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Bioenergy from Finnish Forests: Sustainable, Efficient, Modern Use

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Bioenergy from Finnish Forests: Sustainable, Efficient, Modern Use BIOENERGY FROM FINNISH FORESTS Sustainable, efficient, modern use of wood Copyright © IRENA, VTT and MEAE 2018 Unless otherwise stated, material in this publication may be freely used, shared, copied, reproduced, printed and/or stored, provided that appropriate acknowledgement is given of IRENA, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd and the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment of Finland (MEAE) as the joint sources and copyright holders. Material in this publication that is attributed to third parties may be subject to separate terms of use and restrictions, and appropriate permissions from these third parties may need to be secured before any use of such material. ISBN 978-92-9260-012-9 Citation: IRENA (2018), Bioenergy from Finnish forests: Sustainable, efficient and modern use of wood, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. About IRENA The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation that supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future and serves as the principal platform for international co-operation, a centre of excellence, and a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge on renewable energy. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity. www.irena.org About VTT VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd is a state owned and controlled non-profit limited liability company established by law and operating under the ownership steering of the Finnish Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment. VTT carries out research and innovation activities for the needs of industry and knowledge-based society. VTT is organised around three main areas: knowledge-intensive products and services, smart industry and energy systems, and solutions for natural resources and the environment. VTT is one of the leading research and technology organisations in Europe and has a staff of 2 100. www.vtt.fi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report is based on research conducted by VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd (VTT) with funding from the Finnish Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment (MEAE). The initial research study was written by Eija Alakangas, Principal Scientist, and Tomi J Lindroos, Research Scientist, and reviewed by Tiina Koljonen, Research Team Leader, at VTT. IRENA is grateful for VTT’s collaboration and the Finnish government’s support. Thanks are due as well to Kati Veijonen, Senior Specialist, MAEA; Luc Pelkmans, Technical Coordinator, IEA Bioenergy; Professor Antti Asikainen, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke); and Professor Timo Pukkala, University of Eastern Finland, for their helpful review and suggestions. Jeffrey Skeer at IRENA assisted in synthesising the text. Cover photograph by Ville Heikkinen. Report layout by Nacho Sanz. DISCLAIMER This publication and the material herein are provided “as is”. All reasonable precautions have been taken by IRENA and VTT to verify the reliability of the material in this publication. However, neither IRENA nor VTT nor any of their respective officials, agents, data or other third-party content providers provides a warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, and they accept no responsibility or liability for any consequence of use of the publication or material herein. The information contained herein does not necessarily represent the views of the Members of IRENA. The mention of specific companies or certain projects or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by IRENA or VTT in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The designations employed and the presentation of material herein do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of IRENA or VTT concerning the legal status of any region, country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers or boundaries. Photographs whose source is not otherwise indicated are from Shutterstock. BIOENERGY FROM FINNISH FORESTS CONTENTS Figures ......................................................... 4 Tables ......................................................... 4 Abbreviations ................................................... 5 Executive summary ............................................... 6 1. Sustainable sourcing and harvesting of Finnish forest wood .............. 8 1.1 Wood flows in Finland: Half for products, half for energy .................................... 9 1.2 Harvesting of industrial roundwood and energy wood ......................................11 2. Combined heat and power (CHP) production from wood in Finland ...... 12 2.1 Fluidised bed combustion technology for biomass fuels ....................................12 2.2 Large wood-fuelled CHP plants ..........................................................13 2.3 Wood-fuelled heating plants .............................................................13 3. Case study: Metsä Fibre bioproduct mill at Äänekoski ................. 16 3.1 Feedstock supply ......................................................................16 3.2 Bioproducts ...........................................................................17 3.3 Mill process ............................................................................19 3.4 Biogas and CHP production ............................................................20 4. Case study: High-efficiency multifuel CHP plant at Järvenpää .......... 23 4.1 Standardised innovation ............................................................... 23 4.2 High efficiency proven in annual operation ............................................... 24 4.3 Versatile fuel feedstock .................................................................27 4.4 Efficient and versatile compared to a typical biomass CHP plant ............................ 28 5. Case study: Bio-oil production integrated into CHP plant at Joensuu ..... 30 5.1 Bio-oil production from biomass ........................................................30 5.2 Feedstocks ........................................................................... 32 5.3 Fast pyrolysis ......................................................................... 32 References ..................................................... 34 SUSTAINABLE, EFFICIENT, MODERN USE OF WOOD 3 FIGURES TABLES Figure 1. Case studies in southern, central Table 1. Comparison of typical modern and eastern Finland. .6 pulp mill and Metsä Fibre bioproduct mill ....................19 Figure 2. Roundwood at the roadside ........8 Table 2. Overview of the Järvenpää multifuel Figure 3. Wood flows in Finland, 2013 ....... 10 CHP project .....................24 Figure 4. Different parts of wood from Table 3. Technical characteristics of the final felling ........................11 Järvenpää multifuel CHP project ...26 Figure 5. Keljonlahti CHP Plant in Jyväskylä ...13 Table 4. Operational data for the Järvenpää Figure 6. Vaskiluodon Voima Oy biomass multifuel CHP plant ...............27 gasification plant in Vaasa ..........14 Table 5. Fuel data for the Järvenpää Figure 7. Peak load heating plant in Tampere multifuel CHP plant ...............28 with pulverised combustion of wood Table 6. Comparison of Fortum’s new BFB pellets ............................15 boiler with typical boilers and Figure 8. Äänekoski bioproduct mill shown incinerators ......................29 behind the existing plant ...........17 Table 7. Typical characteristics of fast Figure 9. Sankey diagram of Äänekoski mill pyrolysis bio-oils .................33 roundwood use and bioproducts ....18 Figure 10. Bioproduct mill schematic drawing . 20 Figure 11. Bark gasifier schematic drawing .....21 Figure 12. Aerial view of Järvenpää multifuel CHP plant .......................23 Figure 13. Schematic flow chart of the Järvenpää multifuel CHP plant .....25 Figure 14. Model of industrial-scale integrated bio-oil plant in Joensuu ............31 Figure 15. Process diagram of integrated bio-oil plant in Joensuu ...........32 4 BIOENERGY FROM FINNISH FORESTS ABBREVIATIONS Mt megatonne; million tonnes BFB bubbling fluidised bed MtCO -eq million tonnes carbon dioxide Ca calcium 2 equivalent CFB circulating fluidised bed MWh megawatt hour CHP combined heat and power MWe megawatt of electricity DH district heating MWheat megawatt equivalent for heat FBC fluidised bed combustion MWfuel megawatt equivalent for fuel GWh gigawatt hours Na sodium K potassium Na2S sodium sulphide KOH potassium hydroxide NaOH sodium hydroxide kW kilowatt NOx nitrogen oxide kWh kilowatt hour PEFC Programme for Endorsement of Forest Luke Natural Resources Institute Finland Certification m2 square meter PJ petajoules m3 cubic meter ppm part per million (100 milligrams per kilogram, 0.01%) Mg magnesium SO sulfur dioxide Mha million hectares 2 total acid number MJ megajoule TAN terawatt hours Mm3 million cubic metres solid TWh mm3 cubic millimetres One euro (EUR) is equivalent to approximately 1.2 United States dollars (USD) at time of publication. SUSTAINABLE, EFFICIENT, MODERN USE OF WOOD 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Finland is a northern European country with vast to which biomass is transported from forests. forest resources and sustainable wood production Cases in central and eastern Finland illustrate the that supports industrial output, energy supply, integration of biomass
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