DOCSLIB.ORG

Contents Raedwald Rhythms

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Contents Raedwald Rhythms Contents Raedwald Rhythms ............................................................................................................................... 3 Bintin................................................................................................................................................. 4 Bolonba ............................................................................................................................................. 5 Djagbe ............................................................................................................................................... 6 Djolé ................................................................................................................................................ 10 Fanga .............................................................................................................................................. 11 Gahu ............................................................................................................................................... 12 Kakilambe 4 .................................................................................................................................... 13 Kakilambe 3 .................................................................................................................................... 14 Kanin ............................................................................................................................................... 16 Kassa ............................................................................................................................................... 17 Kongo Payet .................................................................................................................................... 21 Kpanlogo ......................................................................................................................................... 22 Kuku ................................................................................................................................................ 24 M’Balax ........................................................................................................................................... 25 Macru.............................................................................................................................................. 26 Meni ................................................................................................................................................ 27 Moribayassa .................................................................................................................................... 28 Nuru ................................................................................................................................................ 29 Raedwald ........................................................................................................................................ 31 Raedwald ........................................................................................................................................ 32 Shiko ............................................................................................................................................... 33 Sofa ................................................................................................................................................. 34 Soko ................................................................................................................................................ 35 Sounou ............................................................................................................................................ 36 Timitingoo ....................................................................................................................................... 41 Tiriba ............................................................................................................................................... 42 Woliwoloo ....................................................................................................................................... 43 Yankadi 4......................................................................................................................................... 44 Yankadi 3......................................................................................................................................... 45 My rhythms......................................................................................................................................... 47 Bugayaa .......................................................................................................................................... 48 Hetsi ................................................................................................................................................ 49 Luuloo ............................................................................................................................................. 50 sslap ttone bbass Page 1 of 58 RAEDWALD RHYTHMS Nanzula ........................................................................................................................................... 51 Nha Terra ........................................................................................................................................ 