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Report on Conflagration in Lanark, Ontario 15 June 1959 Galbreath, M.; Burnett, C

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Report on Conflagration in Lanark, Ontario 15 June 1959 Galbreath, M.; Burnett, C NRC Publications Archive Archives des publications du CNRC Report on conflagration in Lanark, Ontario 15 June 1959 Galbreath, M.; Burnett, C. G. For the publisher’s version, please access the DOI link below./ Pour consulter la version de l’éditeur, utilisez le lien DOI ci-dessous. Publisher’s version / Version de l'éditeur: https://doi.org/10.4224/40001335 Fire Study (National Research Council of Canada. Division of Building Research), 1962-05 NRC Publications Archive Record / Notice des Archives des publications du CNRC : https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=1bf17d9e-39af-4d62-82cf-6470cadbe548 https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/voir/objet/?id=1bf17d9e-39af-4d62-82cf-6470cadbe548 Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/copyright READ THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THIS WEBSITE. L’accès à ce site Web et l’utilisation de son contenu sont assujettis aux conditions présentées dans le site https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/droits LISEZ CES CONDITIONS ATTENTIVEMENT AVANT D’UTILISER CE SITE WEB. Questions? Contact the NRC Publications Archive team at [email protected]. If you wish to email the authors directly, please see the first page of the publication for their contact information. Vous avez des questions? Nous pouvons vous aider. Pour communiquer directement avec un auteur, consultez la première page de la revue dans laquelle son article a été publié afin de trouver ses coordonnées. Si vous n’arrivez pas à les repérer, communiquez avec nous à [email protected]. I"', ~~~~;:?"?72 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH REPOW! ON COMFLAGRATION IN LANARK, ONTARIO 15 JUNE 1959 by M. Galbreath and C. G. Burnett Fire Study No. 8 of the Division of Building Research OTTAWA May 1962 AERIAL PHOTOGRAW TAKEN DURING PROGRESS OF ERE. VIEW FROM EAST. REPORlP ON CONFLAGRATION IN LANARK, ONTARIO 15 JUNE 1959 M. Galbreath and C. G. Burnett The conflagration which occurred on 15 June 1959 in Lanark, Ontario, destroyed approximately 33 buildings representing almost the entire business centre of this village of 950 people. !J%e fire started in the Campbell Sash and Door Factory at the corner of Owen and George Streets shortly after noon and spread rapidly down the main street in a southerly direction. It was brought under control at about 3:45 p.m.. after involving both sides of the street for one and a half blocks and having started a large number of smaller fires throughout the village. !the Town Hall, Fire Department Headquarters, Telephone Ekchange , Hotel, stores and apartments were among the buildings lost. The Dominion Fire Commissionls report on Fire Losses in Canada gives $738,420 as the estimated total loss. The term ltconflagration" is defined by the National Fire Protection Association (1) as descriptive of "sweeping fires that spread beyond control to destroy cities or large areas of built-up property." The destruction of considerable numbers of various types of buildings, spread of fire across streets or open spaces from the area of origin to involve other areas, beyond the capacity of available fire-fighting facilities are the criteria that distinguish a conflagration from a large-loss fire. Conflagrations have occurred from earliest times in the history of cities; the Great Fire of London is one of the better hown. The NFPA has made a study of conflagrations (1) and has listed the principal causes by frequency of occurrence. The five most frequent causes attributed by the NFPA during the period 1925 to 1950 are as follovss: 1. Wind velocity in excess of 30 mph, 2. Inadequate water distribution system, 3. Lack of exposure protection, 4. Wood shingle roofs, 5. Inadequate public protection. All of these factors were present to some degree at the con- flagration at Lanark. Some recent conflagrations in Canada are listed below with the principal causes noted in each case (1). 7 August,1937 - Cornwall, Ontario. IChirty-one business buildings destroyed. Causes - wood shingle roofs, high wind, congestion of occupancy. June 1 48 - St. Victor de Tring, Quebec, Forty #-?+-uil ings. Causes - No public protection, delay in discovery, lamexposure protection, high wind, wood shingle roofs, inadequate water distribution system, 6 Ma 1950 - Rimouski, Quebec. 319 dwellings, 20 stores, hryweather, high winds, inadequate water supply. 9 Thy, 11950 - Cabano, Quebec. 