Chapter 1 The Political Culture, People, And Economy of Texas The Political Culture, People, and Economy of Texas Texas Political Culture
• Poli cal culture: broadly shared values, beliefs, and a tudes about how government and society should func on
• Poli cal culture in U.S. states: Daniel Elazar – Shaped by state founding origins and experiences – Defined by state orienta on toward: • Marketplace • Role of government • Who should par cipate in government and poli cs
Texas Political Culture
• Three state poli cal culture categories: – Moralis c – Individualis c
– Tradi onalis c • Some are a blend of two • Broad defini ons for each category help understand state-level differences
Not a literal/direct defini on of all people in all states in contemporary society. Texas Political Culture
• Moralis c poli cal culture – Rooted in New England Puritanism – The common good (expressed through poli cs) is everyone’s concern. – Government should promote the public good. – Examples: MN, IA, WI, CA, WA, ME, VT, NH Texas Political Culture
• Individualis c poli cal culture – Focuses more on commercial success – Government should provide order and protect property. – Bureaucracy viewed as interference – Less concern for mass par cipa on in poli cs – Examples: NY, PA, OH, IL, NV Texas Political Culture
• Tradi onalis c poli cal culture – Rooted in planta on values of social hierarchy – Focused on tradi on and maintaining exis ng social order (keep standing arrangements) – Poli cs engaged in by established wealthy families – Examples: TX, AZ, FL, MS, AL Texas Political Culture
• Texas tradi onalis c–moralis c mix – Low taxes and social service provision – Business interests dominate policy • Texas harder to generalize – Historical origins/development within state differ • Example: large ci es (Houston, Dallas), border ci es (El Paso, Laredo, Rio Grande Valley), rural regions sharply different histories, people, and industries Texas Political Culture
• One-party state – Democra c Party dominated Texas for over a century. • Held all statewide offices, won presiden al elec ons • 100 percent of state legislature – Today, GOP dominates Texas poli cs. • Democrats have not won statewide office since 1994. • Texas legislature majority since 2002 – Democrats remain popular in Texas ci es, though. • See congressional, state legislature, and county offices Texas Political Culture
• Business dominance – Unions are mostly absent – Consumer and environmental concerns not especially influen al • Provincialism (narrow view of the world) – Associated with Jeffersonian no ons of limited government and rural values – Low spending on social services and educa on – Intolerant of social hierarchy challenges, diversity Texas Political Culture The Land
• Texas poli cs shaped by state geography – Size, loca on, natural resources • 2nd largest state, 267,00 sq. miles – 800 miles north to south (about 11 hrs. by car) – 773 miles east to west (about 10.5 hrs. by car) • Largest border with foreign country • Gulf coast and rivers, fer le and desert land, plains and mountains, oil and natural gas
The Physical Regions of Texas Economic Change in Texas
• Texas economic development ed to resources and technology of the me • Three phases of technological change: – Co on and ca le – Oil – Technology innova ons • Facilitated state strengths in high-tech industry, medical research, energy industry, and banking Economic Change in Texas
Co on cul va on began in the 1820s.
• By 1880s, Texas was the largest producer.
• Connected to na onal markets by railroads Economic Change in Texas
• Co on – Labor-intensive cul va on led to tenant farming and sharecropping. • A system of social and economic dependency that trapped many Texans in rural areas – Crop-lien system could easily place households in debt from which they could not escape • Radical poli cal discontent in rural areas led to support for Grange and Populist movements Economic Change in Texas
• Ca le ranching – Texas has dominated ca le ranching industry for over a century. • Vast space, land suited for grazing and growing specialized feed – Increasingly operated by large agribusinesses • Many located in Texas, or agreements with ca le ranchers in the state – Currently, only about 2 percent of Texas popula on is located on farms Cattle Ranching Economic Change in Texas
• Oil – Took off in 1901 with Spindletop – By 1930s, oil replaced agriculture as the main contributor to its economy • Allowed America to move from coal to oil as primary energy source • Facilitates crea on of the na onal highway system – Energy industry develops in Texas • Oil, natural gas, produc on, explora on and research Oil in the Texas Economy Oil Production in Texas Economic Change in Texas
• Oil led to a rise in industrialism along the coast and boomtowns near oil fields. • Texas Railroad Commission brought stability to the markets. – State agency regula ng oil and gas industries – Allowed common pipeline carriers that served many different companies (efficient) – Regulated oil produc on to smooth pricing Economic Change in Texas
• NAFTA—North American Free Trade Agreement (1992) – Created free trade zone U.S., Canada, and Mexico – Texas increased exports to Mexico and Canada by $10b between 1992 and 1997. – 24 out of 32 industries that export to Mexico saw double-digit gains NAFTA The Changing Face of Texas, 1850–2010 The People: Texas Demography
• Three sources of popula on growth – Natural increase (births) – Interna onal immigra on (outside the U.S.) – Domes c immigra on (one U.S. state to another) • Texas has 2nd largest popula on – 25.5 million as of 2011 • California is 1st with 37.2 million – Between 2000 and 2010, grew by 4.5 million, 20 percent The People: Texas Demography
• Six flags over Texas: over five centuries, Texas was part of six different sovereign en es.