52 Other Rhythms .................................................................................................................................... 53 Oterai .............................................................................................................................................. 54 RhythmName .................................................................................................................................. 55 Performances ...................................................................................................................................... 56 Rendlesham Street Fair 2012 .......................................................................................................... 57 Rendlesham June 8th 2013 .............................................................................................................. 58 Timitingoo.......................................................................................................................... 58 Island in the Sun ................................................................................................................. 58 Kanin ................................................................................................................................. 58 Yankadi / Macru ................................................................................................................. 58 Senegal Sabar .................................................................................................................... 58 Shiko .................................................................................................................................. 58 sslap ttone bbass Page 2 of 58 RAEDWALD RHYTHMS Raedwald Rhythms sslap ttone bbass Page 3 of 58 BINTIN Bintin djembe 1 3btt3btt3btt3btt djembe 2 3ttt3tt,3sss3s,, 3ttt3t,,3b,b3,b, djembe 3 3s,b3st,3s,eb3st, kenkeni 3x,,,3x,cc3x,,,3x,tt Sangban 3x,,x,3xt,x,3x,,x,3xt,x, OR 3x,,x,3xt,x,3xt,xt3,xt, doundounba 3xtxt,3x,x,,3xtxt,3x,x,, sslap ttone bbass Page 4 of 58 BOLONBA Bolonba call 4qt,tt4,t,t4t,t,4t,,, djembe 1 4ttb,4b,b,4tt,s4ss,b djembe 2 4s,,s4s,tt4s,,s4s,tt djembe 3 4s,tt4s,b,4s,,s4s,b, Variation 1 combined 4x,,x,,4x,,xS,4xd,xdxd4,x,xS, 4x,,xd,4xd,xS,4xd,xdxd4,x,xS, Variation 2 combined 4xd,xSS4x,,xkk4x,,xdd4x,dxd, log drum/bell 4cc,,4,o,,4o,,o4,,o, bell 4oo,o4o,,,4oo,o4o,,, 4oo,o4oo,o4oo,o4o,,, djembe 3 4s,tt4s,b,4s,,s4s,b, sslap ttone bbass Page 5 of 58 DJAGBE Djagbe Djagbé is the name of a Malinke-rhythm from Guinea that was originally played at the ending of the Ramadan. A rejoicing happening where men and women dance together in this circle-dance. Variations on Djagbé excist in the Kouroussa-region (Guinee) as Djagba and in Mali as Madan. Call tT . T T . T . T T . S S S . Djembé 1 B . T T . b S . B . T T . b S . Djembé 2 S . S S . T T S . b S S . T T Djembé 3 T T . B S S B . S S . B S S B . Djembé 4 S . S S . S T T S . S . S S T T Djembé 5 B . T T . S . T T . S . Kenkeni O . O . O . O . x . x x . x x . x . x x . x x . Sangban C . o O . O . o O . O . C . x . x x . x x . x . x x . x x . Dun Dun . O O . O . x . x x . x . x x . x . x x . x Dun Dun variation . O O . O . O . x . x x . x . x x . x . x x . x O . O . O . x . x x . x . x x . x . x x . x Dun Dun starting the echauffement . O O . O . O O . O x . x x . x . x x . x . x x . x Dun Dun echauffement O . O O . O . O O . O . O O . O x . x x . x . x x . x . x x . x sslap ttone bbass Page 6 of 58 DJAGBE Dun Dun ending the echauffement O . O O . O . O O . O . x . x .x . x . x x . x . x x . x Djembé solo accompaniment 1 . T T T . S S S . T T T . S S . l r l . l r l . l r l . l r . Djembé solo accompaniment 2 T T S S . S S B . S S . S S r l l r . r l r . r l . r l for a really "Djagbe-sound" it's nice to pull the first two tones a little bit together in the solo accompaniment 2. sslap ttone bbass Page 7 of 58 DJAGBE Solo 1 ; use these elements A S . B . S T T S S . S r . r . l r l r l . l B S S T T S S S . S T T S S . S r l r l r l r . l r l r l . l C . S . S . S . S . S . S . S . S . l . l . l . l . l . l . l . l
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Outlines of a Grammar of the Susu Language, West Africa, Compiled
    Indian Institute, Oxford. l^rmAv tfjCk/y/cfrH. &nei4^tj}(c*-' OUTLINES OF A GRAMMAR OF THE SITSU LANGUAGE (WEST AFRICA). " Compiled, with the assistance of THE REV. J. H. DUPORT, of the West Indian Mission to the Powjas, By r. r. LONDON: Snttttg for promoting Christian JtooMtbgi. SOLD AT THB DEPOSITORIES, 77 GBEAT QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS ; 4 ROYAL EXCHANGE ; 48 PICCADILLY ; AND BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. OUTLINES- OF A GRAMMAR OF THE SUSU LANGUAGE. There are two dialects of the language, differing chiefly in pronunciation, and in words of foreign origin : the one, the Solima Susu, spoken in the interior ; the other, the Kise-kise Susu, spoken near the coast. It is to the latter dialect that this Gram mar refers. It is much used in commerce along the coast between the Gambia and Sierra Leone. The Susu has many words in common with the Mandenga, and a few with the Tene. Most of its religious terms, as is generally the case with the West African languages, are borrowed from the Arabic. In its accidence and syntax it differs very much from the Mandenga. B 4 SUSU GRAMMAR. ORTHOGRAPHY. The following letters and notation appear to ex press conveniently the sounds which occur in the Susu language : — . a pronounced as a short in man, or a long in father. 6 ey in they. e » e in men. ( ee in see. i i in mint. 6 o in bone. 0 » o in hot. u oo in moon, or nearly o in do. u >i u in full. ai >j aye.
