asian companies. Data on the distribution of Asian companies per business sectors is unfortunately not complete for most sectors of most of the 12 cities, but from the available data we can infer the Professional, scientific and technical services, along the Other services sector account for most Asian-owned business in the studies area. From the data studied, we can infer that Asian businesses in the Dallas region are growing at a faster rate than all ethnicities included businesses. 22-36% are employer companies, realizing over 90% of the total Asian company receipts. Most of the companies are involved in the Professional, scientific and technical services, and other types of services. These companies have a significant contribution to the regional economy by the amount of their receipts and by the number of jobs that they offer.

Table 1.1 Asian people per county in the Dallas region

Dallas County Collin County Denton County Total Total Total Subject Asians alone population Asians alone population Asians alone population

Sex and age Total 110,530 2,415,175 76,666 762,685 36,074 637,101 % of total population 4.6% 10.1% 5.7% Male 50.4% 50.7% 49.8% 50.2% 48.8% 49.9% Female 49.6% 49.3% 50.2% 49.8% 51.2% 50.1%

Under 5 years 8.9% 9.0% 8.9% 7.8% 8.6% 7.9% 5 to 17 years 18.4% 19.1% 19.2% 20.3% 17.8% 19.5% 18 to 24 years 8.3% 9.8% 5.7% 7.4% 7.7% 9.4% 25 to 34 years 19.4% 17.4% 18.1% 14.9% 21.0% 17.5% 35 to 44 years 16.9% 14.7% 23.0% 18.2% 21.1% 16.9% 45 to 54 years 13.0% 12.9% 13.4% 14.7% 11.9% 14.1% 55 to 64 years 8.7% 8.5% 6.5% 9.1% 7.1% 8.6% 65 to 74 years 4.0% 4.5% 3.2% 4.7% 3.5% 3.8% 75 years and over 2.3% 4.0% 2.0% 2.9% 1.3% 2.3% Median age (years) 32.3 31.7 34.3 34.8 32.8 32.5 Educational attainment 25 yrs or older 71,172 1,497,787 50,773 491,568 23,772 402,820

Less than high school diploma 14.4% 25.0% 6.1% 7.5% 8.2% 9.8% High school graduate (includes equivalency) 15.5% 23.1% 8.7% 16.1% 19.1% 20.5% Some college or associate's degree 16.0% 24.7% 11.9% 28.9% 19.2% 32.0% Bachelor's degree 30.2% 18.0% 36.5% 31.9% 30.4% 26.4% Graduate or professional degree 23.8% 9.2% 36.8% 15.6% 23.1% 11.3%

High school graduate or higher 85.6% 75.0% 93.9% 92.5% 91.8% 90.2% Male, high school graduate or higher 88.6% 72.2% 95.5% 92.1% 93.3% 89.1% Female, high school graduate or higher 82.6% 77.8% 92.4% 92.9% 90.3% 91.2% Bachelor's degree or higher 54.0% 27.2% 73.3% 47.5% 53.5% 37.7% Male, bachelor's degree or higher 56.1% 27.3% 78.4% 51.3% 60.4% 39.2% Female, bachelor's degree or higher 52.0% 27.2% 68.4% 43.8% 47.2% 36.2% OCCUPATION

Civilian employed population 16 years and over 53,668 1,156,439 37,048 400,401 17,853 340,871 Management, professional, and related occupations 50.5% 31.2% 69.4% 49.1% 47.2% 40.7% Service occupations 13.7% 16.9% 7.2% 11.7% 13.1% 13.8% Sales and office occupations 20.9% 25.4% 18.1% 27.8% 26.9% 28.9% Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% Construction, extraction, maintenance, and repair occupations 3.5% 13.3% 1.0% 5.8% 3.3% 7.6% Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 11.5% 12.9% 4.4% 5.5% 9.5% 8.8% INCOME

For families- Median family income (dollars) 65,649 51,850 104,982 95,428 77,074 86,572 For individuals- Per capita income (dollars) 26,383 25,680 35,872 37,042 25,272 31,397 HOUSING TENURE Occupied housing units 35,071 841,347 24,775 265,511 9,796 207,417 Owner-occupied housing units 50.9% 54.1% 74.2% 71.5% 60.9% 66.9%

Renter-occupied housing units 49.1% 45.9% 25.8% 28.5% 39.1% 33.1%

Average household size of owner-occupied unit 3.51 2.98 3.3 3.05 3.82 3.19 Average household size of renter-occupied unit 2.59 2.64 2.39 2.35 3.02 2.6 YEAR STRUCTURE BUILT Occupied housing units 35,071 841,347 24,775 265,511 9,796 207,417 Built 2000 or later 18.4% 12.2% 39.5% 31.7% 41.5% 31.3% Built 1990 to 1999 24.9% 11.8% 40.0% 32.2% 31.7% 25.9% Built 1980 to 1989 23.6% 18.8% 15.6% 21.2% 18.2% 23.8% Built 1960 to 1979 26.5% 34.9% 4.5% 12.4% 7.5% 15.6% Built 1940 to 1959 5.6% 18.2% 0.4% 1.5% 1.1% 2.4% Built 1939 or earlier 1.0% 4.2% 0.0% 1.0% 0.0% 0.9% VEHICLES AVAILABLE Occupied housing units 35,071 841,347 24,775 265,511 9,796 207,417 None 5.3% 7.5% 1.3% 2.5% 2.6% 2.6% 1 or more 94.7% 92.5% 98.7% 97.5% 97.4% 97.4% COMMUTING TO WORK Workers 16 years and over 52,671 1,133,876 35,801 392,969 17,366 330,211 Car, truck, or van - drove alone 76.3% 78.5% 80.7% 81.7% 75.0% 81.2% Car, truck, or van - carpooled 15.8% 12.3% 10.2% 7.3% 17.9% 10.4% Public transportation (excluding taxicab) 1.8% 3.0% 1.7% 1.2% 2.3% 0.7% Walked 1.4% 1.5% 0.9% 0.8% 1.3% 1.5% Other means 2.0% 1.3% 0.7% 2.2% 1.0% 1.3% Worked at home 2.7% 3.3% 5.7% 6.7% 2.6% 5.0% Mean travel time to work (minutes) 23.2 25.8 28.1 27.5 27.3 27.4 HOUSE HEATING FUEL Occupied housing units 35,071 841,347 24,775 265,511 9,796 207,417 Gas 31.8% 40.4% 62.1% 53.1% 49.6% 46.4%

Electricity 67.8% 59.3% 37.8% 46.6% 50.3% 53.3% All other fuels 0.3% 0.2% 0.1% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% No fuel used 0.1% 0.2% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.1% OWNER CHARACTERISTICS Owner-occupied housing units 17,849 455,106 18,372 189,798 5,966 138,759 Median value (dollars) 170,700 130,600 233,100 202,700 216,900 177,400 Median selected monthly owner costs with a mortgage (dollars) 1,767 1,457 2,002 1,865 2,028 1,743 Median selected monthly owner costs without a mortgage (dollars) 651 517 767 690 666 610 GROSS RENT AS A PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS Occupied units paying rent (excluding units where GRAPI cannot be computed) 15,948 365,375 5,844 72,620 3,696 66,598 Less than 30 percent 66.5% 51.1% 68.7% 57.4% 51.7% 56.7% 30 percent or more 33.5% 48.9% 31.3% 42.6% 48.3% 43.3%

GROSS RENT Occupied units paying rent 16,643 374,975 6,225 73,529 3,761 66,996 Median gross rent (dollars) 842 812 911 949 887 881

Table 1.2 Asian people in the City of Dallas

Dallas county Total Subject Asians alone population

Sex and age Total 33,942 1,281,758 % of total population 2.6% Male 50.2% 51.2% Female 49.8% 48.8%

Under 5 years 7.1% 9.5% 5 to 17 years 13.0% 17.4% 18 to 24 years 9.8% 10.2% 25 to 34 years 25.6% 19.5% 35 to 44 years 17.7% 14.5% 45 to 54 years 11.6% 12.2% 55 to 64 years 8.7% 8.1% 65 to 74 years 4.4% 4.3% 75 years and over 2.0% 4.2% Median age (years) 32.9 31 Educational attainment 25 yrs or older 23,781 805,760 Less than high school diploma 12.6% 28.2% High school graduate (includes equivalency) 14.8% 21.5% Some college or associate's degree 11.7% 22.2% Bachelor's degree 31.0% 18.5% Graduate or professional degree 29.9% 9.6%

High school graduate or higher 87.4% 71.8% Male, high school graduate or higher 87.7% 69.0% Female, high school graduate or higher 87.1% 74.7% Bachelor's degree or higher 60.9% 28.1% Male, bachelor's degree or higher 61.2% 28.2% Female, bachelor's degree or higher 60.5% 27.9% OCCUPATION Civilian employed population 16 years and over 17,930 612,984 Management, professional, and related occupations 55.2% 30.6% Service occupations 13.2% 18.1% Sales and office occupations 19.7% 24.4% Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 0.1% 0.2% Construction, extraction, maintenance, and repair occupations 2.5% 14.3% Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 9.4% 12.4% INCOME

For families- Median family income (dollars) 63,228 43,708 For individuals- Per capita income (dollars) 32,297 26,486

HOUSING TENURE

Occupied housing units 13,667 471,214 Owner-occupied housing units 36.5% 45.8% Renter-occupied housing units 63.5% 54.2%

Average household size of owner-occupied unit 2.62 2.85

Average household size of renter-occupied unit 2.2 2.52

YEAR STRUCTURE BUILT

Occupied housing units 13,667 471,214 Built 2000 or later 11.9% 10.7% Built 1990 to 1999 21.5% 9.6% Built 1980 to 1989 24.8% 17.7% Built 1960 to 1979 31.8% 33.9% Built 1940 to 1959 8.0% 22.1% Built 1939 or earlier 2.1% 6.0% VEHICLES AVAILABLE

Occupied housing units 13,667 471,214 None 6.9% 9.9% 1 or more 93.1% 90.1% COMMUTING TO WORK Workers 16 years and over 17,433 601,883 Car, truck, or van - drove alone 78.6% 76.4% Car, truck, or van - carpooled 12.4% 12.7% Public transportation (excluding taxicab) 3.2% 4.2% Walked 2.4% 1.8% Other means 1.2% 1.4%

Worked at home 2.3% 3.6% Mean travel time to work (minutes) 22.5 25.3

HOUSE HEATING FUEL Occupied housing units 13,667 471,214 Gas 23.5% 38.2% Electricity 76.4% 61.5% All other fuels 0.1% 0.2% No fuel used 0.0% 0.2% OWNER CHARACTERISTICS Owner-occupied housing units 4,986 215,968 Median value (dollars) 199,400 131,300 Median selected monthly owner costs with a mortgage (dollars) 2,035 1,448 Median selected monthly owner costs without a mortgage (dollars) 674 497 GROSS RENT AS A PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS

Occupied units paying rent (excluding units where GRAPI cannot be computed) 240,714 8,036 Less than 30 percent 51.5% 66.1% 30 percent or more 48.5% 33.9%

GROSS RENT

Occupied units paying rent 248,418 8,509 Median gross rent (dollars) 773 765

Table 1.3 Asian people in other cities of the Dallas region

Plano Richardson Farmers Branch Addison Allen

Asians Total Asians Total Asians Total Asians Total Asians Total alone population alone population alone population alone population alone population

Total: 39,043 261,902 13,061 100,045 816 26,739 649 14,315 8,173 77,072 % of total population 14.9% 13.1% 3.1% 4.5% 10.6%

Male: 19,940 131,093 6,767 50,205 424 13,840 308 7,681 3,845 38,189

Female: 19,103 130,809 6,294 49,840 392 12,899 341 6,634 4,328 38,883 Median age 34.9 36.2 31.8 36 38.4 35.9 32 30.8 33.8 33.2 Educational attainment

Population 25 years and over 27,837 173163 8,456 66,191 526 17,376 534 9,619 5291 46967 Less than high school graduate 5.5% 8.2% 10.4% 9.6% 8.4% 25% 9% 12.9% 7.9% 5.60% High school graduate (includes 13.90% equivalency) 9.4% 11.8% 15.3% 21.1% 23.9% 8.2% 14% 8.8% 13.20% Some college or associate's degree 13.4% 25.70% 14.6% 26.3% 10.3% 23.6% 18.9% 27.9% 14.9% 32.50% 60.3% 63.9% 34.1% Bachelor's degree 32.9% 31.6% 30.9% (1) 18.7% (1) 29.8% 68.4% 32% Graduate or professional degree 38.8% 18.10% 31.6% 17.9% 8.5% 15.4% 16.7% Civilian employed population 16 years and over 19,523 139277 5,740 51,211 NA NA NA OCCUPATION NA NA NA Management, professional, and 50.80% related occupations 69.6% 51.7% 47.9% NA NA NA Service occupations 7.0% 10.80% 10.2% 13.5% NA NA NA Sales and office occupations 18.2% 28.20% 23.4% 26.2% NA NA NA

Farming, fishing, and forestry 0.03% occupations 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% NA NA NA Construction, extraction, 5.00% maintenance, and repair occupations 1.3% 6.1% 6.2% NA NA NA

