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角色與指稱語法的分析 Interclausal Relations in Tungho Saisiyat: a Role and Reference Grammar Approach

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角色與指稱語法的分析 Interclausal Relations in Tungho Saisiyat: a Role and Reference Grammar Approach 國立臺灣師範大學英語學系 博 士 論 文 Doctoral Dissertation Department of English National Taiwan Normal University 賽夏語的子句間關係: 角色與指稱語法的分析 Interclausal Relations in Tungho Saisiyat: A Role and Reference Grammar Approach 指導教授: 吳靜蘭博士 Advisor: Dr. Jing-lan Joy Wu 研 究 生：王建邦 Student: Chien-pang Wang 中 華 民 國 一零七 年二月 February, 2018 中文摘要 本研究調查賽夏語裡面的並存動詞(juxtaposed verbs)。賽夏是台灣南島語裡面的 一個分支，此語言有著大量的此種結構。其中，兩個(或以上)動詞共同出現在一 個句子裡面，但無子句或詞組分界的標記，因此其句法地位不甚明確。此議題 值得詳究。該模糊的語法現象可從兩個研究方向切入。第一，這些並存動詞的 句法地位為何？第二，這些動詞應該被分析為何種構式(constructions)？ 為了解決這兩個問題，本研究訂立了兩個研究目標。在首要研究目標中， 本研究使用角色指稱語法 (Role and Reference Grammar in Van Valin & LaPolla 1997, Van Valin 2005 and Van Valin 2007) 中的一個分析架構：並存動詞的子句間關係 (interclausal relations)，來分析並存動詞的結構。這個架構的分析面相包含了三個 層次：語意關係(semantic relations)，接合單位-聯繫關係組合 (juncture-nexus combinations)，以及語意和句法之間的介面。在第二研究目標中，本研究要根據 子句間關係和語法特徵，來對這些並存動詞的構式(constructions)做出分類。 這兩個面向的研究，亦即（一）接合單位-聯繫關係組合和（二）構式的 分類，發現賽夏語兩處語法上的特殊點。首先，並存動詞主要出現在子句 (clausal)和大核心接合(core junctures)，但較少出現在小核心結合(nuclear juncture)。 而且，大多數的並存動詞為附屬關係(subordination)與並附關係(cosubordination)。 相較之下並列關係(coordination)則尚未被證實。第二，本研究更發現在賽夏語裡 面，大核心接合層級的並存動詞，比其他兩個接合層級，擁有較多種類的語法 構式。 嚴格來講，賽夏語並不能被視為連續動詞語言(serializing languges)。主要原 因在於，大部分的並存動詞並不能被判定為連續動詞 構式(serial verb constructions)，而只有少數並存動詞被判定為該類構式。因此連續動詞構式在本 文所探討的眾多賽夏複雜句構式裡面，並不是一個主要的語法特徵，而是僅只 其中一種。 關鍵詞：賽夏語，台灣南島語，並存動詞，子句間關係，複雜句結構，角色與 指稱語法 ii Abstract This dissertation investigates juxtaposed verbs in Saisiyat, an Austronesian language of Taiwan. This language exhibits a pervasive phenomenon whereby multiple verbs, which share core arguments, are aligned in a sentence without explicit marking of clausal or phrasal boundary. Such a linguistic pattern gives rise to two questions. First, what is the syntactic status of these juxtaposed verbs? Second, which grammatical constructions do these juxtaposed verbs belong to? To solve these two questions, we want to reach the following goals. The first is to clarify interclausal relations of juxtaposed verbs based on Van Valin & LaPolla (1997), Van Valin (2005) and Van Valin (2007). Three components of interclausal relations are examined, including semantic relations, juncture-nexus combinations and the interface between these two linguistic components, that is the interface between semantics and syntactic structures. The second goal is to classify these juxtaposed verbs into specific grammatical constructions on the basis of their interclausal relations and grammatical properties. Saisiyat exhibits two linguistic idiosyncrasies in terms of (i) the semantic- syntactic interface and (ii) the correspondence between juncture-nexus combinations and grammatical constructions. First, the majority of juxtaposed verbs examined in this dissertation represent the clausal and core junctures, and a minority to the nuclear juncture. Most of juxtaposed verbs display subordination and cosubordination, and none of them exhibits coordination. Second, juxtaposed verbs in the core juncture exhibit more types of constructions than the juxtaposed verbs in the other two junctures. Saisiyat cannot be viewed as a serializing language in a strict sense. Only a small number of semantic relations are expressed through serial verb constructions, while a large number of them are manifested in other types of complex constructions e.g., construction of verbal modifiers and complementation. That is to say, serial verb constructions are not a dominating feature of the complex constructions investigated in this study. Keywords: Saisiyat, Formosan, juxtaposed verbs, interclausal relations, juncture- nexus combinations, complex sentences, Role and Reference Grammar iii Acknowledgements “Life has its rhythm and we have ours. They’re designed to coexist in harmony, so that when we do what is ours to do and otherwise let life be, we garner acceptance and serenity. (285)” ― Victoria Moran, Younger by the Day: 365 Ways to Rejuvenate Your Body and Revitalize Your Spirit Studying complex sentences of Saisiyat is a gaiety that I indulge in this dissertation. This linguistic phenomenon does not only involve every detail in syntax, but also the interaction with semantics, morphology, discourse and even prosody. It took me a period of time to realize such an interaction which may even be more complicated than I presumed at the very beginning. And this is one of the reason why language facts are so important to a linguistic investigation (I deeply appreciate Professor Elizabeth Zeitoun for teaching me this notion throughout these years of training). I would like to pay the greatest gratitude