    [Show full text]
  • The West Indian Mission to West Africa: the Rio Pongas Mission, 1850-1963
    The West Indian Mission to West Africa: The Rio Pongas Mission, 1850-1963 by Bakary Gibba A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of History University of Toronto © Copyright by Bakary Gibba (2011) The West Indian Mission to West Africa: The Rio Pongas Mission, 1850-1963 Doctor of Philosophy, 2011 Bakary Gibba Department of History, University of Toronto Abstract This thesis investigates the efforts of the West Indian Church to establish and run a fascinating Mission in an area of West Africa already influenced by Islam or traditional religion. It focuses mainly on the Pongas Mission’s efforts to spread the Gospel but also discusses its missionary hierarchy during the formative years in the Pongas Country between 1855 and 1863, and the period between 1863 and 1873, when efforts were made to consolidate the Mission under black control and supervision. Between 1873 and 1900 when additional Sierra Leonean assistants were hired, relations between them and African-descended West Indian missionaries, as well as between these missionaries and their Eurafrican host chiefs, deteriorated. More efforts were made to consolidate the Pongas Mission amidst greater financial difficulties and increased French influence and restrictive measures against it between 1860 and 1935. These followed an earlier prejudiced policy in the Mission that was strongly influenced by the hierarchical nature of nineteenth-century Barbadian society, which was abandoned only after successive deaths
    [Show full text]
  • For the Mande Bala Todd G. Martin A
    TOWARD A PEDAGOGY OF "PLAY" FOR THE MANDE BALA TODD G. MARTIN A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN MUSIC YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO APRIL, 2017 © Todd Martin, 2017 ABSTRACT A theoretical model is proposed that posits "play" as both the long-term goal of bala learning, and as the means through which the short-term steps toward that goal can best be achieved. Play is defined in two different ways. In the first sense it is an orchestrating of means and ends in which means are at the centre of interest. In this sense, play is a goal of bala learning. In the second sense, play is defined (using the framework of Applied Behaviour Analysis) as: activities that (a) are inherently reinforcing (and not inherently punishing), and (b) do not eventuate extinction, escape, or avoidance. In this sense, play is conceived as one possible means through which to achieve pedagogical goals. The case is made that owing to its intrinsic (musical) characteristics—in particular, the inherent scalability of pattern density—Mande bala music is especially well suited to a pedagogy of "play." Although the model proposed is supported by empirical evidence and has a strong rational underpinning, the model itself is not tested in the present study, but rather, is herein articulated (via illustrative case studies depicting the learning of various bala patterns through digitally mediated means—books, CDs, DVDs, etc.) An argument is built to support the notion that in comparison with traditional, immersion- based pedagogical modalities, the digital mediation of bala teaching eventuates a pedagogical loss, but that this pedagogical loss can be attenuated through a more "playful" pedagogical approach.
    [Show full text]
  • Perspectives of Comparative Studies on the Mande and West Atlantic Language Groups: 1 an Approach to the Quantitative Comparative Linguistics
    PERSPECTIVES OF COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE MANDE AND WEST ATLANTIC LANGUAGE GROUPS: 1 AN APPROACH TO THE QUANTITATIVE COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS Konstantin Pozdnyakov Statistical methods in comparative linguistics have been widely applied in only one peripheral field, namely the glotto-chronology and lexico-statistics which are intended to establish absolute or relative chronology of language divergence. In the meantime, statistics can be applied in all the principal fields of comparative linguistics. In certain relations, statistical data become the decisive factor. This paper deals with principal branches of quantitative comparative linguistics dealt with during my work in the field of Mande and West Atlantic historical grammar. The principal starting point for the following reasonings is very simple: any qualitative divergence between cognate languages evoked by any innovation process results in a respective quantitative divergence. For example, palatalization of dental stops before front vowels in one of a couple of related languages results automatically in an increased frequency of palatals and a decline in the frequency of dentals in the vocabulary. As a 1 This electronic version of Konstantin Pozdnyakov’s article has undergone some extra editing, so it has some differences from the paper version published in Mandenkan 22. However, the modifications concern only formulations of ideas but not their content. – Editors. 40 result, the statistical distribution of phonemes reflects all basic divergence processes in cognate languages (with few exceptions). Therefore, any case of quantitative difference in any pair of related languages is to be interpreted by comparative historical linguistics. Taking this thesis as a starting point, we obtain two alternative sets of facts to explain a phenomena, instead of only one.