118 dwellings, 33 business buildings. Causes - high winds, dry weather, insuffioient public protection. L4'nARK VIZLhGX The village of Lanark was first established in 1820 as part of a plan of military strategy designed to strengthen the lines of comuiiication along the Rideau River and to provide a reserve of experienced soldiers (2). Many of the settlers were men who had been discharged after service in the Napoleonic Wars. Other settlements during the same period were made at Perth, Richmond, Almonte, Carleton Place and Snithb Palls. The first settlers came from Scotland, the cost of their passage being a loan by the British Government. These included many weavers; consequently one of the principal industries of the village -today is the knitting mill which was undamaged in the fire. A woolen mill formerly existed on George Street but this was burned down in a fire in 1916, and the company moved to Perth. Prior to 15 Jwe there had been little change in the village since the beginning of the century. A survey made in 1900 and revised in 1908 shows most of the buildings as they existed at the time of the fire. (Fig. 1 is based on this survey. ) With a few exceptions, the buildings in the village date back to 1900 or thereabouts. Three of the older buildings on George Street were of log construction, the Town Hall and some neighbouring buildings were of solid masonry (Figs. 2a, 2b) and the remainder were of wood-frame construction with wood sidings, imitation brick shingles, or brick veneer. !The roofs were covered with wood, metal or asphalt shingles. !The metal or asphalt shingles in some cases were laid over existing wood shingles. All the buildings on George Street were built close to the sidewalk; a number of them had wooden porches at the entrances. Many of the existing dwellings have been converted to stores by replacihg part of the front wall with a store front (Pig. 3). On both sides of George Street and through- out the village there were many very large old trees. These may be seen in the aerial photograph taken during the fire by a news photographer (frontispiece). The trees were very thick and densely cdvered with leaves. Fire protection in Lanark is provided by a volunteer brigade numbering 27 members and a chief. The fire-fighting equipment consisting of two commercial mobile pumping units carrying hose is housed in a masonry building located on the east side of Clarence Street adjoining the Town Hall. Residents of the village are warned of a fire by the sounding of a siren located at the fire station. CAUSE OF !PHI3 FIRE AND CONTRIBWION OP PI= FIGHTERS At approximately 12:20 p.m:, a resident of the village discovered the fire burning in a one-story wood-frame building located at George and Owen Streets and used as a woodworking plant. Machinery in the plant had been closed down, and the employees had left for lunch at noon. The fire seemed to have made considerable headway in a pile of wood shavings and was extending to the interior of the building. He sounded the alarm to call the volunteer brigade. By the time the fire fighters had assembled and returned to' the factory, the fire had broken through the roof and the adjacent florist's shop was on fire. The fire chief said that when he was called out by the alarm the house facing his on George Street was on fire. This was the building on the south side of George Street near the place where the conflagration was brought under control (Fig. 4). At the arrival of the fire-fighting equipment, an attempt was made to extinguish the fire with the supply of water carried with the apparatus; this attack soon had to be discontinued and the apparatus moved to the river to start pumping water into large hose lines,as the fire had attacked the roof of the building. Live embers were being carried by the strong winds to the opposite end of the village igniting a number of wood shingled roofs, causing considerable concern to the residents who were attempting to extinguish the fires with water from their wells. The fire began to spread very rapidly from the building of origin in an easterly and southerly direction to ignite wood and masonry buildings in its path for a distance of approximately one-half mile. A mutual aid system is arranged with the various township fire departments, and with the occurrence of this fire, assistanoe was requested by telemone from the township fire coordinator at Smiths Falls 50 miles away, and the Town of Perth, 12 miles from Lanark. As the fire progressed, the telephone exchange and communications were destroyed leaving the village isolated. It became necessary to use the car radio facilities of the Ontario Provincial Police to request other assistance to control the fire. Lanark's fire-fighting apparatus, consisting of one 500-gal pump, one 420-gal pump and one portable pump, were now drawing water from the Clyde River that flows through the east end of the village, and relaying it to the fire whioh now had involved a number ,of buildings on the north side of George Street between Owen and Clarence Streets where an attempt was made to check the fire.
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