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 4.0% 5.00% 8.7% 6.2% NA NA NA EARNINGS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2009 INFLATION- ADJUSTED DOLLARS) FOR FULL- TIME, YEAR-ROUND WORKERS Population 16 years and over with earnings 14,353 102,039 4,097 36,597 287 9,518 337 6,937 2,870 28,826 $1 to $9,999 or loss 0.9% 0.90% 1.4% 1.80% 2.1% 2.6% 0% 0% 0% 1.30% $10,000 to $14,999 1.2% 2.80% 2.5% 3.20% 0.0% 6.1% 0% 4.3% 3.30% 1.80% $15,000 to $24,999 7.5% 11.00% 13.3% 11.90% 17.8% 22.1% 11.0% 18.6% 5.90% 10.40% $25,000 to $34,999 7.9% 11.90% 19.4% 15.00% 13.6% 15.7% 14.2% 18.4% 7.5% 10.80% $35,000 to $49,999 11.3% 17.00% 13.3% 19.40% 20.6% 20.4% 8.6% 15.6% 14.60% 18.60% $50,000 to $74,999 21.9% 12.80% 19.7% 21.40% 16.7% 18.0% 56.1% 20.8% 20.80% 21.00% $75,000 or more 49.3% 21.20% 30.4% 17.30% 29.2% 15.1% 10.1% 22.3% 47.90% 36.10%

Median earnings (dollars) for full-time, year-round workers:

69,204 39,021 42,500 Male 86,553 52,232 42,676 56,161 59,848 77,713 73,688

45,951 41,170 Female 54,072 42,750 32,606 39,667 35,680 34,167 60,156 46,556

93,697 Occupied housing units 13,052 4,175 36,949 290 9399 357 6849 2,409 24,430 HOUSING TENURE Owner-occupied housing units 76.3% 67.80% 55.7% 64.30% 63.10% 66.80% 12.04% 24.6% 94.02% 82.39% Renter-occupied housing units 23.7% 32.2% 44.3% 35.70% 36.90% 33.2% 87.96% 75.4% 5.98% 17.61%

VEHICLES AVAILABLE None 1.9% 1.20% 5.1% 1.9% NA NA NA 1 or more 98.1% 98.80% 94.9% 98.1% NA NA NA Owner-occupied housing units 9,960 63,678 2,327 23754 183 6278 43 1685 2265 20129 SELECTED MONTHLY OWNER COSTS AS A PERCENTAGE OF

HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS

Less than 30 percent 73.6% 75.40% 63.2% 74.5% NA NA NA 30 percent or more 26.4% 24.60% 36.8% 25.5% NA NA NA

30,119 Renter-occupied housing units 3,092 1,848 13,195 107 3121 314 5164 144 4,301 GROSS RENT AS A PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS Less than 30 percent 76.7% 58.50% 59.0% 40.8% NA NA NA 30 percent or more 23.3% 41.50% 41.0% 59.2% NA NA NA

(1) Bachelor degree or higher

Frisco McKiney Irving Carrollton Coppell

Asians Total Asians Total Asians Total Asians Total Asians Total alone population alone population alone population alone population alone population

Total: 6,610 87,712 3,707 113,606 23,248 197,830 14,908 123,620 5248 39366 % of total population 7.5% 3.3% 11.8% 18.1% 13.3%

Male: 43,346 3,134 1,785 56,897 11,764 102,085 7338 62319 2827 19532

Female: 44,366 3,476 1,922 56,709 11,484 95,745 7570 61301 2421 19834 Median age 33 33.4 33.3 31.9 30.3 30.6 35.2 34.3 32.9 35.2 Educational attainment

Population 25 years and over 4352 55,236 2479 68,458 15,146 123,173 9,271 80551 3002 23772 Less than high school graduate 5.7% 5.50% 3.80% 8.90% 7.5% 24.10% 14.8% 15.10% 6.80% 4.20% High school graduate (includes equivalency) 7.6% 11.50% 13.60% 16.60% 11.9% 21.30% 23.4% 20.80% 9.20% 9.70% Some college or associate's degree 12% 27.90% 15.30% 32.40% 15.0% 24% 21.9% 27.70% 13.60% 21.80% 74.7% 67.3% 70.4% Bachelor's degree (1) 39.80% (1) 30.40% 35.0% 20% 26.9% 27.20% (1) 43.40%

Graduate or professional degree 15.30% 11.70% 30.6% 10.60% 13.0% 9.20% 20.90% Civilian employed population 16 years and over OCCUPATION NA NA 10,931 103,030 6,725 67787 NA Management, professional, and related occupations NA NA 61.8% 58.40% 35.4% 37.60% NA Service occupations NA NA 6.4% 7.10% 14.1% 13.20% NA Sales and office occupations NA NA 22.6% 11.20% 30.5% 29.40% NA Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations NA NA 0.0% 0% 0.0% 0% NA Construction, extraction, maintenance, and repair occupations NA NA 3.1% 12.30% 5.3% 8.50% NA Production, transportation, and material moving occupations NA NA 6.2% 11% 14.7% 11.30% NA EARNINGS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2009 INFLATION- ADJUSTED DOLLARS) FOR FULL- TIME, YEAR-ROUND WORKERS Population 16 years and over with earnings 2510 35,826 1450 40,140 7,826 73774 5,052 48,712 1823 14645 $1 to $9,999 or loss 2.90% 1.30% 0% 1.80% 1.3% 2.30% 3.5% 1.30% 0% 1.10% $10,000 to $14,999 1.20% 2.40% 4.10% 3.60% 4.7% 6.40% 3.4% 5.60% 5.20% 2% $15,000 to $24,999 8.70% 9.50% 7.50% 12.70% 13.1% 21.20% 16.9% 13.50% 4.80% 4.50% $25,000 to $34,999 12.60% 10.30% 14.40% 12.30% 13.7% 19% 19.6% 18% 9.30% 8.30% $35,000 to $49,999 11% 15.80% 18.90% 18.70% 13.2% 19.80% 21.9% 20.80% 20.80% 18.40% $50,000 to $74,999 24.50% 23.70% 23.90% 20.30% 22.7% 16% 17.9% 19.80% 10.90% 18.60% $75,000 or more 39.40% 37% 31.20% 30.60% 31.3% 15.30% 16.9% 21% 49% 47.10% Median earnings (dollars) for full-time, year-round workers:

Male 75,978 71,615 62778 61154 63,468 35693 45,081 44785 75685 81087

Female 47,353 50,079 36554 42112 38,624 35411 33,661 40359 56786 57037

Occupied housing units 2280 29,817 1,107 36,389 7,876 73522 3,909 41880 1443 13249

HOUSING TENURE Owner-occupied housing units 83.9% 77.90% 88.7% 74.8% 35.1% 40.10% 70.5% 65.60% 76.50% 75.40% Renter-occupied housing units 16.10% 22.10% 11.30% 25.20% 64.9% 59.90% 29.5% 34.40% 23.50% 24.60%

VEHICLES AVAILABLE None NA NA 3.1% 5.2% 2.4% 3.10% NA 1 or more NA NA 96.9% 95% 97.6% 96.90% NA

Owner-occupied housing units 1,913 23,238 982 27,208 2,761 29,466 2,754 27,490 1,104 9994 SELECTED MONTHLY OWNER COSTS AS A PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS Less than 30 percent NA NA 67.1% 68.7% 63.4% 71.90% NA 30 percent or more NA NA 32.9% 31.30% 36.6% 28.10% NA

Renter-occupied housing units 367 6,579 125 9,181 5,115 44,056 1,155 14,390 339 3255 GROSS RENT AS A PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS Less than 30 percent NA NA 67.5% 55.90% 47.1% 53.20% NA 30 percent or more NA NA 32.5% 44.10% 52.9% 46.80% NA

(1) Bachelor degree or higher

Lewisville Garland Asians Total Asians Total alone population alone population

Total: 6425 98519 20994 217317 % of total population 6.5% 9.7% Male: 3272 49516 10996 110847 Female: 3153 49003 9998 106470

Median age 31.7 31.4 34.2 31.8 Educational attainment Population 25 years and over 4480 64834 13,453 133102 Less than high school graduate 7.60% 14.90% 24.6% 25.70% High school graduate (includes equivalency) 22.90% 23% 18.9% 25% Some college or associate's degree 18.30% 32% 21.2% 28.60% 51.2% Bachelor's degree (1) 21.20% 25.7% 14.70% Graduate or professional degree 8.90% 9.6% 6% Civilian employed population 16 years and over 9,567 106188 OCCUPATION NA Management, professional, and related occupations NA 36.2% 27.50% Service occupations NA 20.9% 16.90% Sales and office occupations NA 15.9% 26.4% Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations NA 0.0% 0% Construction, extraction, maintenance, and repair occupations NA 5.9% 14.40% Production, transportation, and material moving occupations NA 21.1% 14.80% EARNINGS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2009 INFLATION- ADJUSTED DOLLARS) FOR FULL- TIME, YEAR-ROUND WORKERS Population 16 years and over with earnings 2256 42574 6,874 75,058 $1 to $9,999 or loss 0% 0% 2.0% 6.6% $10,000 to $14,999 6.20% 4.60% 7.3% 22.7% $15,000 to $24,999 20.50% 18.30% 26.5% 19.1% $25,000 to $34,999 14.90% 21.20% 16.5% 21.3% $35,000 to $49,999 16% 21.00% 20.3% 13.0%

$50,000 to $74,999 22.30% 20.30% 17.3% 4.9% $75,000 or more 20.10% 14.60% 10.0% 10.3% Median earnings (dollars) for full-time, year-round workers: Male 48566 39288 36,051 35,330 Female 32873 37400 27,471 33,760 Occupied housing units 1972 35530 5,401 68,296 HOUSING TENURE Owner-occupied housing units 34% 49% 75.5% 65.90% Renter-occupied housing units 66% 51% 24.5% 34.10%

VEHICLES AVAILABLE None NA 3.7% 4.30% 1 or more NA 96.3% 95.70% Owner-occupied housing units 662 17287 4,079 45006 SELECTED MONTHLY OWNER COSTS AS A PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS Less than 30 percent NA 57.6% 65.60% 30 percent or more NA 42.4% 34.40% Renter-occupied housing units 1310 18243 1,322 23290 GROSS RENT AS A PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS Less than 30 percent NA 59.8% 49.80% 30 percent or more NA 40.2% 50.20%

(1) Bachelor degree or higher

Table 2.1 Asian firms per county in the Dallas region

Dallas county Collin county Denton county Asians Asians Asian Subject firms All firms firms All firms firms All firms Number of firms 15,801 228,625 7,834 78,559 3,649 58,770 % of total firms 6.9% 10% 6.2% Number of firms according to 2002 census 12,004 195,101 3,673 54,814 2,057 40,742 Receipts ($1,000) 6,618,364 378,155,589 1,476,769 95,114,456 580,406 46,001,849 Employer firms (number) 4,517 46,661 1,449 12,737 545 8,140 Employer receipts ($1,000) 6,196,746 367,829,609 1,199,127 91,662,543 433,949 43,523,547 Employees (number) 34,385 1,334,595 7,235 268,289 8,437 149,340 Annual payroll ($1,000) 1,100,352 65,464,502 239,523 13,388,327 99,344 5,270,060 Nonemployer firms (number) 11,285 181,964 6,385 65,822 3,104 50,630 Nonemployer receipts ($1,000) 421,618 10,325,980 277,642 3,451,913 146,457 2,478,303 Type of firms Agriculture NA NA NA Mining NA NA NA Utilities NA NA NA Manufacturing 468 5,236 262 1,639 69 916 Construction 45 24,615 NA NA Wholesale 643 8,252 158 2,471 NA Retail trade 2,238 19,786 NA 610 6,429 Information 174 3,566 187 1,449 NA Finance and insurance 455 14,414 298 6,392 NA Real estate and rental and leasing 706 21,527 864 8,264 NA Professional, scientific, and technical services 1,976 34,249 1,625 15,766 552 9,780 Administrative and Support and Waste Mang and Remediation Srvs 544 21,133 238 5,818 NA Educational services 94 4,118 NA NA Health care and social assistance 1,382 16,187 810 5,837 223 3,885 Arts, entertainment, and recreation 217 9,233 85 2,871 NA

Accommodation and food services 1,286 6,118 462 1,924 NA Other services (except public administration) 4,876 27,526 1,526 7,904 NA Table 2.2 Asian firms in the city of Dallas

Dallas city Asians Subject firms All firms Number of firms 5,977 121,288 % of total firms 4.9% Number of firms according to 2002 census 4,614 106,617 Receipts ($1,000) 3,165,560 185,276,035 Employer firms (number) 2,181 26,431 Employer receipts ($1,000) 3,012,132 179,315,300 Employees (number) 15,033 723,979 Annual payroll ($1,000) 478,254 36,952,454 Nonemployer firms (number) 3,796 94,856 Nonemployer receipts ($1,000) 153,428 5,960,736 Type of firms Agriculture NA Mining NA Utilities NA Manufacturing 145 2,438 Construction NA Wholesale 319 4,232 Retail trade 909 9,183 Information 49 1,917 Finance and insurance 194 8,908 Real estate and rental and leasing 242 14,235 Professional, scientific, and technical services 720 19,093 Administrative and Support and Waste Mang and Remediation Srvs NA Educational services NA

Health care and social assistance 466 9,225 Arts, entertainment, and recreation 122 4,708 Accommodation and food services 610 3,477 Other services (except public administration) 1,695 13,961 Table 2.3 Asian Firms in other cities of the Dallas region