dwelling from the bottom of my heart to the following two figures who played crucial roles in the completion of this dissertation. One goes to Joy J. Wu and the other goes to Elizabeth Zeitoun. Without guidance from these two important figures, I could not have carried out this study by myself. They provided constructive comments and solid linguistic training. I admire their vigorous attitudes as scholars and will look up to as the standard that I should conform to in research. My appreciation goes to Joy J. Wu for resolving my questions of RRG, pointing out murky discussion on Saisiyat sentences, and making suggestions for reorganizing problematic expressions. Furthermore, I would like to pay my deepest gratitude to Professor Elizabeth Zeitoun for supervising the progress of this dissertation, despite her tight schedule. She shows enthusiasm in providing profound advice upon the Saisiyat data and puts effort to share her ideas how to iv present analyses in a logical and concise method. I am most grateful to my informants for providing reliable language data during these years of fieldtrips. My appreciation goes to kalih a ’oemaw tition, ’ae’aew a taboe: kaybaybaw, waon a boong ba:bai’, and lalo a taheS kaybaybaw. I would also like to thank my Saisiyat friend, Mrs. Tai-hwa Chu (okay a boa tition), a current teacher of Saisiyat, for sharing her knowledge on the Saisiyat language with me. Among these informants, I would like to commemorate Mr. parain a ’aro’ kaybaybaw (Mr. De-sheng Gao), who passed away one year ago. He was my first teacher of Saisiyat language. During fieldwork sessions, he always showed enthusiasm and patience. I really do not know how to repay the hospitality he afforded when we were working in his home. It is a shame that I cannot give him this final version in person as a token of my gratitude for these past years. For other people who provided assistance in the proposing of this dissertation, I give you my thanks. My appreciation goes to the teachers in the Department of English, National Taiwan Normal University (NTNU), who provided professional linguistic training in my Ph.D. program. I would also like to thank Professor Hsiu- chuan Liao and Professor Jung-hsing Chang who shared precious comments on complex sentences. Last, it is an honor to have received advice from the committee members during my oral defense that helped me revise an earlier draft. I would like to pay gratitude to my family with sincerity. My parents have supported this work financially and emotionally during these years. My parents-in-law have helped my wife and I taking care of the children when both of us were terribly busy. Finally, I dedicate this work to my wife for keeping faith in me for such a long time (even when we were under a serious financial crisis a couple of years ago) Thanks to her for bringing me two heavenly beloved children: Adonia and Aslan during the writing of this dissertation. She deserves my deepest appreciation. v Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... iv Table of contents ........................................................................................................... vi List of tables .................................................................................................................. xi List of figures ............................................................................................................. xiii List of maps .................................................................................................................. xv Abbreviation .............................................................................................................. xvi Conventions ............................................................................................................. xviii Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Defining the terminology and the scope of this research ..................................... 1 1.1.1 Defining the terminology ................................................................................ 1 1.1.2 The scope of this research ................................................................................ 3 1.2 The Saisiyat language ........................................................................................... 5 1.3 Literature review .................................................................................................. 9 1.3.1 Previous studies on Saisiyat grammar .............................................................. 9 1.3.1.1 M. L. Yeh (1991) .................................................................................... 11 1.3.1.2 M. L. Yeh (2000a) .................................................................................
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