Chapter 1 The Political Culture, People, And Economy of The Political Culture, People, and Texas Political Culture

• Polical culture: broadly shared values, beliefs, and atudes about how government and society should funcon

• Polical culture in U.S. states: Daniel Elazar – Shaped by state founding origins and experiences – Defined by state orientaon toward: • Marketplace • Role of government • Who should parcipate in government and polics

Texas Political Culture

• Three state polical culture categories: – Moralisc – Individualisc

– Tradionalisc • Some are a blend of two • Broad definions for each category help understand state-level differences

Not a literal/direct definion of all people in all states in contemporary society. Texas Political Culture

• Moralisc polical culture – Rooted in New England Puritanism – The common good (expressed through polics) is everyone’s concern. – Government should promote the public good. – Examples: MN, IA, WI, CA, WA, ME, VT, NH Texas Political Culture

• Individualisc polical culture – Focuses more on commercial success – Government should provide order and protect property. – Bureaucracy viewed as interference – Less concern for mass parcipaon in polics – Examples: NY, PA, OH, IL, NV Texas Political Culture

• Tradionalisc polical culture – Rooted in plantaon values of social hierarchy – Focused on tradion and maintaining exisng social order (keep standing arrangements) – Polics engaged in by established wealthy families – Examples: TX, AZ, FL, MS, AL Texas Political Culture

• Texas tradionalisc–moralisc mix – Low taxes and social service provision – Business interests dominate policy • Texas harder to generalize – Historical origins/development within state differ • Example: large cies (, ), border cies (El Paso, Laredo, Valley), rural regions sharply different histories, people, and industries Texas Political Culture

• One-party state – Democrac Party dominated Texas for over a century. • Held all statewide offices, won presidenal elecons • 100 percent of state legislature – Today, GOP dominates Texas polics. • Democrats have not won statewide office since 1994. • majority since 2002 – Democrats remain popular in Texas cies, though. • See congressional, state legislature, and county offices Texas Political Culture

• Business dominance – Unions are mostly absent – Consumer and environmental concerns not especially influenal • Provincialism (narrow view of the world) – Associated with Jeffersonian noons of limited government and rural values – Low spending on social services and educaon – Intolerant of social hierarchy challenges, diversity Texas Political Culture The Land

• Texas polics shaped by state geography – Size, locaon, natural resources • 2nd largest state, 267,00 sq. miles – 800 miles north to south (about 11 hrs. by car) – 773 miles east to west (about 10.5 hrs. by car) • Largest border with foreign country • Gulf coast and rivers, ferle and desert land, plains and mountains, oil and natural gas

The Physical Regions of Texas Economic Change in Texas

• Texas economic development ed to resources and technology of the me • Three phases of technological change: – Coon and cale – Oil – Technology innovaons • Facilitated state strengths in high-tech industry, medical research, energy industry, and banking Economic Change in Texas

Coon culvaon began in the 1820s.

• By 1880s, Texas was the largest producer.

• Connected to naonal markets by railroads Economic Change in Texas

• Coon – Labor-intensive culvaon led to tenant farming and sharecropping. • A system of social and economic dependency that trapped many Texans in rural areas – Crop-lien system could easily place households in debt from which they could not escape • Radical polical discontent in rural areas led to support for Grange and Populist movements Economic Change in Texas

• Cale ranching – Texas has dominated cale ranching industry for over a century. • Vast space, land suited for grazing and growing specialized feed – Increasingly operated by large agribusinesses • Many located in Texas, or agreements with cale ranchers in the state – Currently, only about 2 percent of Texas populaon is located on farms Cattle Ranching Economic Change in Texas

• Oil – Took off in 1901 with – By 1930s, oil replaced as the main contributor to its economy • Allowed America to move from coal to oil as primary energy source • Facilitates creaon of the naonal highway system – Energy industry develops in Texas • Oil, natural gas, producon, exploraon and research Oil in the Texas Economy Oil Production in Texas Economic Change in Texas

• Oil led to a rise in industrialism along the coast and boomtowns near oil fields. • Texas Railroad Commission brought stability to the markets. – State agency regulang oil and gas industries – Allowed common pipeline carriers that served many different companies (efficient) – Regulated oil producon to smooth pricing Economic Change in Texas