Plano Richardson Farmers Branch Addison Allen

Asians Asians Asians Asians Asians Subject firms All firms firms All firms firms All firms firms All firms firms All firms Number of firms 4,137 31,253 1,497 12,951 282 4,160 119 3,722 NA % of total firms 13.2% 11.6% 6.8% 3.2% Number of firms according to 2002 census 2,625 24,095 1,378 11,564 349 4,230 NA NA Receipts ($1,000) 899,330 57,697,657 666,960 36,153,083 124,782 15,006,659 122,066 11,108,809 NA Employer firms (number) 948 6,292 455 3,639 102 1,705 79 1,850 NA Employer receipts ($1,000) 771,844 56,193,861 612,610 35,631,750 120,549 14,792,365 120,647 10,874,778 NA Employees (number) 4,058 143,711 3,046 77,600 656 50,214 907 43,585 NA Annual payroll ($1,000) 136,643 8,321,423 153,698 4,506,715 22,849 2,698,933 37,879 2,596,635 NA Nonemployer firms (number) 3,189 24,961 1,042 9,312 180 2,455 40 1,871 NA Nonemployer receipts ($1,000) 127,486 1,503,796 54,350 521,333 NA 214,294 NA 234,030 NA Type of firms NA Agriculture NA NA NA NA NA Mining NA NA NA NA NA Utilities NA NA NA NA NA Manufacturing NA 76 457 NA NA NA Construction NA NA NA NA NA Wholesale 78 1,185 87 581 NA NA NA Retail trade NA 181 1,281 NA NA NA Information NA NA NA NA NA Finance and insurance NA NA NA NA NA

Real estate and rental and leasing NA NA NA NA NA Professional, scientific, and technical services 1,163 7,120 227 2,389 41 669 NA 116 1,783 Administrative and Support and Waste Mang and Remediation Srvs 96 1,761 NA NA NA NA Educational services NA NA NA NA NA Health care and social assistance 389 2,784 NA NA NA NA Arts, entertainment, and recreation 27 948 NA NA NA NA Accommodation and food services NA NA NA NA NA Other services (except public administration) 661 2,584 NA NA NA NA

Frisco McKiney Irving Carrollton Coppell Asians Asians All Asians Asians Asians All Subject firms All firms firms firms firms All firms firms All firms firms firms Number of firms 952 11,598 NA 2,389 18,617 1,620 13,615 NA % of total firms 8.2% 12.8% 11.9% Number of firms according to 2002 census 131 5,414 NA 958 15,543 1,260 11,113 NA Receipts ($1,000) 141,752 11,780,333 NA 825,416 82,990,799 602,244 18,544,945 NA Employer firms (number) 89 1,717 NA 722 4,553 269 2,862 NA Employer receipts ($1,000) 87,786 11,238,759 NA 759,316 82,315,554 544,675 18,123,087 NA Employees (number) 1,435 34,737 NA 6,424 200,267 1,682 72,065 NA Annual payroll ($1,000) 34,601 1,327,174 NA 216,098 11,158,711 44,199 3,047,558 NA Nonemployer firms (number) 863 9,882 NA 1,666 14,064 1,351 10,753 NA Nonemployer receipts ($1,000) 53,966 541,574 NA 66,101 675,244 NA 421,858 NA Type of firms NA Agriculture NA NA NA NA NA

Mining NA NA NA NA NA Utilities NA NA NA NA NA Manufacturing NA 28 137 NA NA NA Construction NA NA NA NA NA Wholesale NA NA 82 847 176 916 NA Retail trade NA NA 409 1,638 NA NA Information 72 385 NA NA NA NA Finance and insurance NA NA NA NA NA Real estate and rental and leasing NA NA NA NA NA Professional, scientific, and technical services 154 2,205 NA NA NA NA Administrative and Support and Waste Mang and Remediation NA NA NA NA NA Educational services NA NA NA NA NA Health care and social assistance NA NA NA NA NA Arts, entertainment, and recreation NA NA NA NA NA Accommodation and food services NA NA NA 135 418 NA Other services (except public administration) NA NA NA 440 1,822 NA

Lewisville Garland Asians Asians Subject firms All firms firms All firms Number of firms 779 8,626 2,746 19,734 % of total firms 9% 13.9% Number of firms according to 2002 census 550 6,712 2,463 16,882 Receipts ($1,000) 122,696 10,255,223 407,076 13,675,506 Employer firms 153 1,663 392 3,022

Employer receipts ($1,000) 92,013 9,891,002 326,675 12,991,297 Employees (number) 544 36,214 3,158 57,866 Annual payroll ($1,000) 12,846 1,451,706 73,664 1,926,512 Nonemployer firms (number) 626 6,963 2,354 16,711 Nonemployer receipts ($1,000) 30,683 364,221 80,401 684,210 Type of firms Agriculture NA NA Mining NA NA Utilities NA NA Manufacturing 26 144 NA Construction NA NA Wholesale NA NA Retail trade NA NA Information NA NA Finance and insurance NA NA Real estate and rental and leasing NA NA Professional, scientific, and technical services NA NA Administrative and Support and Waste Mang and Remediation Srvs NA NA Educational services NA NA Health care and social assistance NA NA Arts, entertainment, and recreation NA NA Accommodation and food services 64 240 NA Other services (except public administration) 220 1,102 1,402 3,442

The Austin Region

Part 1: Asian Residents of the Austin area

1.1 Asian residents per county: Williamson and Travis

The data regarding Asian people for the two counties is presented in Table 1.1. According to the 2007-2009 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates, there are 68,681 people of Asian ethnicity in the two counties, 4.9% of the total population. Most of them are concentrated in the Travis County. Due to the small number of Asians present in Williamson County, data regarding certain characteristics is not available.

Fig 1: Asian population in Williamson and Travis Counties 60000 53543 50000

40000

30000

20000 15138

10000

0 Williamson County Travis County

Fig 2: Educational attainment for Asians in the Williamson and Travis Counties

Less than high school diploma 7.70% 8.70% High school graduate 12.17% 11.50% (includes equivalency)

9.80% 11.60% Some college or associate's degree 62.80% 68.30% Bachelor's degree or higher

Table 1.1 considers the occupation of civilian employed population 16 years and older. Roughly 65% of Asians in every county are involved in management, professional or related occupations; the next preferred occupation is sales and office work. The median annual income of Asian families is $101,990 in Williamson County and $82,491 in Travis County. This income surpasses that of the median annual income for all families by 15.5% and 19.2% respectively. If we consider the income per capita, Asian individuals make on average $32,387 in Williamson County, or 14.8% more than per capita income for the total population and $32,644 for Travis County which is 2.8% higher than the one registered for total population in the county.

Fig 3: Median family income for the two counties 120000 101990 100000 88262 82,491 80000 69,232

60000 Asians Total population 40000

20000

0 Williamson County Travis County

In Williamson County, Asian households account for 3.3% of the occupied housing units and 5% in Travis County. Most are owner-occupied housing units at 69.3% and 50.6% respectively. These rates are comparable to those of the total households for all ethnicities combined. The Williamson County seems to be the richer of the two, accounting for the highest income per family, as well as the highest ratio of owners to renters. Asian householders seem to have comparable preferences regarding the year of construction of the houses they occupy as the rest of the population living in the same area in Travis County. Unfortunately, data is unavailable for Williamson County. However, most Asians occupy houses built 2000 or later, while for the total population, the highest percentage is for houses built between 1960 and 1979 but the distribution is rather smooth. These preferences are probably related to housing availability and the average year of construction of houses in this county. The percentage of Asian households not possessing a car is very low. Most Asians prefer driving their own vehicle to work as is the case for the rest of the population, and 0% use public transportation in Williamson County compared to 5.9% in Travis County. Regarding house heating fuel, Asians from Travis County prefer gas, while the rest of the population seems to prefer electricity. Data is not available for Williamson County. When considering the median value of the Asian owner-occupied housing units, we realize that these are 14.4% higher than the median values obtained for the whole

46 population in Travis County. The Asian consumers buy more expensive houses than the average household in the respective areas. Monthly owners expenses are also higher for the Asian households than for the average household, which corresponds to their higher costs of home ownership. As for rented housing units, Asian renters pay around the same amount as the total population in the Travis County. On average, 59.85% of Asian renters pay less than 30% of their income on gross rent.

1.2 Asian people in the City of Austin

Table 1.2 presents data regarding Asian residents in the City of Austin. According to census data, there are 42,214 Asian ethnics in Austin, representing 5.5% of the total population. 50.9% of accounted Asians are male, and the median age is 30.5, slightly lower than the median age for the total population of 30.9. Most Asian Austin inhabitants are between 25 and 34 years old.

Fig 4: Asian population in the City of Austin

42,214

Asians Total population

767,139

In terms of educational achievement, 38.6% of the Asian population 25 years or older has a graduate or professional degree compared to 16.1% of for the total population. 71% of the Asian population in Austin have a BA degree or higher, as compared to 43.3% for the

total population. Overall, Asian people seem to be more educated than the average Austin population.

Fig 5: Educational attainment of Asians in Austin as compared to the total population 45.00% 38.60% 40.00% 35.00% 32.40% 30.00% 27.20% 24.00% 25.00% 20.00% 16.00% 16.70% 16.10% Asians 15.00% 10.90% 10.60% Total population 10.00% 7.50% 5.00% 0.00% Less than high High school Some college or Bachelor's degree Graduate or school diploma graduate associate's degree professional degree

66.1% of civilian employed Asian population is involved in management, professional or related occupations; the next preferred occupation is sales and office work. Asian families’ median income is 36.6% higher than median income for all Austin families, while per capita income for Asian individuals is 10.6% than for the average Austin individuals.

Fig 6: Median family and individual income in Austin City 100,000 90,000 86,174 80,000 70,000 63,084 60,000 50,000 Asians 40,000 33,356 30,152 Total population 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 Median family income Individuals per capita income

Asian occupied housing units account for 5.2% of the total occupied housing units in Austin. 43% of these households are owner-occupied, as compared to 45.9% for total occupied households. Most of the housing units occupied by Asians were constructed after 2000 and 94.9% of Asian households possess one vehicle or more. 70.2% of Asian people prefer driving their own vehicle to work, and only 7.2% use public transportation, percentages that are very similar to that of the total population. Most Asians in Austin prefer gas as a heating fuel, while the rest of the population seems to prefer electricity. Asian home owners tend to buy houses more expensive than the average home owner in Austin, a difference of 25.1%, while Asian renters pay a slightly lower rent than average. On average, 60.6% of Asian renters pay less than 30% of their income on gross rent as compared to 51.7% for the total Austin population.

1.2 Asian population in the City of Round Rock

Data regarding Asian residents of the City of Round Rock is presented in Table 1.3.2 According to census data, there are 4,794 Asian ethnics in Round Rock, representing 5.1% of the total population. 50.6% of accounted Asians are male, and the median age is 30.8, slightly lower than the median age for the total population (31.8).

Fig 7: Asian people inthe City of Round Rock

4,794

Asians Total population

94,777

2 The data originates 2005-2009 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, which is less accurate than the 3-years Community Survey but more complete, including geographical areas with very few Asian ethnics

In terms of educational achievement, 66% of the Asian population in Round Rock have a BA degree or higher, as compared to 36% for the total population. Overall, Asian people seem to be more educated than the average Round Rock population.

Fig 8: Educational achievement of Asians in Round Rock compared to the total population

70.0% 66.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 33.2% 36.0% 30.0% Asians 20.8% 20.0% 16.1% Total population 7.6% 10.0% 10.3% 10.0% 0.0% Less than high school High school graduates Some college or Bachelor's degree or graduate associate's degree higher

Asian males’ median income is 62.7% higher than median income for all Round Rock males, while for females the difference is 69.2%. 42% of all Asians make more than $75,000 per year.

Fig 9: Medians earnings for Round Rock population 90,000 79,767 80,000 70,000 63,172 60,000 49,028 50,000 Asians 37,332 40,000 Total population 30,000 20,000 10,000 - Male Female

Asian occupied housing units account for 4.2% of the total occupied housing units in Round Rock. 59.3% of these households are owner-occupied, as compared to 66.2% for total occupied households. Unfortunately, data regarding their housing preferences is not available. Since it is not only Asian people, but also Asian firms who contribute to the economy of the Austin region, the next section will focus upon the specific characteristics of Asian companies in this region.

Part 2: Asian-owned firms in the Austin region

2.1 Asian-owned firms per county: Williamson and Travis

Data regarding Asian companies in the two counties is presented in Table 2.1. There are a total of 7,134 Asian-owned firms in the two counties, which represents 5.2% of the total number of firms. Most Asian-owned firms are located in Travis County (5,121), 5.9% of the total number of firms in this particular county.

Fig 10: Asians firms in the two counties 6,000 5,121

4,000 2,013 2,000

0 Williamson County Travis County

If we compare this data to the numbers presented in the 2002 Survey of Business Owners, we can state that Asian businesses have been flourishing between 2002 and 2005, registering a remarkable 192% growth in number of companies in Williamson County, as compared to a growth of only 43% for total number of businesses in that county and a 55.9% growth in Travis County as compared to a 30.4% growth in the total number of companies.

Fig 11: Evolution in number of firms in the two counties 120,000

100,000 103,396

80,000 79,258 Williamson county Asians firms

60,000 Williamson county All firms Travis county Asians firms 40,000 33,853 Travis county All firms 20,000 23,661 5,121 0 6893,284 2,013 2002 2007

These businesses account for $4,982,306,000 in receipts in the two counties, 2.6% of the total number of receipts. 93.9% of the receipts realized by Asian companies were registered in Travis County. Of the 7,134 companies, 1,828 (25.6%) are employer firms. These companies offer jobs to 12,788 Texans, 2.2% of total employees in the private sector in the two counties. The annual payroll awarded to employees of Asian businesses is $355,973,000 representing 1.4% of the total annual payroll accounted for all private businesses on the respective areas. Most of the receipts of Asian businesses are realized by employer firms at 95.4%. The number of Asians per specific sector is not available for all sectors in the two counties. We can state, however, that out of the businesses classified per specific sector in both counties, the most prevailing sectors are other services with 1,338 companies, professional, scientific and technical services at 1,061 businesses, and retail trade at 563 companies.

2.2 Asian-owned firms in the City of Austin

The data regarding Asian businesses in the City of Austin is presented in Table 2.2. The total number Asian of firms for Austin is 3,971, 4.9% of the total number of firms in this city. This number is 50.9% greater than the number of Asian firms registered in 2002, while the total number of firms for all ethnicities registers only a 31.3% growth in the same period.