1. Spain: 1519–1685 and 1690–1821 2. France: 1685–1690 3. Mexico: 1821–1836 4. Republic of Texas: 1836–1845 5. Confederacy: 1861–1865 6. United States: 1845–1861; and since 1865 The People: Texas Demography
• Anglos – Whites of European descent (except Spain) • Largest group during nineteenth and twen eth centuries – First wave arrived before Texas Revolu on (1835) • Both Spain and Mexico gave Anglos land grants to bring people to Texas. – Most notably, Moses Aus n and son, Stephen F. Aus n
The People: Texas Demography
• Anglos – Popula on surge a er Revolu on (1835–6) – Mostly immigra on from southern states • Southern se lers brought slaves with them. – Most Texas farmers never owned slaves. • Yet, overwhelmingly supported secession/Civil War
Anglos Anglo Population in Texas Counties, 2010 The People: Texas Demography
• Hispanics/La nos – Origins to any of 20 Spanish-speaking na ons (La n America and Spain) • Texas La nos mostly Mexican origin – Historical overlap and proximity – 88 percent of La no Texans are Mexican origin (2010) • Established presence in Texas – Sizeable Mexican origin popula on has always been the case The People: Texas Demography
• Long-standing large La no popula on regions – El Paso, San Antonio, all of South Texas
• Pockets with less presence – Distance from large metro area and border • Historical and contemporary trend
• Texas is 38 percent La no (2010) – Increasingly urban, true for en re state popula on – Opportuni es in ci es draw people Hispanic Population in Texas Counties, 2010 The People: Texas Demography
• History of an -Hispanic poli cal discrimina on – Despite large popula ons, systema c barriers • Segregated public facili es • Targeted by poll taxes and white primaries • Vo ng Rights Act (1965) demise of Jim Crow – Fewer par cipa on/representa on barriers – 20 percent of Texas legislature is La no (37 of 181) – By 2010, approximately 2,500 La nos held elected office in various state and local posi ons. The People: Texas Demography
• African Americans – Black popula on origins in Texas reflects the state’s history with slavery • Growth in slave popula on – Mexican government an slavery policies kept black popula on rela vely low un l the Texas Revolu on (<5,000 in 1830s) – Post-Texas Revolu on, southern se lers brought large number of slaves to the state The People: Texas Demography
• 1860 (Civil War), over 182,000 slaves in Texas – Tripled in size in only 10 yrs. (1850=58,000) – Cons tuted one-third of the state’s popula on – Concentrated in East Texas • Wharton and Brazoria coun es highest numbers • Emancipa on and Reconstruc on – Texas slaves freed three years a er Emancipa on Proclama on (Juneteenth) – 100,000+ African American men registered voters African Americans African American Population in Texas Counties, 2010 The People: Texas Demography
• By 1903, Jim Crow laws and violence toward blacks keep nearly all blacks from the polls. – Only 5,000 black registered voters • Civil rights and popula on changes – Numerous black elected officials, especially in the Houston and Dallas areas – 63 percent of Texas black popula on resides in Houston and Dallas areas (2010 Census) – Texas popula on is 12 percent African American The People: Texas Demography
• Early urbaniza on – Towns were founded under Mexican rule as a means of colonizing the territory • Evidenced by the courthouse in the town center – Vast majority of state was rural, and small towns • 88 percent now reside in urban and suburban areas: Aus n « Corpus Chris « Dallas « El Paso « Fort Worth Houston « Laredo « Rio Grande Valley « San Antonio
Per Capita Income in Texas and the United States, 1990–2010 (in Nominal Nonadjusted Dollars) Urbanization in Texas, 1850–2010 WHO ARE TEXANS?
