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Neuroanatomy Research Advances NEUROANATOMY RESEARCH AT THE LEADING EDGE NEUROANATOMY RESEARCH ADVANCES No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. NEUROANATOMY RESEARCH AT THE LEADING EDGE Additional books in this series can be found on Nova’s website at: https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/index.php?cPath=23_29&seriesp= Neuroanatomy+Research+at+the+Leading+Edge Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova’s website at: https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/index.php?cPath=23_29&seriespe= Neuroanatomy+Research+at+the+Leading+Edge NEUROANATOMY RESEARCH AT THE LEADING EDGE NEUROANATOMY RESEARCH ADVANCES CIAN E. FLYNN AND BRANDON R. CALLAGHAN EDITORS Nova Biomedical Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York Copyright © 2010 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works. Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book. In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Neuroanatomy research advances / editors, Cian E. Flynn and Brandon R. Callaghan. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61668-448-8 (eBook) 1. Neuroanatomy. 2. Headache--Pathophysiology. I. Flynn, Cian E. II. Callaghan, Brandon R. [DNLM: 1. Nervous System--anatomy & histology. 2. Brain--anatomy & histology. 3. Nerve Net--anatomy & histology. WL 101 N4924 2009] QM451.N38 2009 611'.8--dc22 2009030457 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York Contents Preface vii Chapter I Major Neuroanatomical and Neurochemical Substrates Involved in Primary Headaches 1 Mohtashem Samsam, Rafael Covenas, Raheleh Ahangari and Javier Yajeya Javier Chapter II Architectonic Studies: Past, Present and Future 59 Peiyan Wong and Jon H. Kaas Chapter III Correlation of Neurotrophin Expression and Survival-Promoting Capacities with Different Programmed Cell Death Periods in the Developing Murine Retina 93 Elvira Pyziak and Nicole Duenker Chapter IV Comparative Distribution of Orexin-like Immunoreactivity in the Brain of Vertebrates 121 Kristan G. Singletary, Christopher R. Hayworth and Yvon Delville Chapter V Visual Cortex: Crosstalk and Concomitant Communications between Extrastriate Visual Areas 145 Hiroyuki Nakamura and Kazuo Itoh Chapter VI Final Publications of Christfried Jakob: On the Frontal Lobe and the Limbic Region 165 Lazaros C. Triarhou Chapter VII The Human Olfactory System: An Anatomical and Cytoarchitectonic Study of the Anterior Olfactory Nucleus 171 Daniel Saiz Sánchez, Isabel Úbeda Bañón, Carlos de la Rosa Prieto, Lucía Argandoña Palacios, Susana García Muñozguren, Ricardo Insausti and Alino Martínez Marcos vi Contents Chapter VIII Caudata (Amphibia) Brains and Telencephalon: Volumetric Organization and Hyperspatial Interpretations (CFA Projections) 183 Michel Thireau Chapter IX Vagal Tone: Neuroanatomy, Function, and Application 197 Vladimir Miskovic and Louis A. Schmidt Chapter X Quantitative Microscopic Analysis of Myelinated Nerve Fibers 207 Dimiter Prodanov, Hans K.P. Feirabend and Enrico Marani Index 267 Preface Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomical organization of the brain. Reciprocal communication between the brain and the cardiovascular system is important in sustaining neurobehavioral states that allow organisms to cope with their environment. Furthermore, in vertebrate animals, the routes that the myriad nerves take from the brain to the rest of the body, and the internal structure of the brain in particular, are both extremely elaborate. As a result, the study of neuroanatomy has developed into a discipline in itself, although it also represents a specialization within neuroscience. This book briefly covers the neuroanatomy of the vagal circuit, the functional significance of tonic cardiac vagal function and ways of quantifying this measure for research purposes. Also examined are the fiber composition and functional topography of peripheral nerves, and innovative methodologies that facilitate measurements of nerve fibers. This book contributes new insights to the controversial discussion about neurotrophin effects on different cell populations and at different time points in retinal programmed cell death (PCD). Other chapters in this book provide a comparative overview of the distribution of orexin cells and fibers across the brains of vertebrates in relation to function, the neuroanatomical structures and autonomic nerves involved in headaches and a reevaluation of the structure of the human anterior olfactory nucleus, with an updated description of this structure in the normal human. Chapter I - Neuroanatomical structures involved in head pain are primarily the sensory distribution of four cranial nerves: the trigeminal—and to a lesser extent, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus—as well as the terminations of the upper three cervical nerves. In addition, various pain sensitive cranial structures including the scalp and its blood supply, the head and neck muscles, intracranial and meningeal arteries, and dura mater including the venous sinuses are the major anatomical substrates of various types of headaches. Although brain tumors, different types of hemorrhage, hypertension, and meningitis may present as a headache, the migraine, cluster, and tension headaches are the three major types of primary headaches. Current opinion suggests a primary central nervous system activation may initiate a migraine. Several triggering factors such as disturbances of brain oxygenation and metabolism, alterations in the serotonin levels, low levels of brain tissue magnesium, altered transport of ions across the cell membrane, abnormal mitochondrial energy metabolism, and genetic abnormalities including mutations of the P/Q type calcium channel gene, Na+/K+ pump ATP1A2, or sodium channel Nav1.1 mutations have been linked viii Cian E. Flynn and Brandon R. Callaghan to the pathogenesis of migraines. Patients with mutations in the calcium channel gene are more sensitive to environmental factors, which results in a wave of cortical spreading depression in the patient after the attack is initiated. Moreover, several recent clinical and diagnostic studies indicate a dysfunction of the brainstem periaqueductal gray matter during migraine, or initiation of migraine by activation of the brainstem including the dorsal rostral and midline pons. Consistent with this, an active locus in the posterior hypothalamus has been implicated in cluster headache (CH). The headache phase involves the activation of the trigeminovascular system and possibly dilatation of the cranial blood vessels presumably mediated by the release of vasoactive substances and neuropeptides including the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Increased serum CGRP levels were detected during migraine and CH. In addition, in CH, there is a release of parasympathetic peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide. Currently, inhibiting the release of vasoactive substances and neuropeptides including the CGRP or nitric oxide, or blocking their receptors in the neuroanatomical substrates of head pain is a major focus in treatment of headaches. Chapter II - The mammalian neocortex has a basic six-layered structure. Modifications to this fundamental design have lead to a diversity of structural and functional areas amongst mammals.
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