Fig 12: Asians firms as part of total number of firms in Austin

3,971

Asian All firms

80,581

The receipts for Asian companies in Austin represent $4,402,119,000 or 3.4% of the total company receipts. 32.6% of Asian companies in Austin are employer companies, offering jobs to 10,160 Texans, which is 2.4% of Austin city employees by private companies. The annual payroll offered by Asian businesses is $271,171,000 which represents 1.4% of the annual payroll offered by all businesses in Austin. Employer companies realize 96.9% of total receipts of all Asian companies. 34.7% of all Asian companies classified per specific sector are registered in the professional, scientific and technical services, 28.2% in the other services sector, 17.1% in retail trades, 11.2% in accommodation and food services, 3.6% in wholesale, 2.9% in information, and 0.8% in construction. These results are consistent with the ones obtained in section 2.1, demonstrating that Asian business in the Austin region tend to concentrate in the same sectors.

Fig 13: Sectors in which Asian firms concentrate

Construction 65 104 Wholesale

817 496 Retail trade

84 Information

Professional, scientific, and technical 325 services Accommodation and food services 1,003 Other services (except public administration)

2.3 Asian-owned firms in the City of Round Rock City

The data regarding Asian businesses in the City of Round Rock is presented in Table 2.3. The total number Asian of firms for Round Rock is 613, 7.5% of the total number of firms in this city.

Fig 14: Asian firms in Round Rock as part of the total number of firms

613

Asians firms All firms

8,137

The receipts for the Round Rock city Asian companies represent $100,517,000 or 0.2% of the total company receipts. 20.2% of Asian companies in this city are employer companies, offering jobs to 625 Texans or 1.2% of Austin city employees by private companies. The annual payroll offered by Asian businesses is $24,557,000 which represents 0.9% of the annual payroll offered by all businesses in Round Rock. Employer companies realize 80.2% of total receipts of all Asian companies.

Table 1.1 Asian people per county in the Austin region

Williamson County Travis County Total Total Subject Asians alone population Asians alone population

Sex and age Total 15,138 393,022 53,543 998,399 % of total population 3.9% 5.4% Male 48.4% 50.1% 50.5% 51.6% Female 51.6% 49.9% 49.5% 48.4%

Under 5 years 1.40% 8.20% 8.0% 8.0% 5 to 17 years 6.30% 20.10% 14.0% 15.9% 18 to 24 years 3.10% 7.90% 10.1% 10.3% 25 to 34 years 52.30% 15.10% 29.2% 22.6% 35 to 44 years 18.70% 17.10% 19.2% 15.3% 45 to 54 years 9.50% 13.70% 9.8% 12.7% 55 to 64 years 5.90% 9.00% 6.1% 8.3% 65 to 74 years 2.30% 5.20% 2.8% 3.7% 75 years and over 0.60% 3.7% 0.9% 3.1% Median age (years) 39.8 34.3 31.2 31.6

Educational attainment

25 yrs or older 10,221 250,627 36,390 656,251

Less than high school diploma 7.70% 10.10% 8.7% 14.5% High school graduate (includes equivalency) 12.17% 22.40% 11.5% 17.1% Some college or associate's degree 9.80% 33.00% 11.6% 25.2% Bachelor's degree or higher 62.80% 24.50% 33.0% 27.4%

10% 35.3% 15.8%

OCCUPATION

Civilian employed population 16 years and over 6,655 197,856 27,995 545,972 Management, professional, and related occupations 69.30% 42.80% 63.2% 43.4%

Service occupations 7.00% 13.00% 12.1% 16.0% Sales and office occupations 14.40% 27.40% 15.6% 23.5% Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 0.00% 0.20% 0.1% 0.1% Construction, extraction, maintenance, and repair occupations 1.90% 7.60% 2.7% 10.3% Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 7.30% 9% 6.3% 6.7% INCOME

For families- Median family income (dollars) 101,990 88,262 82,491 69,232 For individuals- Per capita income (dollars) 32,387 28,219 32,644 31,763 HOUSING TENURE Occupied housing units 4326 129187 19,826 391,589 Owner-occupied housing units 69.30% 72.20% 50.6% 52.9% Renter-occupied housing units 30.70% 27.80% 49.4% 47.1%

Average household size of owner-occupied unit NA 3.16 2.68 Average household size of renter-occupied unit NA 2.09 2.28 YEAR STRUCTURE BUILT

Occupied housing units NA 19,826 391,589 Built 2000 or later NA 33.9% 21.6% Built 1990 to 1999 NA 29.7% 18.9% Built 1980 to 1989 NA 17.1% 21.4% Built 1960 to 1979 NA 15.7% 26.9% Built 1940 to 1959 NA 2.7% 8.3% Built 1939 or earlier 0.9% 2.9% VEHICLES AVAILABLE Occupied housing units 19,826 391,589 None 4.40% 0.90% 5.3% 6.0% 1 or more 95.60% 99.10% 94.7% 94.0% COMMUTING TO WORK Workers 16 years and over 6892 194879 27,140 534,566 Car, truck, or van - drove alone 83% 78.90% 71.0% 72.4% Car, truck, or van - carpooled 10.20% 12.60% 12.7% 11.9% Public transportation (excluding taxicab) 0% 0.60% 5.9% 4.1% Walked 0% 1.20% 3.7% 1.8% Other means 0.01% 1.50% 1.7% 3.8% Worked at home 3.90% 5.30% 5.0% 5.9% Mean travel time to work (minutes) NA 22.5 24 HOUSE HEATING FUEL Occupied housing units NA 19,826 391,589 Gas NA 52.8% 47.3% Electricity NA 47.0% 52.2% All other fuels NA 0.0% 0.3% No fuel used NA 0.2% 0.2% OWNER CHARACTERISTICS Owner-occupied housing units 3000 93273 10,037 207,109 Median value (dollars) NA 236,400 206,600

Median selected monthly owner costs with a mortgage (dollars) NA 1,949 1,658 Median selected monthly owner costs without a mortgage (dollars) NA 645 576 GROSS RENT AS A PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS Occupied units paying rent (excluding units where GRAPI cannot be computed) 1326 35914 9,228 177,687 Less than 30 percent 60.60% 45.40% 59.1% 51.6% 30 percent or more 39.40% 54.60% 40.9% 48.4%

GROSS RENT Occupied units paying rent NA 9,637 180,988 Median gross rent (dollars) NA 863 885

Table 1.2 Asian people in Austin city

Austin city Total Subject Asians alone population

Sex and age Total 42,214 767,139 % of total population 5.5% Male 50.9% 52.1% Female 49.1% 47.9%

Under 5 years 7.3% 7.7% 5 to 17 years 12.1% 14.2% 18 to 24 years 12.0% 11.8% 25 to 34 years 32.3% 24.7% 35 to 44 years 18.4% 14.9% 45 to 54 years 8.8% 12.1% 55 to 64 years 5.8% 7.9% 65 to 74 years 2.3% 3.4% 75 years and over 0.9% 3.2% Median age (years) 30.5 30.9 Educational attainment

25 yrs or older 28,960 507,982 Less than high school diploma 7.5% 16.0% High school graduate (includes equivalency) 10.9% 16.7% Some college or associate's degree 10.6% 24.0%

Bachelor's degree 32.4% 27.2% Graduate or professional degree 38.6% 16.1%

High school graduate or higher 92.5% 84.0% Male, high school graduate or higher 93.4% 82.5% Female, high school graduate or higher 91.7% 85.8% Bachelor's degree or higher 71.1% 43.3% Male, bachelor's degree or higher 74.1% 42.9% Female, bachelor's degree or higher 67.9% 43.8% OCCUPATION Civilian employed population 16 years and over 22,942 432,581 Management, professional, and related occupations 66.1% 43.1% Service occupations 12.4% 17.0% Sales and office occupations 14.1% 22.7% Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 0.2% 0.1% Construction, extraction, maintenance, and repair occupations 2.2% 10.6% Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 5.1% 6.5% INCOME

For families- Median family income (dollars) 86,174 63,084

For individuals- Per capita income (dollars) 33,356 30,152

HOUSING TENURE

Occupied housing units 16,286 311,151 Owner-occupied housing units 43.0% 45.9% Renter-occupied housing units 57.0% 54.1%

Average household size of owner-occupied unit 3.01 2.57

Average household size of renter-occupied unit 2.1 2.25

YEAR STRUCTURE BUILT

Occupied housing units 16,286 311,151 Built 2000 or later 30.1% 17.3% Built 1990 to 1999 28.1% 16.2% Built 1980 to 1989 18.1% 22.2% Built 1960 to 1979 19.5% 31.1% Built 1940 to 1959 3.2% 9.9% Built 1939 or earlier 1.0% 3.3% VEHICLES AVAILABLE

Occupied housing units 16,286 311,151 None 5.1% 7.0% 1 or more 94.9% 93.0% COMMUTING TO WORK Workers 16 years and over 22,220 423,203 Car, truck, or van - drove alone 70.2% 71.2% Car, truck, or van - carpooled 11.2% 12.0%

Public transportation (excluding taxicab) 7.2% 5.2% Walked 4.3% 2.0% Other means 2.1% 4.2% Worked at home 4.9% 5.4% Mean travel time to work (minutes) 21.8 23

HOUSE HEATING FUEL Occupied housing units 16,286 311,151 Gas 50.8% 48.0% Electricity 48.9% 51.7% All other fuels 0.0% 0.2% No fuel used 0.2% 0.2% OWNER CHARACTERISTICS Owner-occupied housing units 6,999 142,953 Median value (dollars) 256,500 205,000 Median selected monthly owner costs with a mortgage (dollars) 2,027 1,613 Median selected monthly owner costs without a mortgage (dollars) 660 569 GROSS RENT AS A PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS

Occupied units paying rent (excluding units where GRAPI cannot be computed) 8,768 162,442 Less than 30 percent 60.6% 51.7% 30 percent or more 39.4% 48.3%

GROSS RENT

Occupied units paying rent 9,177 165,549 Median gross rent (dollars) 863 875

Table 1.3 Asian people in Round Rock city

Round Rock City Asians Total alone population

Total: 4,794 94,777 % of total population 5.1% Male: 2,427 47,173 Female: 2,367 47,604 Median age 30.8 31.8 Educational attainment

Population 25 years and over 3,070 58,635 Less than high school graduate 7.6% 10.0% High school graduate (includes 20.8% equivalency) 10.3% Some college or associate's degree 16.1% 33.2% Bachelor's degree or higher 66.0% 36.0% Civilian employed population 16 years and over OCCUPATION

Management, professional, and related occupations NA Service occupations NA Sales and office occupations NA Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations NA

Construction, extraction, maintenance, and repair occupations NA Production, transportation, and material moving occupations NA EARNINGS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2009 INFLATION- ADJUSTED DOLLARS) FOR FULL- TIME, YEAR-ROUND WORKERS Population 16 years and over with earnings 1,458 36,021 $1 to $9,999 or loss 1.2% 1.3% $10,000 to $14,999 1.3% 4.0% $15,000 to $24,999 5.9% 14.3% $25,000 to $34,999 9.0% 17.5% $35,000 to $49,999 10.0% 22.3% $50,000 to $74,999 30.6% 19.5% $75,000 or more 42.0% 21.1% Median earnings (dollars) for full-time, year-round workers:

Male 79,767 49,028

Female 63,172 37,332

Occupied housing units 1,305 30,780 HOUSING TENURE Owner-occupied housing units 59.3% 66.2% Renter-occupied housing units 40.7% 33.8%

VEHICLES AVAILABLE None NA 1 or more NA

Owner-occupied housing units 774 20,364

SELECTED MONTHLY OWNER COSTS AS A PERCENTAGE OF

HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS Less than 30 percent NA 30 percent or more NA

Renter-occupied housing units 531 10,416 GROSS RENT AS A PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS Less than 30 percent NA 30 percent or more NA

(1) Bachelor degree or higher

Table 2.1 Asian firms per county in the Austin region

Williamson county Travis county Asians Asians Subject firms All firms firms All firms Number of firms 2,013 33,853 5,121 103,396 % of total number of firms 5.9% 5.0% Number of firms according to 2002 census 689 23,661 3,284 79,258 Receipts ($1,000) 303,833 55,813,600 4,678,473 138,764,047 Employer firms (number) 366 6,350 1,462 22,251 Employer receipts ($1,000) 237,864 54,724,343 4,516,948 134,088,481 Employees (number) 1,909 121,540 10,879 461,521 Annual payroll ($1,000) 47,519 5,200,402 308,454 20,614,829 Nonemployer firms (number) 1,647 27,503 3,659 81,145 Nonemployer receipts ($1,000) 65,969 1,089,257 161,525 4,675,566 Type of firms Agriculture NA NA Mining NA NA

Utilities NA NA Manufacturing NA NA Construction NA 65 10676 Wholesale NA 115 2,583 Retail trade NA 563 7644 Transportation and warehousing NA NA Information NA 104 2,787 Finance and insurance NA NA Real estate and rental and leasing NA NA Professional, scientific, and technical services NA 1,061 22,883 Management companies NA NA Administrative and Support and Waste Mang and Remediation Srvs 145 2,672 173 6,392 Educational services NA NA Health care and social assistance NA NA Arts, entertainment, and recreation NA NA Accommodation and food services NA 445 2,524 Other services (except public administration) NA 1338 9,094

Table 2.2 Asian firms in Austin city

Austin city Asians Subject firms All firms Number of firms 3,971 80,581 % of total number of firms 4.9% Number of firms according to 2002 census 2,632 61,364 Receipts ($1,000) 4,402,119 127,872,644 Employer firms (number) 1,293 18,394 Employer receipts ($1,000) 4,268,417 124,575,830 Employees (number) 10,160 425,034 Annual payroll ($1,000) 271,171 19,188,961

