Institutions participating in the elaboration of the publication: Lublin University of Technology (Poland) Matej Bel University (Slovakia) The Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of The Czech Academy of Sciences (Czech Republic) Polish National Committee of The International Council on Monuments and Sites Icomos (Poland) City of Zadar (Croatia) Links Foundation – Leading Innovation and Knowledge for Society (Italy) Italian Association for The Council of Municipalities and Regions of Europe (Italy) Venetian Cluster (Italy) Municipality of Velenje (Slovenia) Zadar County Development Agency Zadra Nova (Croatia) Team of authors: Bugosław Szmygin (project coordinator) Maciej Trochonowicz Miloš Drdácký Alenka Rednjak Bartosz Szostak Jakub Novotný Marija Brložnik Andrzej Siwek Patrizia Borlizzi Rudi Vuzem Anna Fortuna-Marek Antonino Frenda Marko Vučina Beata Klimek Silvia Soldano Jernej Korelc Katarzyna Drobek Marco Valle Darja Plaznik Ivan Murin Raffaella Lioce Danijela Brišnik Dagmara Majerová Dario Bertocchi Breda Krajnc Jana Jaďuďová Camilla Ferri Urška Todorovska-Šmajdek Iveta Marková Daniele Sferra Milana Klemen Kamila Borseková Sergio Calò Lucija Čakš Orač Anna Vaňová Maurizio Malè Branka Gradišnik Dana Benčiková Eugenio Tamburrino Urška Gaberšek Ivan Souček Patricija Halilović Krasanka Majer Jurišić Martin Miňo Rok Poles Boris Mostarčić Jiří Bláha Marija Ževart Iva Papić Dita Machová Helena Knez Wei Zhang Drago Martinšek Publication within project “RUINS: Sustainable re-use, preservation and modern management of historical ruins in Central Europe - elaboration of integrated model and guidelines based on the synthesis of the best European experiences”, supported by the Interreg CENTRAL EUROPE Programme funded under the European Regional Development Fund. TRANSNATIONAL MODEL OF SUSTAINABLE PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION OF HISTORIC RUINS BEST PRACTICES HANDBOOK Transnational model of sustainable protection and conservation of historic ruins Best practice handbook Compiled by: Bogusław Szmygin – Maciej Trochonowicz – Bartosz Szostak – Beata Klimek – Katarzyna Drobek Lublin University Of Technology Linguistic correction: Maciej Doksa Graphic design: ASPEKT Lublin Publisher: Lublin Unviersity of Technology Printed by: DjaF Naświetlarnia B1+ Agnieszka Furyk ISBN: 978-83-7947-420-2 Politechnika Lubelska 2020 Table of Contents 1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 7 2. Stocktaking measurements ........................................................................... 9 2.1. Traditional measuring techniques ............................................................11 2.2. Geodetic method .................................................................................12 2.3. Photographic documentation (traditional, spherical, using a drone) .................13 2.4. Photogrammetry .................................................................................15 2.5. 3D scanning .......................................................................................16 3. In situ testing of materials and structural elements ............................................19 3.1. Ground research .................................................................................19 3.2. Examination of physical features of structural elements ................................25 3.2.1. Endoscopic examination ................................................................. 29 3.2.2. Ultrasonic examination .................................................................. 29 3.2.3. Hammer test .............................................................................. 30 3.2.4. Electromagnetic examination .......................................................... 31 3.2.5. Sclerometric examination ............................................................... 32 3.2.6. Peel strength test (pull-off) ............................................................ 33 3.2.7. Thermovision examination .............................................................. 35 3.2.8. Testing by pressure cushions ............................................................ 36 3.2.9. Computer analysis ........................................................................ 37 3.3. Moisture testing by indirect methods ........................................................38 3.3.1. Capacitive - dielectric method ......................................................... 39 3.3.2. The resistance method .................................................................. 40 3.3.3. The microwave method ................................................................. 41 3.3.4. The chemical method .................................................................... 42 3.4. Macroscopic research – “outcrops” ..........................................................43 3.5. Biological corrosion and vegetation .........................................................46 4. Laboratory tests of materials and structural elements .........................................55 4.1. Compressive strength test .....................................................................55 4.2. Tests of physical properties of materials ....................................................58 4.2.1. Compressive strength and bending strength test .................................... 58 4.2.2. Abrasion test ............................................................................. 61 4.2.3. Water absorption of materials .......................................................... 63 4.2.4. Testing the water absorption of natural stone at atmospheric pressure ........ 64 4.2.5. Capillarity of materials .................................................................. 65 4.2.6. Resistance to salt crystallization ....................................................... 68 4.2.7. Determination of frost resistance ...................................................... 70 4.3. Humidity testing by the gravimetric method ...............................................72 4.4. Salinity tests .....................................................................................76 5. Studies of historical plasters and painting layers................................................81 5.1. Laboratory tests of mortars ....................................................................81 5.1.1. Macroscopic examination ............................................................... 82 5.1.2. Optical microscope investigation ...................................................... 83 5.1.3. Quality microscopic analysis ............................................................ 84 5.1.4. Quantitative microscopic analysis ..................................................... 85 5.1.5. Scanning electron microscope studies (SEM) and analysis (SEM-EDS) ............ 86 5.1.6. Derivatographic study – differential thermal analysis (DTA) ....................... 88 5.1.7. X-ray diffraction test (XRD) ............................................................. 88 5.2. Laboratory tests of painting layers ...........................................................89 5.2.1. Optical microscope examination ....................................................... 90 5.2.2. Scanning electron microscope examination (SEM) .................................. 91 5.2.3. Research on organic compounds: pigments, dyes, binders in Fourier analysis . 92 5.2.4. Spectometry test – the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) .................................... 93 6. Good and bad examples of conservation of ruined sites .......................................95 7. Bibliography ........................................................................................... 143 Disclaimer The authors are responsible for the choice and presentation of the facts contained in this pub- lication and for the opinions expressed therein. 1. Introduction The assessment of the technical condition of historical buildings is one of the most important conservation problems. The assessment of the technical condition is the basis for the fundamental decisions related to the protection of the monument – from determining the scope of interference needed in the form and substance of the monument, through planning the conservation and ren- ovation works, to choosing the form of adaptation of the object to modern utility functions. Of course, in each of these areas the assessment of the technical condition is not the only factor, but it is always an important factor, and often even a decisive one. In the case of monuments of construction and architecture, the assessment of technical condi- tion is conditioned on two levels. The first determinant are problems related to the state of mon- uments as buildings. These are strictly technical issues – geotechnical, constructional, material, technological, etc. In the case of these engineering problems, the historic building is treated like any other building. The parameters determining the condition of building materials and structure are important, e.g., strength, humidity, salinity, adhesiveness, insulation, cracking, deflection, and settlement. In the study of these parameters, the historical character of the building does not really matter. However, historical values mean that the assessment of the technical condition of historical buildings cannot be reduced only to engineering issues. The need to preserve the object in ac- cordance with the requirements of authenticity and integrity – that is, the overriding conservation rules – often also influences