    [Show full text]
  • Complete Dissertation
    VU Research Portal Translating Zephaniah in context Willits, B.R. 2019 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Willits, B. R. (2019). Translating Zephaniah in context. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT TRANSLATING ZEPHANIAH IN CONTEXT ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr. V. Subramaniam, in het openbaar te verdedigen tan overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de Faculteit Religie en Theologie op maandag 13 mei 2019 om 11.45 uur in de aula van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door Bradford Ray Willits geboren te Dallas, Texas, United States of America promotoren: prof.dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies African Linguistics
    "JI-,N DI., • STUDIES . In AFRICAN LINGUISTICS STUDIES IN AFRICAN LINGUISTICS Published by the Department of Linguistics and the African Studies Center The University of California, Los Angeles Editor Editorial Board Russell G. Schuh Eyambs G. Bokamba George N. Clements Gerard M. Dalgish Executive Board David J. Dwyer Victoria A. Fromkin Michael Lofchie Talmy Givon Robert P. Stockwell Robert Hetzron Jean-Marie Hombert Editorial Assistance Larry M. Hyman William R. Leben Linda Arvanites Ian Maddieson Alice McGaughey Qlasope O. Oyelaran Maxine H. Schuh Carol Myers Scotton Deborah Wilkes John V. Singler Studies in African Linguistics is published three times a year. Occasional supplements are published at irregular intervals and are available to current subscribers at reduced rates. Contributors please see "Guidelines for Con­ tributors" inside the back cover. All correspondence and contributions to the journal should be sent to The Editor, Studies in African Linguistics Department of Linguistics University of California Los Angeles, CA 90024 Subscriptions: Individuals: $12.00 per year, $22.00 for two years Institutions: $20.00 per year Single issues: $ 7.00 Supplements: $10.00 (if ordered separate from subscription) (Add $7.00 per year for overseas Air Mail subscriptions.) Make checks payable to The Regents of the University of California. Volume 15, Number 2, August 1984 Copyright 1984 by the Regents of the University of California ISSN 0039-3533 STUDIES IN AFRICAN LINGUISTICS Volume 15. Number 2 August 1984 TABLE OF CONTENTS Articles Julie F. NeJQer and Keith WIn. Mountford, THE INTERACTION OF SEGMENTAl. AND TONAL LEVELS: THE CASE OF [w] IN TEMNE • • • • • • 107 Dudley K.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Afro-Hispanic Language: Five Centuries, Five Continents John M
    Cambridge University Press 0521822653 - A History of Afro-Hispanic Language: Five Centuries, Five Continents John M. Lipski Index More information Index abaku´a,Afro-Cuban 11 Andalusia 32 Acapulco, Mexico, Africans in 2, 43, 97 slavery in 43, 74 Acosta-Rubio, Ra´ul161–162 Spanish dialects 76, 78, 87, 89, 189, 218, Acosta Saignes, Miguel 127, 129 220, 222, 223, 225, 240, 251, 252, 298 Acu˜nade Figueroa, Francisco 102 Andean region 9, 251, 252, 279 Adamwa-Ubangui language family 199 Andrews, George Reid 103 affirmation, double, see double affirmation Angola 11, 25, 27–29, 34–38, 41, 44, 47, 48, Africa, slavery 20–21 55, 60, 66, 101, 103, 115, 120–122, 126, African-American English, United States 5, 198, 200, 219, 242, 247, 258 85, 114, 148, 213, 301, 303 Portuguese dialects 20, 29, 56, 63, 70, 230, Africanisms in Spanish 4 232, 241, 257, 258, 261, 268, 294 Afro-Asiatic language family 198 Angola Maconde, Juan 138 Afro-Caribbean Spanish 276 Angolar creole language 226 Afro-Cuban language 8, 234–236, 243, Annob´oncreole language and people 6, 54, 251–253, 259, 263, 268, 276, 281, 285, 55, 66, 69, 108, 219, 220, 226, 228, 231, 299, 301 235, 270, 275, 299 Afro-Lusitanian elements in Spanish texts Arabic language and people 18, 24, 198, 266 72–73 Arag´on,slavery in 19 Afro-Peruvian language 242, 243, 264, Arar´alanguage and people 11, 105, 122, 126, 268 198 Afro-Portuguese pidgin 6, 74 Araujo, Juan de 130 Afro-Puerto Rican language 235–236, 276, Ardra 36, 66, 105 299 Aretz de Ram´on,Isabel 193 Aguado, Sim´on41, 42, 82–83, 218 Argentina Aguirre
    [Show full text]
  • Legon Journal of the Humanitie 2.Cdr