Nonemployer firms (number) 2,678 62,187 Nonemployer receipts ($1,000) 54,953 3,296,814 Type of firms Agriculture NA Mining NA Utilities NA Manufacturing NA Construction 65 7,424 Wholesale 104 1,948 Retail trade 496 6,292 Transportation and warehousing NA Information 84 2,372 Finance and insurance NA Real estate and rental and leasing NA Professional, scientific, and technical services 1,003 18,556 Management companies NA Administrative and Support and Waste Mang and Remediation Srvs NA Educational services NA Health care and social assistance NA Arts, entertainment, and recreation NA Accommodation and food services 325 2,140 Other services (except public administration) 817 6,524

Table 2.3 Asian firms in Round Rock city

Round Rock city Subject Asians firms All firms Number of firms 613 8,137 % of total number of firms 7.5% Number of firms according to 2002 census NA NA Receipts ($1,000) 100,517 42,929,687

Employer firms (number) 124 1,837 Employer receipts ($1,000) 80,617 42,685,797 Employees (number) 625 53,719 Annual payroll ($1,000) 24,557 2,871,504 Nonemployer firms (number) 489 6,300 Nonemployer receipts ($1,000) 19,900 243,889 Type of firms Agriculture NA Mining NA Utilities NA Manufacturing NA Construction NA Wholesale NA Retail trade NA Transportation and warehousing NA Information NA Finance and insurance NA Real estate and rental and leasing NA Professional, scientific, and technical services NA Management companies NA Administrative and Support and Waste Mang and Remediation Srvs NA Educational services NA Health care and social assistance NA Arts, entertainment, and recreation NA Accommodation and food services NA Other services (except public administration) NA

The San Antonio Region

Part 1: Asian people living in the San Antonio area

1.1 Asian Residents in Bexar County Table 1.1 presents data regarding Asian people in Bexar County. According to census data, there are 33,844 Asian residents in Bexar County, representing 2.1% of the total population. 44.8% of accounted Asians are male, and the median age is 35.6, slightly higher than the median age for the total population (32.4). Most Asian Bexar County inhabitants are between 35 and 44 years old.

Fig 1: Asian population in Bexar County as part of the total population

33,844

Asians Total population

1,620,552

In terms of educational achievement, 18.5% of the Asian population 25 years or older has a graduate or professional degree (as compared to 8.7% of for the total population). 48.1% have a bachelor degree or higher, as compared to 24.2% for the total population. Overall, Asian people seem to be more educated than the average in Bexar County.

Fig 2: Educational achievement of Asians in Bexar County compared to total population

35.00% 30.30% 29.60% 30.00% 26.10% 25.00% 19.30% 19.90% 18.50% 20.00% 15.10% 17.00% 15.50% 15.00% 8.70% 10.00% Asians 5.00% Total population 0.00% Less than high High school Some college or Bachelor's degree Graduate or school diploma graduate associate's degree professional (includes degree equivalency)

42.3% of civilian employed Asians are involved in management, professional or related occupations; the next most numerous occupations are services and sales and office occupations. The median income for Asian families is 23.4% higher than median income for all Bexar County families, while per capita income for Asian individuals is 19.3% higher than the average for Bexar County individuals.

Fig 3: Median income for families and individuals in the Bexar County 70,000 66,609

60,000 53,996 50,000

40,000 Asians 30,000 26,428 22,156 Total population 20,000

10,000

0 For families- Median family income (dollars) For individuals- Per capita income (dollars)

Asian occupied housing units account for 1.9% of the total occupied housing units in Bexar County. 59% of these households are owner-occupied, as compared to 61.6% for all occupied households. Most of the housing units occupied by Asians were built after 2000 and 94.8% of Asian households possess one vehicle or more. 74.6% of Asian people prefer

72 driving their own vehicle to work, and only 1.2% use public transportation. These percentages are very similar to that of the total population. Most Asians in Bexar County prefer electricity as a heating fuel, as do most of the rest of the population. Asian home-owners tend to buy houses more expensive than the average home-owner in Bexar County--34.9% difference, while Asian renters pay a slightly lower rent than average renters. On average, 58.2% of Asian renters pay less than 30% of their income on gross rent as compared to 50.5% for the total Bexar County population.

1.2 Asian residents of San Antonio City Table 1.2 presents data regarding Asian people in San Antonio. According to the Census data, there are 27,155 Asian ethnics in San Antonio, representing 2.0% of the total population. 44.7% of accounted Asians are male, and the median age is 35.2, slightly higher than the median age for the total population (32.3). Most Asian San Antonio inhabitants are between 25 and 34 years old.

Fig 4: Asian people in San Antonio as part of the total population

27,155

Asians Total population

1,348,881

In terms of educational achievement, 20.7% of the Asian population 25 years or older has a graduate or professional degree compared to 8.3% of for the total population. 50.1% of the Asian population in San Antonio have a Bachelor degree or higher, as compared to 23.2% for the total population. Overall, Asian people seem to be more educated than the average San Antonio population.

Fig 5: Educational attainment of Asians in San Antonio as compared to total population

35.00% 29.60% 29.40% 30.00% 26.30% 25.00% 20.80% 20.70% 18.80% 20.00% 17.10% 14.00% 14.90% 15.00% Asians 10.00% 8.30% Total population 5.00% 0.00% Less than high High school Some college or Bachelor's degree Graduate or school diploma graduate associate's degree professional (includes degree equivalency)

44% of civilian employed Asian population is involved in management, professional or related occupations; the next preferred occupations are Services and Sales and office occupations. Asian families’ median income is 29.7% higher than median income for all San Antonio families, while per capita income for Asian individuals is 21.8% than for the average individuals living in this city.

Fig 6: Median income per individual and family 70,000 66,631

60,000 51,371 50,000

40,000 Asians 30,000 25,867 21,233 Total population 20,000

10,000

0 For families- Median family income (dollars) For individuals- Per capita income (dollars)

Asian occupied housing units account for 1.9% of the total occupied housing units in San Antonio. 54.8% of these households are owner-occupied, as compared to 58.8% for total

74 occupied households. Most of the housing units occupied by Asians were built after 2000 and 90.6% of Asian households possess one vehicle or more. 73.6% of Asian people prefer driving their own vehicle to work, and only 1.5% use public transportation, percentages that are similar to the total population. Most Asians in San Antonio prefer electricity as a heating fuel, and so does the rest of the population in the area considered. Asian house owners tend to buy houses more expensive than that of the average house owner in San Antonio—a 44.8% difference, while Asian renters pay a slightly lower rent than average renters. On average, 57.3% of Asian renters pay less than 30% of their income on gross rent as compared to 50.4% for the total population. Since it is not only Asian people, but also Asian firms which contribute to the economy of the San Antonio region, the next section will focus upon the specific characteristics of Asian companies in this region.

Part 2: Asian-owned firms in the San Antonio region

2.1 Asian-owned firms in Bexar County The data regarding Asian businesses in Bexar County is presented in Table 2.1. The total number of Asian firms is 4,585, 3.5% of the total. This number is 20.1% greater than the number of Asian firms registered in 2002, while the total number of firms for all ethnicities registered a 31.5% growth in the same period.

Fig 7: Asian firms in Bexar County as part of the total number of firms

4,585

Asians Total firms

132,848

Fig 8: Evolution of firms in Bexar County between 2002 and 2007 140,000 132,848

120,000 100,999 100,000

80,000 Asians 60,000 Total firms

40,000

20,000 3,817 4,585 0 2002 2007

The receipts for Bexar County Asian companies represent $1,484,475,000 (1.2% of the total company receipts). 30.3% of Asian companies in Bexar County are employer companies, offering jobs to 8,848 Texan people, 1.4% of Bexar County employees by private companies. The annual payroll offered by Asian businesses is $276,687,000 which represents 1.1% of the total for all businesses in the same county. Employer companies realize 91.1% of total receipts of all Asian companies. 32.3% of all Asian companies classified per specific sector are registered in the other services sector, 21.9% in retail trades, 17.1% in accommodation and food services, 12.7% in professional, scientific and technical services, 4.4% in construction, 4% in administrative services, 2.2% in transportation and warehousing, 1.8% in wholesale, 1.4% in manufacturing, 1.3% in educational services, and 0.8% in information.

Fig 9: Concentration of Asian firms per sectors

Manufacturing 49 64 Construction 154 Wholesale

Retail trade 1,139 773 Transportation and warehousing

Information

Professional, scientific, and technical services 79 Administrative and Support and Waste Mang and Remediation Srvs 29 Educational services 447 602 Accommodation and food services 142 Other services (except public 46 administration)

2.2 Asian-owned firms in San Antonio City The data regarding Asian businesses in San Antonio is presented in Table 2.2. The total number of Asian firms for San Antonio is 3,893, 3.6% of the total number of firms in this city. This number is 18.6% greater than the number of Asian firms registered in 2002, while the total number of firms for all ethnicities registers a 31.2% growth in the same period.

Fig 10: Asian firms as part of the total number of firms in San Antonio

3,893

Asian All firms

109,195

Fig 11: Evolution of Asian and all firms in San Antonio between 2002 and 2007

150,000 109,195 100,000 83,200 Asian firms 50,000 All firms 3,282 3,893 0 2002 2007

The receipts for the San Antonio city Asian companies represent $1,370,455,000 (1.2% of the total company receipts). 32.3% of Asian companies in the described city are employer companies, offering jobs to 7,827 Texan people, 1.4% of San Antonio’s employees by private companies. The annual payroll offered by Asian businesses is $226,171,000 which represents 1.1% of the annual payroll offered by all businesses in San Antonio city. Employer companies realize 93% of total receipts of all Asian companies. 36.8% of all Asian companies classified per specific sector are registered in the Retail Trade, 29.3% in the Accommodation and Food Services, 18.4% in Professional, Scientific and Technical Services, 8.3% in Construction, 2.3% in Wholesale, 2% in Manufacturing, 1.5% in Information, 1.4% in Educational Services. These results are comparable to the ones in section 2.1, which proves that Asian firms in the San Antonio region tend to concentrate in the same sectors.

Fig 12: Concentration of Asian firms per sectors in San Antonio Manufacturing 37 43 Construction 154 Wholesale 542 Retail trade

Information 682 26 Professional, scientific, and technical 340 services Educational services

28 Accommodation and food services

Table 1.1 Asian residents of Bexar County

Bexar County Subject Asians alone Total population

Sex and age Total 33,844 1,620,552 % of total population 2.1% Male 44.8% 48.9% Female 55.2% 51.1%

Under 5 years 6.3% 8.4% 5 to 17 years 15.9% 19.6% 18 to 24 years 9.2% 10.6% 25 to 34 years 17.1% 15.0% 35 to 44 years 17.6% 13.7% 45 to 54 years 14.1% 12.9% 55 to 64 years 10.7% 9.5% 65 to 74 years 5.7% 5.4% 75 years and over 3.2% 4.9% Median age (years) 35.6 32.4 Educational attainment 25 yrs or older 23,179 994,767 Less than high school diploma 15.1% 19.3% High school graduate (includes equivalency) 17.0% 26.1% Some college or associate's degree 19.9% 30.3% Bachelor's degree 29.6% 15.5% Graduate or professional degree 18.5% 8.7%

OCCUPATION

Civilian employed population 16 years and over 16,690 719,963 Management, professional, and related occupations 42.3% 32.6% Service occupations 21.8% 18.8% Sales and office occupations 21.4% 28.1% Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 0.3% 0.3% Construction, extraction, maintenance, and repair occupations 5.7% 10.4% Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 8.5% 9.8% INCOME

For families- Median family income (dollars) 66,609 53,996 For individuals- Per capita income (dollars) 26,428 22,156

HOUSING TENURE

Occupied housing units 10,551 547,288 Owner-occupied housing units 59.0% 61.6% Renter-occupied housing units 41.0% 38.4%

Average household size of owner- occupied unit 3.35 3.08 Average household size of renter- occupied unit 2.45 2.59 YEAR STRUCTURE BUILT Occupied housing units 10,551 547,288 Built 2000 or later 35.5% 19.3% Built 1990 to 1999 25.0% 14.2% Built 1980 to 1989 16.7% 17.2%

Built 1960 to 1979 19.7% 29.0% Built 1940 to 1959 3.0% 14.9% Built 1939 or earlier 0.2% 5.4% VEHICLES AVAILABLE Occupied housing units 10,551 547,288 None 5.2% 8.5% 1 or more 94.8% 91.5% COMMUTING TO WORK Workers 16 years and over 16,981 724,699 Car, truck, or van - drove alone 74.6% 78.9% Car, truck, or van - carpooled 13.2% 11.3% Public transportation (excluding taxicab) 1.2% 3.0% Walked 5.1% 2.1% Other means 2.9% 1.7% Worked at home 3.0% 3.0% Mean travel time to work (minutes) 22.6 24.2 HOUSE HEATING FUEL Occupied housing units 10,551 547,288 Gas 25.6% 39.0% Electricity 74.0% 60.3% All other fuels 0.2% 0.3% No fuel used 0.3% 0.4% OWNER CHARACTERISTICS Owner-occupied housing units 6,223 337,360 Median value (dollars) 158,500 117,500 Median selected monthly owner costs with a mortgage (dollars) 1,418 1,249 Median selected monthly owner costs without a mortgage (dollars) 428 394

GROSS RENT AS A PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS Occupied units paying rent (excluding units where GRAPI cannot be computed) 3,785 193,462 Less than 30 percent 58.2% 50.5% 30 percent or more 41.8% 49.5%

GROSS RENT Occupied units paying rent 4,096 200,041 Median gross rent (dollars) 734 745

