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Horse Stable Residues Derived Biochar Characterization

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Horse Stable Residues Derived Biochar Characterization POLITECNICO DI TORINO Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Ingegneria Energetica e Nucleare Tesi di Laurea Magistrale Thermochemical valorisation of waste biomass through pyrolytic conversion: Horse stable residues derived biochar characterization Relatori: Prof. Massimo Santarelli Prof. Olli Dahl Ing. Stefano Caro Candidato: Matteo Ulivi Luglio 2018 I Index Index ..................................................................................................................................... II List of Figures ....................................................................................................................... V List of Abbreviation ........................................................................................................... VII List of Tables .......................................................................................................................IX Abstract ................................................................................................................................XI Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ XII 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... - 1 - 2. Literature review ....................................................................................................... - 3 - 2.1 Biochar .............................................................................................................. - 3 - 2.1.1 Definition ................................................................................................... - 3 - 2.1.2 Properties ................................................................................................... - 6 - 2.1.3 Biochar quality depending on feedstock composition ............................... - 14 - 2.1.4 Applications ............................................................................................. - 15 - 2.1.5 Legislation ............................................................................................... - 22 - 2.2 Pyrolysis .......................................................................................................... - 27 - 2.2.1 Definition ................................................................................................. - 27 - 2.2.2 Parameters and their effect on biochar production .................................... - 29 - 3. Experimental ........................................................................................................... - 30 - 3.1 Biochar Production .......................................................................................... - 30 - 3.1.1 Materials .................................................................................................. - 30 - 3.1.2 Sample preparation ................................................................................... - 30 - 3.1.3 Experimental setup ................................................................................... - 31 - 3.2 Biochar Characterization .................................................................................. - 32 - 3.2.1 TGA analysis ........................................................................................... - 32 - II 3.2.2 Proximate analysis ................................................................................... - 33 - 3.2.3 CHNSO analysis ...................................................................................... - 35 - 3.2.4 SEM analysis ........................................................................................... - 37 - 3.2.5 BET analysis ............................................................................................ - 37 - 3.2.6 PAH analysis............................................................................................ - 39 - 3.2.7 PH analysis .............................................................................................. - 39 - 4. Results and Discussion ............................................................................................ - 41 - 4.1 TGA analysis results ........................................................................................ - 41 - 4.2 Proximate analysis results ................................................................................ - 44 - 4.3 Biochar yields results ....................................................................................... - 46 - 4.4 CHNSO analysis results ................................................................................... - 48 - 4.5 PAH analysis results ........................................................................................ - 50 - 4.6 PH results ........................................................................................................ - 52 - 4.7 BET analysis results ......................................................................................... - 53 - 4.8 SEM imagines.................................................................................................. - 56 - 4.9 Biochar physical and chemical properties resume ............................................. - 60 - 5. Experimental Design using Mixture Model .............................................................. - 61 - 5.1 Simplex-Centroid Design ................................................................................. - 61 - 5.2 Model Implementation ..................................................................................... - 62 - 5.3 Model Results and Discussion .......................................................................... - 64 - 6. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. - 69 - 7. Bibliography ............................................................................................................ - 71 - 8. Appendix ................................................................................................................. - 79 - 8.1 Moisture Content ............................................................................................. - 79 - 8.2 Ash Content ..................................................................................................... - 79 - 8.3 Volatile Matter ................................................................................................. - 80 - III 8.4 CHNSO ........................................................................................................... - 80 - 8.5 Yield ................................................................................................................ - 81 - 8.6 PAH ................................................................................................................. - 82 - 8.7 BET ................................................................................................................. - 83 - 8.8 pH .................................................................................................................... - 84 - IV List of Figures Figure 1 Selection of images of different biochars (right) and their original feedstock (left) [13] .......................................................................................................................................... - 5 - Figure 2 Motivation for applying biochar technology [11] ............................................... - 15 - Figure 3 Schematic representation of the flows of carbon, storage and exchange, (above) [32]and nitrogen (below) through the land environment [33] ........................................... - 19 - Figure 4 “The global carbon cycle of net primary productivity (total net photosynthesis flux from atmosphere into plants) and release to the atmosphere from soil (by microorganisms decomposing organic matter) in comparison to total amounts of carbon in soil, plant and atmosphere, and anthropogenic carbon emissions (sum of fossil fuel emissions and land-use change)” [11] .................................................................................................................. - 20 - Figure 5 Experimental setup scheme (A), furnace operating scheme (C), closed furnace picture (B) and open furnace picture (D) ..................................................................................... - 32 - Figure 6 Picture of TA instrument (TGA Q500) with open furnace and unloaded pan...... - 33 - Figure 7 Picture of muffle furnace used for proximate analysis ........................................ - 35 - Figure 8 Manure biomass elemental analysis [4] .............................................................. - 36 - Figure 9 Picture of the used BET analyser, with covered liquid nitrogen tank. ................. - 38 - Figure 10 Orion 2 Star pH-meter measuring pH level of a biochar solution ..................... - 40 - Figure 11 TGA (solid line) and DTG (dash line) curves of the three different biomasses . - 42 - Figure 12 TGA of wood, peat and manure biochar .......................................................... - 43 - Figure 13 Ash content measurement procedure: open crucible with 1g of biomass (A) and same crucibles with ash residues after determination process (B) ............................................. - 45 - Figure 14 Original biomass (A=wood, B= peat, C=horse manure) and their respective obtained biochar (D, E,F) .............................................................................................................. - 46 - Figure 15
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