• NAFTA—North American Free Trade Agreement (1992) – Created free trade zone U.S., , and – Texas increased exports to Mexico and Canada by $10b between 1992 and 1997. – 24 out of 32 industries that export to Mexico saw double-digit gains NAFTA The Changing Face of Texas, 1850–2010 The People: Texas Demography

• Three sources of populaon growth – Natural increase (births) – Internaonal immigraon (outside the U.S.) – Domesc immigraon (one U.S. state to another) • Texas has 2nd largest populaon – 25.5 million as of 2011 • California is 1st with 37.2 million – Between 2000 and 2010, grew by 4.5 million, 20 percent The People: Texas Demography

• Six flags over Texas: over five centuries, Texas was part of six different sovereign enes.

1. : 1519–1685 and 1690–1821 2. : 1685–1690 3. Mexico: 1821–1836 4. : 1836–1845 5. Confederacy: 1861–1865 6. : 1845–1861; and since 1865 The People: Texas Demography

• Anglos – Whites of European descent (except Spain) • Largest group during nineteenth and tweneth centuries – First wave arrived before Texas Revoluon (1835) • Both Spain and Mexico gave Anglos land grants to bring people to Texas. – Most notably, Moses Ausn and son, Stephen F. Ausn

The People: Texas Demography

• Anglos – Populaon surge aer Revoluon (1835–6) – Mostly immigraon from southern states • Southern selers brought slaves with them. – Most Texas farmers never owned slaves. • Yet, overwhelmingly supported secession/Civil War

Anglos Anglo Population in Texas Counties, 2010 The People: Texas Demography

• Hispanics/Lanos – Origins to any of 20 Spanish-speaking naons (Lan America and Spain) • Texas Lanos mostly Mexican origin – Historical overlap and proximity – 88 percent of Lano Texans are Mexican origin (2010) • Established presence in Texas – Sizeable Mexican origin populaon has always been the case The People: Texas Demography

• Long-standing large Lano populaon regions – El Paso, , all of

• Pockets with less presence – Distance from large metro area and border • Historical and contemporary trend

• Texas is 38 percent Lano (2010) – Increasingly urban, true for enre state populaon – Opportunies in cies draw people Hispanic Population in Texas Counties, 2010 The People: Texas Demography

• History of an-Hispanic polical discriminaon – Despite large populaons, systemac barriers • Segregated public facilies • Targeted by poll taxes and white primaries • Vong Rights Act (1965) demise of Jim Crow – Fewer parcipaon/representaon barriers – 20 percent of Texas legislature is Lano (37 of 181) – By 2010, approximately 2,500 Lanos held elected office in various state and local posions. The People: Texas Demography

• African Americans – Black populaon origins in Texas reflects the state’s history with slavery • Growth in slave populaon – Mexican government anslavery policies kept black populaon relavely low unl the Texas Revoluon (<5,000 in 1830s) – Post-Texas Revoluon, southern selers brought large number of slaves to the state The People: Texas Demography

• 1860 (Civil War), over 182,000 slaves in Texas – Tripled in size in only 10 yrs. (1850=58,000) – Constuted one-third of the state’s populaon – Concentrated in • Wharton and Brazoria counes highest numbers • Emancipaon and Reconstrucon – Texas slaves freed three years aer Emancipaon Proclamaon (Juneteenth) – 100,000+ African American men registered voters African Americans African American Population in Texas Counties, 2010 The People: Texas Demography

• By 1903, Jim Crow laws and violence toward blacks keep nearly all blacks from the polls. – Only 5,000 black registered voters • Civil rights and populaon changes – Numerous black elected officials, especially in the Houston and Dallas areas – 63 percent of Texas black populaon resides in Houston and Dallas areas (2010 Census) – Texas populaon is 12 percent African American The People: Texas Demography

• Early urbanizaon – Towns were founded under Mexican rule as a means of colonizing the territory • Evidenced by the courthouse in the town center – Vast majority of state was rural, and small towns • 88 percent now reside in urban and suburban areas: Ausn « Corpus Chris « Dallas « El Paso « Fort Worth Houston « Laredo « « San Antonio

Per Capita Income in Texas and the United States, 1990–2010 (in Nominal Nonadjusted Dollars) Urbanization in Texas, 1850–2010 WHO ARE TEXANS?