Table 1.2 Asian residents of San-Antonio City

San Antonio City Total Subject Asians alone population

Sex and age Total 27,155 1,348,881 % of total population 2.0% Male 44.7% 48.7% Female 55.3% 51.3%

Under 5 years 6.6% 8.2% 5 to 17 years 14.4% 19.5% 18 to 24 years 9.5% 10.8% 25 to 34 years 19.1% 15.1% 35 to 44 years 17.2% 13.5% 45 to 54 years 14.0% 12.9% 55 to 64 years 10.1% 9.5% 65 to 74 years 5.7% 5.4%

75 years and over 3.3% 5.1% Median age (years) 35.2 32.3 Educational attainment 25 yrs or older 18,873 828,633 Less than high school diploma 14.0% 20.8% High school graduate (includes equivalency) 17.1% 26.3% Some college or associate's degree 18.8% 29.6% Bachelor's degree 29.4% 14.9% Graduate or professional degree 20.7% 8.3%

OCCUPATION Civilian employed population 16 years and over 13,741 602,023 Management, professional, and related occupations 44.0% 31.4% Service occupations 21.2% 19.5% Sales and office occupations 21.7% 28.3% Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 0.3% 0.3% Construction, extraction, maintenance, and repair occupations 5.8% 10.6% Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 7.0% 10.0% INCOME

For families- Median family income (dollars) 66,631 51,371 For individuals- Per capita income (dollars) 25,867 21,233 HOUSING TENURE Occupied housing units 8,873 461,157 Owner-occupied housing units 54.8% 58.8% Renter-occupied housing units 45.2% 41.2%

Average household size of owner-occupied unit 3.32 3.07

Average household size of renter-occupied unit 2.39 2.57 YEAR STRUCTURE BUILT Occupied housing units 8,873 461,157 Built 2000 or later 33.3% 16.9% Built 1990 to 1999 26.3% 14.0% Built 1980 to 1989 16.1% 17.4% Built 1960 to 1979 20.6% 29.4% Built 1940 to 1959 3.4% 16.5% Built 1939 or earlier 0.2% 5.8% VEHICLES AVAILABLE Occupied housing units 461,157 8,873 None 9.4% 6.0% 1 or more 90.6% 94.0% COMMUTING TO WORK Workers 16 years and over 13,852 601,086 Car, truck, or van - drove alone 73.6% 78.8% Car, truck, or van - carpooled 13.9% 11.6% Public transportation (excluding taxicab) 1.5% 3.4% Walked 5.2% 2.0% Other means 3.6% 1.8% Worked at home 2.1% 2.4% Mean travel time to work (minutes) 22.5 23.8 HOUSE HEATING FUEL Occupied housing units 8,873 461,157 Gas 25.7% 39.7% Electricity 73.8% 59.7% All other fuels 0.2% 0.2% No fuel used 0.3% 0.4% OWNER CHARACTERISTICS Owner-occupied housing units 4,866 271,311

Median value (dollars) 162,000 112,200 Median selected monthly owner costs with a mortgage (dollars) 1,469 1,228 Median selected monthly owner costs without a mortgage (dollars) 399 386 GROSS RENT AS A PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS Occupied units paying rent (excluding units where GRAPI cannot be computed) 3,464 175,101 Less than 30 percent 57.3% 50.4% 30 percent or more 42.7% 49.6%

GROSS RENT Occupied units paying rent 3,775 181,406 Median gross rent (dollars) 717 736

Table 2.1 Asian firms in Bexar County

San Antonio city Asians Subject firms All firms Number of firms 3,893 109,195 % of total number of firms 3.6% Number of firms according to 2002 census 3,282 83,200 Receipts ($1,000) 1,370,455 116,493,946 Employer firms (number) 1,258 20,852 Employer receipts ($1,000) 1,273,871 112,708,202 Employees (number) 7,827 560,802 Annual payroll ($1,000) 226,171 21,252,010 Nonemployer firms (number) 2,635 88,343 Nonemployer receipts ($1,000) 96,584 3,785,744 Type of firms

Agriculture NA Mining NA Utilities NA Manufacturing 37 2,129 Construction 154 19,022 Wholesale 43 2,891 Retail trade 682 10,700 Transportation and warehousing NA Information 28 1,017 Finance and insurance NA Real estate and rental and leasing NA Professional, scientific, and technical services 340 13,441 Management companies NA Administrative and Support and Waste Mang and Remediation Srvs NA Educational services 26 1,930 Health care and social assistance NA Arts, entertainment, and recreation NA Accommodation and food services 542 3,478 Other services (except public administration) NA

Table 2.1 Asian firms in San Antonio City

Employees (number) 7,827 560,802 Annual payroll ($1,000) 226,171 21,252,010 Nonemployer firms (number) 2,635 88,343 Nonemployer receipts ($1,000) 96,584 3,785,744 Type of firms Agriculture NA Mining NA Utilities NA Manufacturing 37 2,129 Construction 154 19,022 Wholesale 43 2,891 Retail trade 682 10,700 Transportation and warehousing NA Information 28 1,017 Finance and insurance NA Real estate and rental and leasing NA Professional, scientific, and technical services 340 13,441 Management companies NA Administrative and Support and Waste Mang and Remediation Srvs NA Educational services 26 1,930 Health care and social assistance NA Arts, entertainment, and recreation NA Accommodation and food services 542 3,478 Other services (except public administration) NA

The Houston Region

Part 1: Asian people living in the Houston area

1.1 Asian people per county: Harris and Fort Bend The data regarding Asian people for the two counties is presented in Table 1.1. According to the 2007-2009 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates, there are 308,890 people of Asian ethnicity in the two counties, 6.8% of the total population. Most are concentrated in Harris County.

Fig 1: Asian people in Harris and Fort Bend Counties

250,000 228,820

200,000

150,000

100,000 80,070

50,000

0 Harris County Fort Bend County

Fig 2: Educational attainment for Asian people in the two counties

Harris County Fort Bend County

10.70% Less than high school 15.20% 20.00% diploma 20.60% High school graduate 16.00% (includes equivalency) 16.80% Some college or associate's degree 18.60% 30.20% 34.60% Bachelor's degree 17.30%

Graduate or professional degree

Table 1.1 considers the occupations of the civilian employed population 16 years and older. Roughly 50% of Asians in every county are involved in management, professional or related occupations; the next preferred occupation is sales and office occupation. The median annual income of Asian families is $67,070 in Harris County and $96,045 in Fort Bend County. This income surpasses that of the median annual income for all families by 15.2% and 6.8% respectively. If we consider the income per capita, Asian individuals make on average of $27,233 in Harris County, 1.4% more than per capita income for the total population, and $29,514 for Fort Bend County, 4.1% lower than that for the total population in the county.

Fig 3: Median income per family (dollars) 120,000 96,045 100,000 89,902

80,000 67,070 58,209 60,000 Asians Total population 40,000

20,000

0 Harris County Fort Bend County

In Harris County, Asian households account for 5.3% of the occupied housing units and 13.2% in Fort Bend County. Most are owner-occupied housing units at 62% and 84.2% respectively. These rates are slightly higher than those of the total households for all ethnicities combined. Fort Bend County seems to be the richer of the two, accounting for the highest income per family with the highest ratio of owners to renters. Asian householders seem to have comparable preferences regarding the year of construction of the house they occupy as the rest of the population living in the same area. Most Asians in Harris County occupy houses built between 1960 and 1979, while those in Fort Bend County purchased new houses, built after 2000. These preferences are probably related to house availability and average year of construction of houses in this county. The percentage of Asian households not possessing a car is very low. Most Asians prefer driving their own vehicle to work as does the rest of the population. 3.5% use public transportation in Harris County and 2.6% in Fort Bend County. Regarding the house heating fuel, Asians from Harris County prefer electricity, as does the rest of the population, but the gas and electricity percentages are close. For Fort Bend County, an overwhelming majority of people of all ethnicities use gas as a heating fuel. The median value of Asian owner-occupied housing units are 15.5% higher than the median values obtained for the whole population in Harris County, and 27.1% higher in Fort Bend County. Asian consumers buy more expensive houses than the average households in the respective counties. Monthly owners expenses are also higher for the Asian households than for the average household. As for rented housing units, Asians in Harris County pay 3% more than all ethnicities combined renters, with the difference being higher, at 8.9%, for Fort Bend County. On average, 59.1% of Asian renters spend less than 30% of their income on gross rent.

1.2 Asian people in Houston City Table 1.2 presents data regarding Asian people in Houston City. According to the census data, there are 131,358 Asian ethnics in Houston City, representing 5.9% of the total population. 50.7% of accounted Asians are male, and the median age is 34.4,

slightly lower than the median age for the total population (32). Most Asian inhabitants in Houston are between 25 and 34 years old.

Fig 4: Asian people in Houston City as part of the total population

131,358

Asians Total population

2,236,427

In terms of educational achievement, 23.7% of the Asian population 25 years or older has a graduate or professional degree, compared to 10.6% for the total population. 53.2% of the Asian population in Houston have a Bachelor degree or higher, as compared to 28.6% for the total population. Overall, Asian people seem to be more educated than the average Houston population.

Fig 5: Educational achievement for Asian people as compared to the total population in Houston City

35.00% 29.50% 30.00% 25.80% 22.90% 22.70% 23.70% 25.00% 18.00% 20.00% 15.70% 15.90% 15.20% 10.60% 15.00% Asians 10.00% 5.00% Total population 0.00% Less than high High school Some college or Bachelor's Graduate or school diploma graduate associate's degree professional degree degree

51.2% of civilian employed Asian population is involved in Management, professional or related occupations; the next preferred occupation is Sales and office occupation.

Asian families’ median income is 24.4% higher than median income for all Houston families, while per capita income for Asian individuals is 6.5% higher than the average for Houston individuals.

Fig 6: Median income per family and individual in Houston City 70,000 59,610 60,000 47,933 50,000

40,000 Asians 28,038 26,324 30,000 Total population 20,000

10,000

0 For families- Median family income (dollars) For individuals- Per capita income (dollars)

Asian occupied housing units account for 5.7% of the total occupied housing units in Houston. 50.9% of these households are owner-occupied, as compared to 47.1% for total owner occupied households. Most of the housing units occupied by Asians were built between 1960 and 1979 while 93.2% of Asian households possess one vehicle or more. 75.6% of Asian people prefer driving their own vehicle to work, and only 4.5% use public transportation, in percentages very similar to that of the total population. Most Asians in Houston prefer electricity as a heating fuel, like the rest of the population. Asian house owners tend to buy houses more expensive than the average house owner in Houston city, a difference of 11.5%, while Asian renters pay rents that are 4.1% higher than the average. On average, 63.8% of Asian renters pay less than 30% of their income on gross rent as compared to 51% for the total Houston population.

1.3 Asian population in other cities: Bellaire, Missouri, South Side Place, Stafford, Sugarland, and West University City The data regarding the Asian population in these six cities is presented in table 1.33.

3 The data originates 2005-2009 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, which is less accurate than the 3- years Community Survey but more complete, including geographical areas with very few Asian ethnics

The total Asian population in the considered cities is of 41,641 representing 20.2% of the total population of these cities. The largest Asian community is found in Sugarland (24,908) and the smallest in South Side Place (254).

Fig 7: Asian population in the 5 cities 30,000 24,908 25,000

20,000

15,000 10,128 10,000

5,000 3269 1,920 254 1162 0 Bellaire Missouri South Side Place Stafford Sugarland West University

The gender ratio seems quite even throughout the cities, while the median age is 37.3. Of all the Asian population 25 years or older in these cities, 68.8% on average possess a bachelor degree or higher, as compared to 60.7% for all ethnicities combined. However, in the cities of Missouri and Sugarland the percentage of Asians with less than a high school degree is slightly higher than that for all ethnicities combined. The cities of Bellaire and West University present an overwhelming majority of Asians who are highly educated at 68.2% and 79.3% respectively.

Fig 8: Percentage of the population with Bachelor degree or higher in the five cities, Bellaire, Missouri, Stafford, Sugarland, and West University City

70.00% 68.80% 68.00%

66.00%

64.00%

62.00% 60.70% 60.00%

58.00%

56.00% Asians Total population

Unfortunately, occupational distribution is not available for Asians in all the cities considered. In the cities where data is available, Missouri and Sugarland, 59.1% of Asians work in management or professional occupations, 8.3% in service occupations, 26.9% in sales and office occupation. When considering earnings, 35.7% of the Asian population earns more than $75,000, 23.1% earns between $50,000 and $74,999, 16.6% between $35,000 and $49,999, 12.9% between $25,000 and $34,999, 8.2% between $15,000 and $24,999, 2.7% between $10,000 and $14,999, and 0.9% less than $10,000. The median income for year-round, full-time working males is $75,977 and for females, $52,864, which are lower than the population average despite higher levels of educational attainment. The highest median income for Asians is found in the city of West University, while the lowest median income for this ethnicity is observed in the city of Stafford for males and South Side Place for females.

Fig 9: Asian incomes in the 5 cities: Bellaire, Missouri, Stafford, Sugarland, and West University City 0% 3% $1 to $9,999 or loss 9% $10,000 to $14,999 33% 14% $15,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 18% 23% $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999

There is a total of 10,491 Asian households in the studied cities, 17% of the total number of households. The city with the greatest number of households is Sugarland, while the city with the lowest number of households is South Side Place. 70.9% on average are owner-occupied households, as compared to 77% for the total population. 98.7% of Asian households possess one vehicle or more. Unfortunately, this data is not available for all cities. Data regarding the monthly owner costs and gross rent as percentage of Asian household income is not available for all cities considered. From the available data, we can deduce that 65.6% of Asian householders spend less than 30% of their income on owner costs, as compared to 70.4% for all ethnicities combined households, and 56.1% of renters spend less than 30% of monthly income on gross rent, as compared to 47.3% for the total population. After considering the data presented, we can conclude that Asian ethnics inhabiting the Houston region are highly educated. The percentage of graduate degrees is much higher than the regional average; however, the median income is not always higher than the local average, especially in small cities. The main occupations are management and professional occupations or sales. Most Asian households own a home whose year of construction usually corresponds to the regional average for all ethnicities combined, but whose price is substantially higher than average. However, the renters do not pay a much higher rent than the regional average. Both electricity and gas are used as house warming fuels, and most Asian people drive their own vehicle to work.

