Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMME FOR THE 2020 TO 2029 PERIOD
Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE
CONTENT
1. REMARK ...... 1
2. INTRODUCTION ...... 1
2.1. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE PREPARATION OF NATIONAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMME ...... 2
2.2. SCOPE AND AIM OF THE PROGRAMME ...... 4
2.3. AVAILABLE DATA SOURCE ...... 6
3. THE NATIONAL AIR QUALITY AND POLLUTION POLLICY FRAMEWORK ... 8
3.1. A BRIEF OVERVIEW ON THE SITUATION IN RELATION TO THE VALID PROGRAMME ...... 8
3.2. POLICY PRIORITIES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO PRIORITIES SET IN OTHER RELEVANT POLICY AREAS ...... 9
3.2.1. KOHERENCE OF INVENTORIES AND PROJECTIONS ...... 26
3.2.2. COHERENCE WITH PLANS AND PROGRAMMES ...... 32
3.3. RESPONSIBILITIES ATTRIBUTED TO NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES ...... 44
4. PROGRESS MADE BY CURRENT POLICIES AND MEASURES (PaMs) IN REDUCING EMISSIONS AND IMPROVING AIR QUALITY, AND THE DEGREE OF COMPLIANCE WITH NATIONAL AND UNION OBLIGATIONS, COMPARED TO 2005 ...... 56
4.1. PROGRESS MADE BY CURRENT PaMs IN REDUCING EMISSIONS, AND THE DEGREE OF COMPLIANCE WITH NATIONAL AND UNION EMISSION REDUCTION OBLIGATIONS ...... 56
4.2. PROGRESS MADE BY CURRENT PaMs IN IMPROVING AIR QUALITY, AND THE DEGREE OF COMPLIANCE WITH NATIONAL AND UNION AIR QUALITY OBLIGATIONS ...... 63
4.3. CURRENT TRANSBOUNDARY IMPACT OF NATIONAL EMISSION SOURCES ...... 79
Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE
5. PROJECTED FURTHER EVOLUTION ASSUMING NO CHANGE TO ALREADY ADOPTED POLICIES AND MEASURES ...... 82
5.1. PROJECTED EMISSIONS AND EMISSION REDUCTIONS (WM SCENARIO) ... 91
5.1.1. METHODOLOGY AND MODELS AND KEY ASSUMPTIONS AND PARAMETERS FOR PREPARATION OF PROJECTIONS (WM SCENARIO) ..... 96
5.1.2. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF PROJECTIONS ...... 97
5.2. PROJECTED IMPACT ON IMPROVING AIR QUALITY (WM SCENARIO), INCLUDING THE PROJECTED DEGREE OF COMPLIANCE ...... 98
6. POLICY OPTIONS CONSIDERED TO COMPLY WITH THE EMISSION REDUCTION COMMITMENTS FOR 2020, AND 2030, INTERMEDIATE EMISSION LEVELS FOR 2025, AND STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION ...... 103
6.1. DETAILS CONCERNING THE PaMS CONSIDERED IN ORDER TO COMPLY WITH THE EMISSION REDUCTION (REPORTING AT PaM LEVEL) (2.6.1) ... 103
6.2. IMPACTS ON AIR QUALITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT OF INDIVIDUAL PAMS OR PACKAGES OF PAMS CONSIDERED IN ORDER TO COMPLY WITH THE EMISSION REDUCTION COMMITMENTS (2.6.2) ...... 114
6.3. ESTIMATION OF COSTS AND BENEFITS OF THE INDIVIDUAL PAM OR PACKAGE OF PAMS CONSIDERED IN ORDER TO COMPLY WITH THE EMISSION REDUCTION COMMITMENTS ...... 114
6.4. ADDITIONAL DETAILS CONCERNING THE MEASURES FROM ANNEX III PART 2 TO DIRECTIVE (EU) 2016/2284 TARGETING THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR TO COMPLY WITH THE EMISSION REDUCTION COMMITMENTS117
7. STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION ...... 121
8. THE POLICIES SELECTED FOR ADOPTION BY SECTOR, INCLUDING A TIMETABLE FOR THEIR ADOPTION, IMPLEMENTATION AND REVIEW AND THE COMPETENT AUTHORITIES RESPONSIBLE ...... 126
8.1. INDIVIDUAL PAMs OR PACKAGE OF PAMS SELECTED FOR ADOPTION AND THE COMPETENT AUTHORITIES RESPONSIBLE ...... 126