How is the Texas Population Changing?

CHAPTER 1 WHO ARE TEXANS?

Race and Total Population = 250,000 people

1980 2010 2040 TOTAL POPULATION = 14,229,191 24,330,646 35,761,165

White White White 66% 47% 32% Black 12% Black 11% Black 10% Hispanic 21% Hispanic 37% Hispanic 53% Other 1% Other 4% Other 6%

SOURCES: Texas State Data Center; Office of State Demographer. WHO ARE TEXANS?

Geography

Projected Population Growth from the year 2000 by Metropolitan Area

< 25%

26 – 45%

46 – 65% 2020 2040 66 – 85%

86% +

SOURCES: Texas State Data Center; Office of State Demographer. WHO ARE TEXANS?

Geography

Projected Population Growth from the year 2000 by Metropolitan Area

2000 2020 2040

Rural Areas 2,907,272 3,452,327 +19% 3,825,783 +32% Other Metropolitan Areas 5,106,131 6,689,146 +31% 8,254,026 +62% San Antonio Area 1,711,703 2,179,553 +27% 2,514,097 +49% Houston Area 4,715,407 6,443,005 +37% 8,398,069 +78% Dallas-Ft. Worth Area 5,161,544 7,340,276 +42% 10,107,348 +96% Austin Area 1,249,763 1,901,433 +52% 2,661,842 +113%

SOURCES: Texas State Data Center; Office of State Demographer. Urban Political Economy

• Houston – 1800s, economy based on commerce and coon – transformed the city to become a major metropolitan area. – Oil and natural gas expanded industry base • Largest manufacturer of petroleum equipment – Technological advances spurred economic growth. • NASA (), The (world’s largest), nanotechology Urban Political Economy

• Dallas – Sat at intersecon of two major railroads • Transformed into a major commerce center – Developed into financial center for the oil industry • Addional economic bases: transportaon, tech, retail • Fort Worth – Located at a resng spot for cale herders • Railroads were built to serve the cale industry. – Major military installaon • Helped develop the aviaon industry Urban Political Economy

• San Antonio – Inially large city because it was the capitol of • Economic and bases today – Military infrastructure • Bases, civilian industry and support – Tourism • Most visited in the state, Alamo major aracon – Medical Populations of the Largest Cities in Texas, 2010 Race and Ethnic Breakdown of Texas and Its Largest Counties, 2010 Public Opinion Poll

Which of the following do you think most accurately describes contemporary Texas? a) Large cies, high-skill jobs (tech, engineering,

medicine, etc.), diverse populaon b) Rural communies, farming and ranching jobs, homogenous populaon

Public Opinion Poll

Republicans have held all statewide offices in Texas for over 16 years. Do you think this trend will connue into the next decade, or do you expect Democrats will be more compeve in the near future? a) GOP will remain very strong. b) Democrats will start winning statewide. Public Opinion Poll

Which of the following factors do you think is most important in shaping the state’s culture? a) Diverse and large populaon b) Unique geography (size, border, climate) c) Natural resources (oil, gas, crops, gulf) Public Opinion Poll

Is it possible for Texas to maintain a small- government approach when the state populaon connues to grow at a quick rate that outpaces all others? a) Yes, the state can have more people without growing the size of government. b) No, more people means the state government will have to grow. Public Opinion Poll

Is Texas truly disncve from other southern or southwestern states in terms of its people and polics? a) Yes, Texas has a unique polical culture. b) No, Texas is essenally like neighboring states. c) Texas once was different, but that is no longer the case. Chapter 1: The Political Culture, People, and Economy of Texas • Quizzes • Flashcards • Outlines • Exercises wwnorton.com/we-the-people Following this slide, you will find addional images, figures, and tables from the textbook. The Interstate Highway System in Texas Economic Change in Texas The Emergence of the High-Tech Economy Texas Political Culture Hispanics The Urban Political Economy Liberty, Equality, and Democracy in Texas