Since it is not only Asian people, but also Asian firms who contribute to the economy of the Houston region, the next section will focus upon the specific characteristics of Asian companies in this region.

Part 2: Asian-owned firms in the Houston region

2.1 Asian-owned firms per county: Harris County and Ford Bend Data regarding Asian companies in the two counties is presented in Table 2.1. There are a total of 45,013 Asian-owned firms in the two counties, which represents 10.7% of the total number of firms. Most Asian-owned firms are located in Harris County (36,178), 9.9% of the total number of firms in this particular county.

Fig 10: Number of Asian firms per county

40,000 36,718 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 8,295 5,000 0 Harris County Fort Bend County

If we compare this data to the numbers presented in the 2002 Survey of Business Owners, we can state that Asian businesses have been flourishing between 2002 and 2005, registering a 47.3% growth in number of companies in Harris County, as compared to a growth of only 22.5% for total number of businesses in that county, and a 86% growth in Fort Benton County, as compared to a 52% growth in the total number of companies.

Fig 11: Evolution of firms in the two counties between 2002 and 2007

400,000 350,000 300,000 250,000 Harris county Asians firms 200,000 Harris county All firms 150,000 Fort Bend county Asians firms 100,000 Fort Bend county All firms 50,000 0 2002 2007

These businesses account for $16,146,887,000 in receipts in the two counties, 2.2% of the total number of receipts. 87.4% of the receipts realized by Asian companies were registered in Harris County. Of the total number of Asian companies, 10,630 (23.6%) are employer firms. These companies offer jobs to 73,132 Texas people, 3.7% of total employees in the private sector in the two counties. The annual payroll awarded to employees of Asian businesses is $1,996,452,000 representing 2% of the total annual payroll accounted for all private businesses on the respective areas. Most of the receipts of Asian businesses are realized by employer firms at 89.8%. The number of Asians per specific sector is not available for all sectors in the two counties. We can however state that out of the businesses classified per specific sector in both counties, the most prevailing sectors are other services (12,564 companies), retail trade (6130 companies), professional, scientific and technical services (5950), health and social assistance (3997), real estate and leasing (3831), accommodation and food services (3003), administrative and support (2099), wholesale (1235), construction (1234), finance and insurance (1062), manufacturing (829), transportation and warehousing (563), arts and entertainment (521), information (442), educational services (360), mining (136), and utilities (48).

2.2 Asian-owned firms in Houston city The data regarding Asian businesses in Houston city is presented in Table 2.2. The total number Asian of firms for Austin city is 22,826, 10.4% of the total number of firms in this city. This number is 43% greater than the number of Asian firms registered in 2002, while the total number of firms for all ethnicities registered only a 17.2% growth in the same period.

Fig 12: Asian firms in Houston City as part of all firms

22,826

Asians All firms 219,284

Fig 13: Increase in the number of firms in Houston City between 2002 and 2007 250,000

200,000

150,000 Asian firms 100,000 All firms

50,000

0 2002 2007

The receipts for the Houston Asian companies represent $10,793,503,000 or 2.1% of the total company receipts. 30.1% of Asian companies in Houston city are employer companies, offering jobs to 47,323 Texan people. The annual payroll offered by Asian businesses is $1,317,131,000 which represents 1.7% of the annual payroll offered by all

99 businesses in Houston city. Employer companies realize 93.1% of total receipts of all Asian companies. 30.9% of all Asian companies classified per specific sector are registered in other services, 15.7% in retail trade, 12.2% in professional, scientific and technical services, 8% in accommodation and food services, 4.4% in wholesale, 1.1% in information, and 3.7% in construction, 10.8% in health and social assistance, 0.4% in mining, 0.2% in utilities, 1.9% in manufacturing, 1.6% in transportation and warehousing, 2.7% in finance and insurance, 4.9% in administration, 1% in education, and 0.6% in arts and entertainment. These results are comparable with the ones obtained in section 2.1, demonstrating that Asian business in the Houston region tend to concentrate in the same sectors. Fig 13: Concentration of Houston Asian firms per sectors

Mining

Utilities 41 82 401 Manufacturing

766 Construction 929 Wholesale

6,482 Retail trade 3284 Transportation and warehousing

Information

Finance and insurance 345 561 228 Professional, scientific, and technical services

1669 Administrative and Support and Waste Mang and Remediation Srvs 2552 Educational services

125 2252 1019 Health care and social assistance Arts, entertainment, and recreation 209 Accommodation and food services

Other services (except public administration)

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2.3 Asian-owned firms in other cities: Stafford, Sugarland Data on Asian companies from these Houston region cities is presented in Table 2.3. Unfortunately, data regarding companies in other small cities is not available, probably due to very low presence. There are a total of 3,419 Asian businesses in these cities, 25% of all companies registered. This percentage is much higher than the one obtained at county and Houston city levels. Most Asian companies are concentrated in the city of Sugarland.

Fig 14: Asian firms in the cities of Sugarland and Stafford 4000 2,938

2000 481 0 Stafford Sugarland

Compared to 2002, there was an increase of 49% in the number of Asian firms for both cities studied, as compared to 29.2% increase in the total number of businesses.

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Fig 15: Increase in the number of firms in the two cities 12000

10,990

10000

8349 8000

Stafford Asians firms 6000 Stafford All firms Sugarland Asians firms Sugarland All firms 4000

2,938 2,723 2,268 2000 1981

316 481 0 2002 2007

These businesses account for $960,990,000 in receipts in the two cities, 4.3% of the total number of receipts. 68% of the receipts realized by Asian companies were registered in Sugarland, which is also the city with the largest Asian population in the Houston area. Of the total number of Asian companies, 711 (21%) are employer firms. These companies offer jobs to 4,363 Texas people, 6.7% of total employees in the private sector in the two cities. The annual payroll awarded to employees of Asian businesses is $186,659,000 representing 6.1% of the total annual payroll accounted for all private businesses in the respective areas. Most of the receipts of Asian businesses are realized by employer firms (85.6%). The number of Asians per specific sector is not available for all sectors in the two cities. We can however state that out of the businesses classified per specific sector in both counties, the most prevailing sectors are other services, health care and social assistance, real estate and leasing, professional, technical and scientific services.

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Table 1.1 Asian people per county in the Houston region

Harris County Fort Bend County Total Total Subject Asians alone population Asians alone population

Sex and age Total 228,820 3,986,943 80,070 532,580 % of total population 6% 15.0% Male 49.7% 50.1% 49.6% 49.9% Female 50.3% 49.9% 50.4% 50.1%

Under 5 years 7.6% 8.9% 6.6% 7.4% 5 to 17 years 17.7% 20.0% 19.5% 22.0% 18 to 24 years 8.1% 9.6% 7.1% 8.9% 25 to 34 years 17.4% 16.3% 14.4% 11.8% 35 to 44 years 17.4% 14.6% 19.6% 16.3% 45 to 54 years 13.8% 13.5% 15.7% 16.3% 55 to 64 years 10.4% 9.1% 10.6% 10.3% 65 to 74 years 4.9% 4.5% 4.3% 4.2% 75 years and over 2.9% 3.5% 2.2% 2.7% Median age (years) 34.6 31.8 36.5 34.8 Educational attainment

25 yrs or older 152,645 2,451,405 53,505 328,046 Less than high school diploma 15.2% 22.5% 10.7% 12.3% High school graduate (includes equivalency) 16.8% 23.9% 16.0% 20.9% Some college or associate's degree 17.3% 25.7% 18.6% 27.6%

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Bachelor's degree 30.2% 18.3% 34.6% 26.4% Graduate or professional degree 20.6% 9.5% 20.0% 12.9% 0.508 0.278 0.546 0.393 OCCUPATION

Civilian employed population 16 years and over 113,286 1,916,037 38,206 253,312 Management, professional, and related occupations 48.3% 33.3% 55.9% 44.5% Service occupations 15.7% 16.6% 8.9% 12.3% Sales and office occupations 20.2% 24.6% 25.2% 26.7% Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 0.3% 0.2% 0.0% 0.2% Construction, extraction, maintenance, and repair occupations 4.4% 12.3% 3.4% 7.3% Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 11.1% 13.0% 6.6% 9.1% INCOME

For families- Median family income (dollars) 67,070 58,209 96,045 89,902 For individuals- Per capita income (dollars) 27,233 26,868 29,514 30,783 HOUSING TENURE Occupied housing units 74,004 1,385,499 19,494 147,314 Owner-occupied housing units 62.0% 57.1% 84.2% 80.9% Renter-occupied housing units 38.0% 42.9% 15.8% 19.1%

Average household size of owner-occupied unit 3.4 3.02 4.19 3.61

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Average household size of renter-occupied unit 2.47 2.61 3.54 3.45 YEAR STRUCTURE BUILT Occupied housing units 74,004 1,385,499 19,494 147,314 Built 2000 or later 28.1% 18.6% 50.9% 35.5% Built 1990 to 1999 18.3% 12.6% 28.6% 23.5% Built 1980 to 1989 18.2% 17.4% 15.9% 20.2% Built 1960 to 1979 29.5% 35.4% 3.8% 16.9% Built 1940 to 1959 4.5% 12.8% 0.8% 3.0% Built 1939 or earlier 1.5% 3.1% 0.0% 1.0% VEHICLES AVAILABLE Occupied housing units 19,494 147,314 None 5.1% 7.1% 1.1% 2.0% 1 or more 94.9% 92.9% 98.9% 98.0% COMMUTING TO WORK Workers 16 years and over 110,751 1,874,373 37,771 249,268 Car, truck, or van - drove alone 78.3% 77.3% 78.4% 81.5% Car, truck, or van - carpooled 11.8% 12.6% 14.3% 11.1% Public transportation (excluding taxicab) 3.5% 3.2% 2.6% 1.7% Walked 1.6% 1.7% 0.3% 0.6% Other means 1.5% 1.9% 0.8% 1.1% Worked at home 3.2% 3.3% 3.7% 3.9% Mean travel time to work (minutes) 26.8 27.5 31.3 30.4 HOUSE HEATING FUEL Occupied housing units 74,004 1,385,499 19,494 147,314 Gas 46.1% 47.3% 73.3% 62.5% Electricity 53.6% 52.2% 26.7% 37.1% All other fuels 0.1% 0.2% 0.0% 0.2% No fuel used 0.2% 0.4% 0.0% 0.1%

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OWNER CHARACTERISTICS Owner-occupied housing units 45,892 791,001 16,405 119,119 Median value (dollars) 154,400 133,700 222,100 174,800 Median selected monthly owner costs with a mortgage (dollars) 1,674 1,492 2,071 1,795 Median selected monthly owner costs without a mortgage (dollars) 576 520 802 644 GROSS RENT AS A PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS Occupied units paying rent (excluding units where GRAPI cannot be computed) 25,321 563,394 2,692 26,009 Less than 30 percent 62.3% 51.7% 55.9% 55.8% 30 percent or more 37.7% 48.3% 44.1% 44.2%

GROSS RENT Occupied units paying rent 26,563 575,346 2,764 26,417 Median gross rent (dollars) 830 806 1,135 1,043

Table 1.2 Asian people in Houston city

Houston City Total Subject Asians alone population

Sex and age Total 131,358 2,236,427 % of total population 5.9%

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Male 50.7% 50.5% Female 49.3% 49.5%

Under 5 years 7.3% 8.8% 5 to 17 years 15.0% 18.0% 18 to 24 years 8.7% 10.3% 25 to 34 years 20.1% 17.6% 35 to 44 years 17.5% 14.4% 45 to 54 years 12.7% 12.9% 55 to 64 years 10.4% 9.1% 65 to 74 years 5.1% 4.9% 75 years and over 3.1% 4.0% Median age (years) 34.4 32 Educational attainment 25 yrs or older 90,577 1,406,037 Less than high school diploma 15.7% 25.8% High school graduate (includes equivalency) 15.9% 22.9% Some college or associate's degree 15.2% 22.7% Bachelor's degree 29.5% 18.0% Graduate or professional degree 23.7% 10.6% 0.532 0.286 High school graduate or higher 74.2% 84.3% Male, high school graduate or higher 72.7% 86.0% Female, high school graduate or higher 75.7% 82.6% Bachelor's degree or higher 28.6% 53.2%

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Male, bachelor's degree or higher 29.6% 58.6% Female, bachelor's degree or higher 27.6% 47.9% OCCUPATION Civilian employed population 16 years and over 67,767 1,083,342 Management, professional, and related occupations 51.2% 32.1% Service occupations 15.6% 18.5% Sales and office occupations 18.5% 23.5% Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 0.2% 0.2% Construction, extraction, maintenance, and repair occupations 4.3% 12.9% Production, transportation, and material moving occupations 10.1% 12.9% INCOME

For families- Median family income (dollars) 59,610 47,933 For individuals- Per capita income (dollars) 28,038 26,324

HOUSING TENURE

Occupied housing units 47,205 823,438 Owner-occupied housing units 50.9% 47.1% Renter-occupied housing units 49.1% 52.9%

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Average household size of owner-occupied unit 3.12 2.84