    linguistic components is made as follows: the creole component, On the origins of locative for in West African Pidgin the Guinea Coast component, and the English component. English: A componential approach Convergence among the three components led to the formation of for as the prototypical locative construction in West African Pidgin 1 Micah Corum Englishes. Abstract 1.1 The general locative construction This paper discusses possible origins of locative for in West In all West African pidgin and Creole languages, there African Pidgin Englishes. The development of for is framed exists a polysemous locative construction that conveys a general componentially, that is, in terms of deriving its constructional concept of space. Today the construction is realized as na in meaning from different components that sustained linguistic and Portuguese-lexifier Creole languages and certain English-lexifier cultural contact along the Upper and Lower Guinea Coasts creole languages spoken from Guinea Bissau to Equatorial during the Early Modern Period (1500-1800) among West Guinea, and as for in West African English-lexifier pidgincreoles African, Portuguese, Afro-Portuguese, British and Afro-British in Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon (Bakker, 2008). Apart from populations and the sailing populations of both official naval pidgins and creoles, the general locative construction appears in vessels of the British and Portuguese Empires and privateering Niger-Congo languages. Table 1 lists locative constructions in ships. some Lower Guinea coastal languages
    [Show full text]
  • Using Radio Archives for Low-Resource Speech Recognition: Towards an Intelligent Virtual Assistant for Illiterate Users
    Using Radio Archives for Low-Resource Speech Recognition: Towards an Intelligent Virtual Assistant for Illiterate Users Moussa Doumbouya,1 Lisa Einstein,1,2 Chris Piech2 1 GNCode 2 Stanford University [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract services (Medhi et al. 2011), but the development of speech recognition technology requires large annotated datasets. For many of the 700 million illiterate people around the Unfortunately, languages spoken by illiterate people who world, speech recognition technology could provide a bridge to valuable information and services. Yet, those most in would most benefit from speech recognition technology tend need of this technology are often the most underserved by to fall in the “low-resource” category, which in contrast it. In many countries, illiterate people tend to speak only with “high-resource” languages, have few available datasets. low-resource languages, for which the datasets necessary for Transfer learning, transferring representations learned on speech technology development are scarce. In this paper, we high-resource unrelated languages, has not been explored investigate the effectiveness of unsupervised speech represen- for many low-resource languages (Kunze et al. 2017). Even tation learning on noisy radio broadcasting archives, which if transfer learning can help, labeled data is still needed to are abundant even in low-resource languages. We make three develop useful models. core contributions. First, we release two datasets to the re- This data deficit persists for multiple reasons. Develop- search community. The first, West African Radio Corpus, ing commercial products for languages spoken by smaller contains 142 hours of audio in more than 10 languages with a labeled validation subset.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of West African Languages Volume 45.1 (2018) on the EXPRESSION of DIMINUTIVITY in SUSU Jonathan C. Anderson , Christophe
    Journal of West African Languages Volume 45.1 (2018) * ON THE EXPRESSION OF DIMINUTIVITY IN SUSU Jonathan C. Anderson1, Christopher R. Green2 & Samuel G. Obeng3 Knox College1, Syracuse University2 & Indiana University3 Abstract The notion of diminutivity is mentioned only in passing in the major contemporary works devoted to de- scribing Susu (e.g., Houis, 1963; Touré, 1994, 2004). It has yet to be given the careful attention that this topic has received in other Mande languages (e.g., Nikitina in press) ‘c il ’ ic S i in iv i iv are explored in work by ian & Vydrine (2012) on lan a ’ kin ip y m. This paper has the modest goal of adding to what is currently known about Susu diminutivity by reporting on and considering the use of several morphemes, both affixal and free, that figure into the expression of diminutivity in the language. Key to our discussion will be the be- avi S ’ suffixal dimin iv a k - , which is cognate to similar morphemes found in other Mande languages; we also discuss additional ways in which diminutivity is encoded in the language. Lastly, we consider similarities and differences between the encoding of diminutivity in Susu and certain other Mande languages. 1. Introduction Susu [iso:sus], also called Soso and Sosokhui, is a Mande language spoken by approximately one million people in Guinea and Sierra Leone. It is most closely related to Yalunka (Dialonké). There are three major, fairly contemporary works devoted to describing the grammatical structure of Susu. The most comprehensive of these is Houis (1963), but in addition, there is a dissertation by Touré (1994) and a pedagogical grammar derived from this dissertation published ten years later (Touré, 2004).1 Other work on Susu includes studies of its tonal system (e.g., Grégoire, 1978; Green, Anderson, & Obeng, 2013), its kinship system ( ian & Vydrine, 2012), and its verbal prefixes (Shluinsky, 2014); Keita (1989) reports on tonal aspects of Dialonké, which may also be extensible in some ways to Susu.
