'Imaginative Estate' Canon, Dialect and Aest
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DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY What Snuck about Hopewell and Other Places and Outside the ‘imaginative estate’ Canon, Dialect and Aesthetics in Northern Irish Poetry McKendry, Scott Award date: 2020 Awarding institution: Queen's University Belfast Link to publication Terms of use All those accessing thesis content in Queen’s University Belfast Research Portal are subject to the following terms and conditions of use • Copyright is subject to the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988, or as modified by any successor legislation • Copyright and moral rights for thesis content are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners • A copy of a thesis may be downloaded for personal non-commercial research/study without the need for permission or charge • Distribution or reproduction of thesis content in any format is not permitted without the permission of the copyright holder • When citing this work, full bibliographic details should be supplied, including the author, title, awarding institution and date of thesis Take down policy A thesis can be removed from the Research Portal if there has been a breach of copyright, or a similarly robust reason. 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Oct. 2021 What Snuck about Hopewell and Other Places & Outside the ‘imaginative estate’: Canon, Dialect and Aesthetics in Northern Irish Poetry by William Scott McKendry, B.A., M.A. Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the School of Arts, English and Languages, Queen’s University Belfast in September 2019 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Contents WHAT SNUCK ABOUT HOPEWELL AND OTHER PLACES Hopewell Place 6 Nineties Lumpen Proletarian Nights 7 End of the Row 8 Road Makers and Erato 9 Hafʋrz 10 Exile on Landscape Terrace 12 Sam’s Loney 13 King Billy 15 The Local Mirror 16 So, Yip 17 You’re in the Mater 18 Despot 19 Nex d’Or 20 Neuterdom 21 Living with Happy 22 Footprint 23 Bob, the Moon and the Black Mountain 24 The Coaster and the Latchkey Kid 25 Venus over Windsor Park 26 Westland 27 (I, Yi, Yi, Yi) Agnes Street 28 Natural 29 Page 1 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Mʋrl 30 Helen of Foreman Street 32 Conlon Street, Easter Tuesday 33 Maladministration 34 ‘Etappe’ 35 Rumford Street Refuse 36 Leadbetter Street Blues 37 Divis Mountain Trespass 38 Robinson on Leave 39 Conlig Street 40 On University’s Quareness 41 The Ulster You 42 Ingrėıt 43 Cage out to the Harlequin Kerb 45 Who Separates Us? 46 The Colour of Salmon 47 Blind Art I: Punch 48 Blind Art II: Beef 49 Blind Art III: Luncheon with Atty 50 The Last Giant Spider Ghost of Letterfad 51 Art Installation on the County Border 52 Selkie 53 Denmark Street 54 Ragnail 55 Souvenir 56 Down in the Gayeulles 57 Scotch Bill 58 Culchie Cognoscente 59 Page 2 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis To yer Man at DPD’s Munster Depot 60 Hendı 61 The Floating World made Lumpen Proletarious 63 Ladybird 64 Your Granda Ernie Burst My Ball 65 Doagh 66 OUTSIDE THE ‘IMAGINATIVE ESTATE’: CANON, DIALECT AND AESTHETICS IN NORTHERN IRISH POETRY Abstract for Critical Study 68 Introduction: Unmapping the ‘imaginative estate’ 70 I. ‘But he had been unfrocked’: Joseph Campbell and the Northern Lyric 114 II. ‘What, afraid | of catching something?’: Martin Mooney’s ‘Minor’ Poetry 155 III. ‘Ah’m here becos’ Ah’m here’: Northern Poetry and Nonstandard English 195 IV. Swift, Skaz, Slabber, Pop: Dialect and the Poetry of Alan Gillis 232 Conclusion: Peeping over the Ivied Wall 279 BRIDGING STATEMENT: BRIDGING ESTATES 298 APPENDICES 1: Geese in the Hammer: An Autoethnographical Essay 314 2: The Graphemes of Shallow Eejıt 329 BIBLIOGRAPHY 331 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 360 Page 3 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis WHAT SNUCK ABOUT H OPEWELL AND OTHER PLACES Page 4 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Come, buy my fine Oranges, Sauce for your Veal, And charming when squeez’d in a Pot of brown Ale. Well roasted, with Sugar and Wine in a Cup, They’ll make a sweet Bishop when Gentlefolks sup. —Jonathan Swift, ‘Oranges’, 1746 … D’éirigh siad lofa péisteach ar chumhacht Na huasaicme, uabhar an élite, ach tá na sans culottes Ar na gaobhair agus caint ar Madame Guillotine. —Pól Ó Muirí, ‘Muscaedóiri’, 2000 Page 5 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 6 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 7 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 8 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 9 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 10 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 11 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 12 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 13 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 14 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 15 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 16 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 17 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 18 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 19 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 20 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 21 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 22 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 23 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 24 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 25 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 26 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 27 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 28 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 29 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 30 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 31 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 32 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 33 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 34 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 35 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 36 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 37 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 38 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 39 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 40 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 41 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 42 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 43 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 44 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 45 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 46 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 47 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 48 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 49 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 50 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 51 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 52 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 53 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 54 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 55 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 56 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 57 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 58 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 59 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 60 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 61 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 62 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 63 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 64 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 65 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Page 66 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Outside the ‘imaginative estate’: Canon, Dialect and Aesthetics in Northern Irish Poetry Page 67 of 362 WS McKendry · PhD Thesis Abstract This study on the contemporary northern Irish lyric in English strives to challenge whilst contributing to an aesthetic order – a set of underlying norms and values, loosely attached to a literary establishment – one that governs how and which poems are written, patronised and historicised. Its title is taken from a quotation by Michael Longley (1939–) where, extolling the merits of the local ‘coterie or group’, he describes the accumulated creative efforts of a ‘community’ in quasi-pecuniary terms as an ‘imaginative estate’.1 In the context of northern Irish poetry, it would be imprudent for us to comprehend this conglomeration of work as all-inclusive, as comprising every poem ever written within a sixty-mile radius of, say, Armagh; thus distinctions must be made, and the critic (having the necessary experience and knowledge) must be free to make such distinctions, to decide on which poets to write about, to confront the work of their peers. But the question arises: what are the properties of those poems which are or aren’t permitted in contribution to such an ‘estate’? And how might we better understand an aesthetic hierarchy of ‘good’ to ‘bad’ poetry with regard to these entry requisites? This study will argue that because the aspects of such an aesthetic code are manifold and ever-changing (to the point of near ineffability) the ‘imaginative estate’ is more aptly understood by what it excludes and how it excludes, rather than what it subsumes. To further complicate matters, these distinctions aren’t always made solely on the basis of an aesthetic code. Other factors – political, philosophical and personal – come into play where the conventions and canons of northern Irish poetry are forged.