Average household size of renter-occupied unit 2.33 2.52

YEAR STRUCTURE BUILT

Occupied housing units 47,205 823,438 Built 2000 or later 19.5% 13.7% Built 1990 to 1999 15.4% 9.3% Built 1980 to 1989 18.4% 14.4% Built 1960 to 1979 38.6% 40.9% Built 1940 to 1959 5.9% 17.1% Built 1939 or earlier 2.2% 4.6% VEHICLES AVAILABLE

Occupied housing units 47,205 823,438 None 6.8% 9.7% 1 or more 93.2% 90.3% COMMUTING TO WORK Workers 16 years and over 66,415 1,060,189 Car, truck, or van - drove alone 75.6% 74.6% Car, truck, or van - carpooled 12.9% 13.5% Public transportation (excluding taxicab) 4.5% 4.5% Walked 2.3% 2.2% Other means 1.3% 2.0% Worked at home 3.4% 3.2% Mean travel time to work (minutes) 24.7 26.1

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HOUSE HEATING FUEL Occupied housing units 47,205 823,438 Gas 34.5% 40.7% Electricity 65.0% 58.7% All other fuels 0.2% 0.1% No fuel used 0.3% 0.5% OWNER CHARACTERISTICS Owner-occupied housing units 24,010 388,016 Median value (dollars) 144,100 129,200 Median selected monthly owner costs with a mortgage (dollars) 1,634 1,458 Median selected monthly owner costs without a mortgage (dollars) 537 491 GROSS RENT AS A PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS

Occupied units paying rent (excluding units where GRAPI cannot be computed) 20,936 412,427 Less than 30 percent 63.8% 51.0% 30 percent or more 36.2% 49.0%

GROSS RENT

Occupied units paying rent 22,051 422,307 Median gross rent (dollars) 816 784

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Table 1.3 Asian people in various cities of the Houston Region

Bellaire Missouri South Side Place Stafford Sugarland West University

Total Total Total Total Total Total Asians Asians Asians Asians Asians Asians populatio populatio populatio populatio populatio populatio alone alone alone alone alone alone n n n n n n

Total: 1,920 17,825 10,128 72,789 254 1,653 3269 19,089 24,908 79,204 1162 15,360 % of total population 10.8% 13.9% 15.4% 17.1% 31.4% 7.6%

Male: 864 9,191 4,860 34,963 123 864 1687 9,854 12,276 39,135 489 7,695

Female: 1,056 8,634 5,268 37,826 131 789 1582 9,235 12,632 40,069 673 7,665 Median age 36.8 40.5 44.3 35.8 40.1 39.2 31.8 31.6 36.5 38.7 34.2 39.8 Educational

attainment Population 25 years 1096 11715 6,618 45,227 173 981 2359 12,138 15,840 52197 670 9926 and over Less than high school 2% 2.2% 11.6% 8.5% 1.7% 4.0% 7.2% 10.2% 12.4% 8.80% 0% 1.60% graduate High school graduate (includes 8.20% 7.90% 12.4% 18.5% 6.4% 5.4% 18.5% 25.8% 12.5% 13.40% 9.40% 3.80% equivalency) Some college or 11.30 3.60% 16.20% 16.5% 31.4% 10.4% 12.8% 25.9% 29.8% 17.0% 25.60% 9.70% associate's degree % Bachelor's degree or 86.20 81.50 79.30 73.7% 59.50% 41.6% 77.8% 48.4% 34.2% 58.10% 52% 84.90% higher % % % Civilian employed population 16 years NA 4467 35,975 NA NA 10,551 38262 NA and over OCCUPATION Management, professional, and NA 60.1% 45.7% NA NA 58.1% 56.10% NA related occupations Service occupations NA 9.4% 12.2% NA NA 7.1% 8.00% NA Sales and office NA 26.1% 28.2% NA NA 27.6% 27.70% NA occupations Farming, fishing, and NA 0.0% 0.0% NA NA 0.0% 0.00% NA forestry occupations Construction, NA 1.6% 5.4% NA NA 1.6% 2.50% NA extraction,

111 maintenance, and repair occupations Production, transportation, and NA 2.8% 8.5% NA NA 5.7% 5.70% NA material moving occupations EARNINGS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2009 INFLATION- ADJUSTED DOLLARS) FOR FULL-TIME, YEAR- ROUND WORKERS Population 16 years and over with 654 6,780 3,359 25,896 94 523 1,225 8,360 7,928 27,923 314 5,376 earnings $1 to $9,999 or loss 3.4% 1.5% 0.2% 1.90% 0.0% 0.0% 0% 3.0% 0.9% 1.00% 0% 0% $10,000 to $14,999 0.0% 0.0% 6.3% 4.20% 6.4% 1.1% 0% 3.8% 3.5% 2.90% 0% 0% $15,000 to $24,999 5.4% 4.5% 14.0% 12.30% 4.3% 7.3% 15.2% 17.4% 10.5% 8.70% 0% 2.10% $25,000 to $34,999 8.0% 5.8% 8.6% 14.30% 31.9% 8.4% 19.1% 22.2% 9.7% 9.50% 0% 3.20% $35,000 to $49,999 7.0% 11.1% 16.8% 21.90% 29.8% 9.6% 29.8% 20.7% 16.2% 16.00% 0% 5.50% 30.20 $50,000 to $74,999 24.2% 16.0% 27.4% 20.50% 13.8% 11.5% 22.5% 17.8% 20.5% 22.90% 12.90% % 69.80 $75,000 or more 52% 61.10% 26.8% 24.90% 13.8% 60.8% 13.4% 15.1% 38.6% 39.00% 76.30% % Median earnings (dollars) for full-time, year-round workers: 17011 Male 86917 120,920 55,221 51,519 157,500 40,876 68,422 70,328 170,126 37,917 37,273 4

Female 52319 75,542 50,000 43,946 68,125 33,197 48,914 50,773 89236 91,250 35,096 41,624 Occupied housing 533 6,449 2,408 20,273 88 578 979 5988 6,174 23,615 309 units 5,346 HOUSING TENURE

Owner-occupied 28.41 38.82 88.7% 86.99% 93.0% 90.36% 64.19% 47.8% 83.0% 82.05% 93.2% 90.9% housing units % % Renter-occupied 71.59 61.18 11.3% 13.0% 7.0% 9.64% 35.81% 52.2% 17.0% 17.95% 6.8% 9.1% housing units % %

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VEHICLES

AVAILABLE None NA 1.2% 1.1% NA NA 1.5% 1.30% NA 1 or more NA 98.8% 98.9% NA NA 98.5% 98.70% NA Owner-occupied 473 5,610 2,239 18319 25 371 380 2865 5,127 19376 288 housing units 4,857 SELECTED MONTHLY OWNER COSTS AS A PERCENTAGE OF

HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS Less than 30 percent NA 62.8% 67.8% NA NA 68.3% 72.90% NA 30 percent or more NA 37.2% 32.2% NA NA 31.7% 27.10% NA Renter-occupied 60 839 169 1,954 63 207 599 3123 1,047 4,239 21 housing units 489 GROSS RENT AS A PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD

INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS Less than 30 percent NA 69.2% 41.0% NA NA 42.9% 53.60% NA 30 percent or more NA 30.8% 59.0% NA NA 57.1% 46.40% NA

(1) Bachelor degree or higher

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Table 2.1: Asian firms in the counties of Harris and Fort Bend

Harris county Fort Bend county Asians Subject firms All firms Asians firms All firms Number of firms 36,718 370,841 8,295 50,412 % of total firms 9.9% Number of firms according to 2002 census 24,922 302,719 4,459 33,167 Receipts ($1,000) 14,112,008 714,799,914 2,034,879 31,989,445 Employer firms (number) 9,275 69,684 1,355 6,949 Employer receipts ($1,000) 12,843,554 700,161,385 1,649,840 31,025,564 Employees (number) 64,537 1,881,354 8,595 116,592 Annual payroll ($1,000) 1,719,645 95,117,483 276,807 4,589,683 Nonemployer firms (number) 27,443 301,157 6,940 43,463 Nonemployer receipts ($1,000) 1,268,454 14,638,529 385,039 1,963,881 Type of firms Agriculture NA NA Mining 91 4807 45 397723 Utilities 48 506 NA Manufacturing 701 8,609 128 1,050 Construction 1209 47,249 25 4550 Wholesale 1235 10,925 NA Retail trade 5,283 30,097 847 4827 Transportation and warehousing 563 27,107 NA Information 359 3,666 83 794 Finance and insurance 831 12,903 231 1,592 Real estate and rental and leasing 3013 28,415 818 4,074 Professional, scientific, and technical services 4,282 51,307 1,668 8,803 Administrative and Support and Waste Mang and Remediation Srvs 1639 38,011 460 4,555 Educational services 360 7,184 NA

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Health care and social assistance 3,196 31,247 801 4,550 Arts, entertainment, and recreation 415 11,965 136 1,712 Accommodation and food services 2,543 10,961 460 4,555 Other services (except public administration) 10,779 45,435 1,785 6,131

Table 2.2 Asian firms in Houston City

Houston city Asians Subject firms All firms Number of firms 22,826 219,284 % of total firms 10.4% Number of firms according to 2002 census 15,966 187,124 Receipts ($1,000) 10,793,503 514,239,417 Employer firms (number) 6,878 48,175 Employer receipts ($1,000) 10,053,255 505,797,015 Employees (number) 47,323 1,442,271 Annual payroll ($1,000) 1,317,131 76,231,379 Nonemployer firms (number) 15,948 171,108 Nonemployer receipts ($1,000) 740,248 8,442,402 Type of firms Agriculture Mining 82 2749 Utilities 41 349 Manufacturing 401 4,739 Construction 766 27263 Wholesale 929 7,352 Retail trade 3284 16,563 Transportation and warehousing 345 14,969

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Information 228 2,417 Finance and insurance 561 7,519 Professional, scientific, and technical services 2552 30,961 Administrative and Support and Waste Mang and Remediation Srvs 1019 21755 Educational services 209 4168 Health care and social assistance 2252 20,634 Arts, entertainment, and recreation 125 7,179 Accommodation and food services 1669 7,337 Other services (except public administration) 6,482 26,395

Table 2.3: Asian firms in the cities of Stafford and Sugarland

Stafford Sugarland

Asians Asians Subject firms All firms firms All firms

Number of firms 481 2,723 2,938 10,990 % of total firms 17.7% 26.7% Number of firms according to 2002 census 316 2,268 1981 8349

Receipts ($1,000) 307,521 6,891,170 653,469 15,540,343

Employer firms (number) 171 1,048 540 2,330

Employer receipts ($1,000) 294,384 6,831,577 528,008 15,063,729

Employees (number) 1579 24,170 2,784 41,372

Annual payroll ($1,000) 71,538 1,103,230 115,121 1,981,035

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Nonemployer firms (number) 310 1,675 2,398 8,660

Nonemployer receipts ($1,000) 13,137 59,593 125,461 476,614 Type of firms

Agriculture NA NA Mining NA NA Utilities NA NA Manufacturing NA 57 143 Construction NA NA Wholesale NA 144 440 Retail trade NA NA

Information NA NA Finance and insurance NA 103 385

Real estate and rental and leasing NA 379 1315

Professional, scientific, and technical services 74 393 192 2,072 Administrative and Support and Waste Mang and Remediation Srvs 72 400 NA

Educational services NA NA

Health care and social assistance NA 421 1020

Arts, entertainment, and recreation NA NA Accommodation and food services NA 45 247 Other services (except public administration) NA 485 1097

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Conclusion The results of the present study prove that Asians in Texas are a dynamic, fast- growing population. Their educational attainment surpasses the average educational level of the regions they live in, and a very high percentage of them have Graduate or Professional Degrees. In some areas, however, Asians are more poorly educated than the average. In most areas studied, the educational level reflects upon the family and individual income for the Asian population, which is in almost every case greater than for the average population in the respective areas. When purchasing a home, Asians tend to acquire houses that are more expensive than the area average, and to pay high monthly owner costs, thus making remarkable contributions to the development of the Texas construction and finance business. However, the preferences for more luxurious houses do not reflect rental behavior: most Asians pay a slightly lower rent than the area average. As for choice of house warming fuel, Asians seem to be divided between gas and electricity, probably following the area availability and price of fuels. Most Asian households possess one vehicle or more and tend to drive their own car to work. Their preferences regarding this aspect are not very different from preferences of the total population in the areas which make the object of this study. The comparison between the 2002 and 2007 Business Owner Surveys shows that Asian companies have developed at a faster rate than all ethnicities combined in almost all the cities and counties described since 2002. The greatest part of the receipts is realized by employer firms, offering an important number of jobs for Texans in various areas. From the data, we can also infer that most Asian businesses concentrate upon the sector of professional, scientific and technical services in line with the high level of education of many Asian Americans, followed closely by other services and retail trade. Asian groups have made and continue to make an impact on the landscape of Texas. The impact of Asian contributions to the built environment and to the economy of this state has yet to be appreciated in its fullness, and more studies of this sort should be conducted in order to truly assess and value the remarkable achievements of this ethnicity.

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References American Community Survey (2005-2009, 2007-2009), www.census.gov

Hurh, W.M and Kim, KC: The Success Image of Asian Americans: Its Validity, Its practical and Theoretical Implications (Ethnic and Racial Studies, 1989)

Hyung-chan, Kim: Dictionary of Asian American History (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing, 1986)

Okihiro, Gary: The Columbia Guide to Asian American History (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001)

Sakamoto, A., Wu, H and Tzeng, JM: The declining significance of Race among American Men during the Latter Half of the Twentieth Century, (Demography, vol. 37. N.1, Feb. 2000)

Survey of Business owners (2007, 2002), www.census.gov www.wikipedia.org

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