賽夏語詞彙的結構與語義研究 a Morphological and Semantic Study on Word Formation in Saysiyat

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賽夏語詞彙的結構與語義研究 a Morphological and Semantic Study on Word Formation in Saysiyat 國立新竹教育大學臺灣語言與語文教育研究所 Graduate Institute of Taiwan Languages And Language Education National Hsin-chu University of Education 碩士論文 Master Thesis 賽夏語詞彙的結構與語義研究 A Morphological and Semantic Study on Word Formation in SaySiyat 指導教授:葉美利 Adviser: Dr. Marie Meili Yeh 研究生:高清菊 By ya’aw kalahae’ kaybaybaw 中華民國九十八年七月 July 2009 i 摘 要 本論文旨在探討賽夏語詞彙的結構與語義。賽夏語詞彙的結構有三種,分別 為衍生結構(derivation) 、重疊結構(reduplication) 和複合結構(compounding) ,其中 以衍生結構數量最為豐富且語義多樣。 第一章介紹賽夏語的基本背景、語法簡介。第二章是相關文獻的回顧。第三 章討論賽夏語的衍生結構、重疊結構以及複合結構。賽夏語的衍生結構依詞綴出 現的位置比較,發現前綴的數量最多,環綴次之,中綴及後綴最少;賽夏語的重 疊結構豐富,有 Ca-、CV-、CVC-、Full 等重疊,語義豐富且多樣,是賽夏語的 主要構詞之一;複合結構數量不多,有時需加入格位或連詞才能形成語義。第四 章是將前綴部分依承載的語義分為空間與移動、變化及動作等類別,並比較同類 屬的前綴語義間的差別;屬「動作」的前綴相較於其他語義的前綴數量較多,也 印證文化上對於重視的事物,不但表現豐富,而且出現頻率較高。.第五章從語言 看文化。語言是一種文化現象,例如表示「吃」的詞彙,除了 si’ael 之外,還有 前綴 San-、pa:-、ko-有分工現象,有時也可互通語義。也討論姓氏名是人群識別 的標誌,也是居住地的地理特徵描述。從這些詞彙的解構可以看到語言、文化、 環境之間的關係。第六章則將本論文的研究發現加以整合與歸納,並提出一些本 論文的貢獻與缺失,以及未來可繼續研究的方向與目標。 關鍵詞:賽夏語、構詞、衍生、重疊、複合、語義、前綴。 ii Abstract This thesis aims to discuss the lexical structures of Saisiyat and their derivational meanings. There are three lexical structures in Saisiyat, derivation, reduplication and compounding. Among these structures, derivation is productive, and it has more diverse meanings. Chapter 1 provides a sketch of Saiiyat. Chapter 2 is literature review. Chapter 3 discusses the structure of derivation, reduplication and compounding. Compared the affixes in Saisiyat, prefixes are the most, circumfixes are less, and infixes and suffixes are the least. The reduplication, includes Ca-, CV-, CVC- and full reduplication, is abundant and various. Reduplication is one of the main word formations of Saysiyat. There are few words formed by compounding because they need case markers or conjunctions to form new meanings. In Chapter 4, according to the meanings, affixes are divided into three categories, including space and movement, change as well as action, and we compare the meanings of the affixes. The action prefixes also confirms the important things of cultural, not only the performance of the abundant, but also a higher frequency of occurrence. Chapter 5 discusses Saisiyat language through its culture. Language is an important part of culture. For example, the meaning ‘eating’ can be expressed by not only the root si’ae l but also the prefix San -, pa :- and ko -. Although every prefix has its own specific meaning, the meaning of these affixes may overlap. Besides, we also discuss the surnames of Saisiyat because they are related to the distribution of groups and the geographical features. In terms of the structure of the words, we can see the relationship among the language, culture and environment. In addition to a conclusion, the last chapter provides a summary and future research. Key words: Saisiyat language, word formation, compounding, derivation, reduplication, affixation, semantic iii 致 謝 詞 對於自己的未來,總是走一步算一步,沒有認真規劃。根本沒想過自己也可 以讀研究所,而且完成了論文!其實這本論文差點難產,還好有許多志同道合的 伙伴的鼓勵及師長的督促才能順利完成。 最要感謝的是我的指導教授也是我的啟蒙老師─葉美利教授,這位亦師亦友 的老師,除了專業知識的傳授,也常指引我人生的方向,在賽夏語的專業更是讓 人敬佩,給我很多的幫助。在論文撰寫期間當我徬徨無助、迷失在雜亂無章的語 料中時,老師總是會驚喜的告訴我有趣的發現,並指引出新的研究方向;由於自 己的怠惰常常耽誤了進度,老師總是包容的原諒我,讓我再燃起新希望,雖然不 如預期,但還是完成了論文。另外,也要感謝口試委員宋麗梅教授及謝富惠教授, 除了對賽夏語學有專精,對於後學總是提攜與鼓勵,也提供這本論文很多精闢的 建議,ma’alo’ a tomalan ! 學習的路雖然艱苦,還好所上的師長總是以鼓勵的態度指導我們─呂菁菁老 師引領我進入語義的研究;劉秀雪老師讓我認識許多南島語語音有趣的現象;董 忠司老師及范文芳老師在本土語言的學養及熱情上也感染我對自己語言的珍惜; 黃美金老師對原住民語的熱心及用心更是令我欽佩萬分,這也讓我對族語教學有 更強烈的責任感。另外,也要感謝一起學習的伙伴們,tali 、裕龍、葚慈…等學長 姐,有你們的陪伴讓我這一路上都充滿了喜樂,特別是韋晟(lowking) 是我們學習 的的典範,全茂永大哥(atul) 總是以自己的故事來激勵大家,更是好學不倦的模 範,你們讓我感到以生為原住民為榮,還有很多所上的師長及學習的伙伴,即使 未曾共同學習,但是在台語所這個大家庭,大家都有共同的興趣、共同的目標, 也互相扶持鼓勵,謝謝你們! 唸研究所對我們家而言是件大事,這本論文是集合很多人的心力共同完成。 感謝二哥(高榮財)、二嫂總是盡心盡力的提供我豐富的語料,感謝二嫂的媽媽, 在我們無法想出更好的句子時,願意成為諮詢的對象;也感謝風健福老師在族語 教學之餘提供很多協助,讓我能順利完成論文;感謝媽媽(趙喜妹)在我詢問語 料時,給我原汁原味的答案。還要感謝我的先生在這段期間給予我全力的支持, 讓我無後顧之憂完成學業,還有部落裡提攜我、鼓勵我的長輩及兄弟姊妹們…, 要感謝的人真的很多,那就感謝祖靈吧! 僅將這本論文獻給我至愛的家人、部落的族人及有需要的人。這本論文的完 成不是一個結束,而是一個開始,希望藉此拋磚引玉,讓有興趣研究賽夏語者, 從這本開始有更多的文章及研究出現。 ni ya’aw kina:at iv ─── 目目目 錄錄錄 ─── 第一章 緒論....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 前言....................................................................................................................1 1.2 賽夏語的語言簡介 ............................................................................................1 1.3 方言的分佈 ........................................................................................................4 1.4 研究動機 ............................................................................................................5 1.5 研究方法 ............................................................................................................6 1.6 賽夏族語語法簡介 ............................................................................................7 1.6.1 音韻系統 ....................................................................................................7 1.6.2 音節結構與重音 ........................................................................................8 1.6.3 音韻規則 ....................................................................................................8 1.6.4 詞序 ............................................................................................................9 1.6.5 格位標記 ..................................................................................................10 1.6.6 代名詞系統 ..............................................................................................13 1.6.7 焦點系統 ..................................................................................................14 1.6.8 時制動貌 ..................................................................................................16 1.7 本文結構 ..........................................................................................................19 第二章 文獻回顧............................................................................................. 21 2.1 臺灣南島語詞彙結構文獻 ..............................................................................22 2.2 賽夏語文獻 ......................................................................................................22 2.2.1 賽夏語的專書 ..........................................................................................23 2.2.2 音韻方面的研究 ......................................................................................23 2.2.3 語法結構方面的研究...............................................................................24 2.2.4 賽夏語相關研討會及期刊論文篇章文獻...............................................25 第三章 賽夏語詞彙的結構............................................................................. 29 3.1 衍生結構 ..........................................................................................................29 3.1.1 前綴 ..........................................................................................................29 3.1.1.1 非詞彙性前綴....................................................................................29 3.1.1.2 有焦點變化的詞彙性前綴................................................................34 3.1.1.3 無焦點變化的詞彙性前綴................................................................40 3.1.2 中綴 ..........................................................................................................46 3.1.3 後綴 ..........................................................................................................47 3.1.4 環綴 ..........................................................................................................48 3.1.5 小結 ..........................................................................................................51 3.2 重疊結構 ..........................................................................................................53 v 3.2.1 Ca-部份重疊.............................................................................................54 3.2.1.1 動詞的 Ca-重疊.................................................................................54 3.2.1.2 名詞的 Ca-重疊.................................................................................56 3.2.2 CV-部份重疊............................................................................................57 3.2.2.1 動詞的 CV-重疊 ................................................................................57 3.2.2.2 名詞的 CV-重疊 ................................................................................59 3.2.3 CVC-部份重疊.........................................................................................59 3.2.3.1 動詞的 CVC-重疊 .............................................................................59 3.2.3.2 名詞的 CVC-重疊 .............................................................................61 3.2.3.3 其他 CVC-重疊 .................................................................................62 3.2.4 完全重疊 ..................................................................................................64 3.2.4.1 動詞重疊............................................................................................64 3.2.4.2 名詞重疊............................................................................................65 3.2.4.3 其他重疊............................................................................................66 3.2.5 小結 ..........................................................................................................67 3.3 複合詞結構 ......................................................................................................68 3.4 本章小結 ..........................................................................................................72 第四章 賽夏語詞彙的語義............................................................................. 74 4.1 空間與移動 ......................................................................................................74
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