How is the Texas Population Changing?
CHAPTER 1 WHO ARE TEXANS?
Race and Total Population = 250,000 people
1980 2010 2040 TOTAL POPULATION = 14,229,191 24,330,646 35,761,165
White White White 66% 47% 32% Black 12% Black 11% Black 10% Hispanic 21% Hispanic 37% Hispanic 53% Other 1% Other 4% Other 6%
SOURCES: Texas State Data Center; Office of State Demographer. WHO ARE TEXANS?
Geography
Projected Population Growth from the year 2000 by Metropolitan Area
< 25%
26 – 45%
46 – 65% 2020 2040 66 – 85%
86% +
SOURCES: Texas State Data Center; Office of State Demographer. WHO ARE TEXANS?
Geography
Projected Population Growth from the year 2000 by Metropolitan Area
2000 2020 2040
Rural Areas 2,907,272 3,452,327 +19% 3,825,783 +32% Other Metropolitan Areas 5,106,131 6,689,146 +31% 8,254,026 +62% San Antonio Area 1,711,703 2,179,553 +27% 2,514,097 +49% Houston Area 4,715,407 6,443,005 +37% 8,398,069 +78% Dallas-Ft. Worth Area 5,161,544 7,340,276 +42% 10,107,348 +96% Austin Area 1,249,763 1,901,433 +52% 2,661,842 +113%
SOURCES: Texas State Data Center; Office of State Demographer. Urban Political Economy
• Houston – 1800s, economy based on commerce and co on – Houston Ship Channel transformed the city to become a major metropolitan area. – Oil and natural gas expanded industry base • Largest manufacturer of petroleum equipment – Technological advances spurred economic growth. • NASA (Johnson Space Center), The Texas Medical Center (world’s largest), nanotechology Urban Political Economy
• Dallas – Sat at intersec on of two major railroads • Transformed into a major commerce center – Developed into financial center for the oil industry • Addi onal economic bases: transporta on, tech, retail • Fort Worth – Located at a res ng spot for ca le herders • Railroads were built to serve the ca le industry. – Major military installa on • Helped develop the avia on industry Urban Political Economy
• San Antonio – Ini ally large city because it was the capitol of Spanish Texas • Economic and bases today – Military infrastructure • Bases, civilian industry and support – Tourism • Most visited in the state, Alamo major a rac on – Medical Populations of the Largest Cities in Texas, 2010 Race and Ethnic Breakdown of Texas and Its Largest Counties, 2010 Public Opinion Poll
Which of the following do you think most accurately describes contemporary Texas? a) Large ci es, high-skill jobs (tech, engineering,
medicine, etc.), diverse popula on b) Rural communi es, farming and ranching jobs, homogenous popula on
Public Opinion Poll
Republicans have held all statewide offices in Texas for over 16 years. Do you think this trend will con nue into the next decade, or do you expect Democrats will be more compe ve in the near future? a) GOP will remain very strong. b) Democrats will start winning statewide. Public Opinion Poll
Which of the following factors do you think is most important in shaping the state’s culture? a) Diverse and large popula on b) Unique geography (size, border, climate) c) Natural resources (oil, gas, crops, gulf) Public Opinion Poll
Is it possible for Texas to maintain a small- government approach when the state popula on con nues to grow at a quick rate that outpaces all others? a) Yes, the state can have more people without growing the size of government. b) No, more people means the state government will have to grow. Public Opinion Poll
Is Texas truly dis nc ve from other southern or southwestern states in terms of its people and poli cs? a) Yes, Texas has a unique poli cal culture. b) No, Texas is essen ally like neighboring states. c) Texas once was different, but that is no longer the case. Chapter 1: The Political Culture, People, and Economy of Texas • Quizzes • Flashcards • Outlines • Exercises wwnorton.com/we-the-people Following this slide, you will find addi onal images, figures, and tables from the textbook. The Interstate Highway System in Texas Economic Change in Texas The Emergence of the High-Tech Economy Texas Political Culture Hispanics The Urban Political Economy Liberty, Equality, and Democracy in Texas