    [Show full text]
  • *‡Table 6. Languages
    T6 Table[6.[Languages T6 T6 DeweyT6iDecima Tablel[iClassification6.[Languages T6 *‡Table 6. Languages The following notation is never used alone, but may be used with those numbers from the schedules and other tables to which the classifier is instructed to add notation from Table 6, e.g., translations of the Bible (220.5) into Dutch (—3931 in this table): 220.53931; regions (notation —175 from Table 2) where Spanish language (—61 in this table) predominates: Table 2 notation 17561. When adding to a number from the schedules, always insert a decimal point between the third and fourth digits of the complete number Unless there is specific provision for the old or middle form of a modern language, class these forms with the modern language, e.g., Old High German —31, but Old English —29 Unless there is specific provision for a dialect of a language, class the dialect with the language, e.g., American English dialects —21, but Swiss-German dialect —35 Unless there is a specific provision for a pidgin, creole, or mixed language, class it with the source language from which more of its vocabulary comes than from its other source language(s), e.g., Crioulo language —69, but Papiamento —68. If in doubt, prefer the language coming last in Table 6, e.g., Michif —97323 (not —41) The numbers in this table do not necessarily correspond exactly to the numbers used for individual languages in 420–490 and in 810–890. For example, although the base number for English in 420–490 is 42, the number for English in Table 6 is —21, not —2 (Option A: To give local emphasis and a shorter number to a specific language, place it first by use of a letter or other symbol, e.g., Arabic language 6_A [preceding 6_1].
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 8. Travelling Terms
    Chapter 8 Travelling Terms Analysis of Semantic Fluctuations in the Atlantic World Wilson Trajano Filho In this chapter I examine how systematic intersocietal encounters set cultural elements in motion across time and space, generating semantic instabilities that aff ect the meanings of things and ideas in a nonrandom way. My attention will be directed to the connections (and the turbulences they bring about) between the ecumenes that arose from processes of cultural creolization along the Upper Guinea Coast before the arrival of Europeans in the fi fteenth century; the Luso- African ecumene that developed in this portion of the African coast and the adjacent islands of Cape Verde; and the Caribbean ecumene, also the product of a long process of creolization involving Europeans of diff erent nationalities and Africans of various cultural and social provenance. I take each of these ecumenes as a vast fi eld of communication that provides actors with means to develop a sense of diff erence as well as a loosely disseminated feeling of sharing symbolic forms and social institutions. Th e word tabanka1 is used today by speakers of fi ve diff erent languages. It has been widely used in the varieties of Portuguese spoken in Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau, in the Portuguese-based Creoles spoken in these countries, in some Caribbean variations of English (Allsopp 2003) and in Trinidad’s English Creole (Winer 2009). One word, fi ve languages and at least three diff erent sur- face meanings form a synchronic picture that I want to scrutinize in its most simple form. Th e complete picture is far more complicated, involving other cognate words belonging to several languages spoken along the Upper Guinea Coast and diachronic processes of semantic fl uctuation triggered by a long his- tory of intersocietal encounters.
    [Show full text]