8.2. AN ASSESSMENT OF HOW SELECTED PAMS ENSURE COHERENCE WITH PLANS AND PROGRAMMES SET UP IN OTHER RELEVANT POLICY AREAS130
Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE
9. PROJECTED COMBINED IMPACTS OF PAMS ('WITH ADDITIONAL MEASURES' - WAM) ON EMISSION REDUCTIONS, AIR QUALITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE ASSOCIATED UNCERTAINTIES ...... 131
9.1. PROJECTED ATTAINMENT OF EMISSION REDUCTION COMMITMENTS ... 131
9.2. NON-LINEAR TRAJECTORY FOR EMISSION REDUCTIONS ...... 135
9.3. THE USE OF FLEXIBILITIES ...... 137
9.4. PROJECTED IMPROVEMENT IN AIR QUALITY ...... 138
9.5. PROJECTED IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT ...... 139
9.6. METHODOLOGIES AND UNCERTAINTIES OF WAM POLICY OPTIONS ...... 140
9.7. MONITORING PROGRESS IN IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PAMS AND THE NATIONAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMME ...... 141
10. DISSEMINTION OF THE NATIONAL AIR POLLUTION PROGRAMMME ...... 144
LITERATURA ...... 146
APPENDIX 1. DESCRIPTION OF CURRENTLY APPLIED AND ADOPETED PAM's149
APPENDIX 2. INITIAL ASSUMPTIONS AND PARAMETERS FOR PROJECTIONS 168
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POPIS TABLICA
Table 1-1: Emission ceilings for period up to 2020 according to the Article 5 of the NEC Regulation ...... 3 Table 1-2: Table 5. from Annex I of the NEC Regulation ...... 6 Table 4-1: Overview of adopted and applied PaMs whose impact is integrated into the scenario with existing measures (WM scenario) ...... 83 Table 4-2: Sensitivity analysis overview ...... 97 Table 8-1: Overview of the sensitivtiy analysis ...... 140 Table P 2-1: Assumptions for projections – Energy and Transport ...... 168 Table P 2-2: Assumptions for projections – Industrial processes and use of solvents ...... 170 Table P 2-3: Assumptions for projections - agriculture ...... 170 Table P 2-4: Assumptions for projections – waste management ...... 171 Table P 2-5: Parameters on projections – general economic parameters ...... 172 Table P 2-6: Parameters on projections – energy sector: total fuel consumption, total electricity generation, ‘with existing measures’ scenario ...... 172 Table P 2-7: Parameters on projections – energy sector: final energy consumption ...... 172 Table P 2-8: : Parameters on projections – weather parameters ...... 172 Table P 2-9: Parameters on projections – industry ...... 173 Table P 2-10: Parameters on projections – transport ...... 173 Table P 2-11: Parameters on projections – agriculture ...... 173 Table P 2-12: Parameters on projections – waste management ...... 174
Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE
POPIS SLIKA
Figure 4-1: Trend and projections of SO2 emissions for WM scenario ...... 93
Figure 4-2: Trend and projections of NOX emissions for WM scenario ...... 93
Figure 4-3: Trend and projections of NH3 emissions for WM scenario ...... 94 Figure 4-4: Trend and projections of NMVOC emissions for WM scenario ...... 94
Figure 4-5: Trend and projections of PM2,5 emissions for WM scenario ...... 95
Figure 4-6: Trend and projections of PM10 emissions for WM scenario...... 95 Figure 4-7: Emission Sensitivity Analysis for WM Scenario ...... 97
Figure 8-1: Historic trend and projections of SO2 emissions for WM and WAM scenario ...... 131 Figure 8-2: Historic trend and projections of NOx emissions for WM and WAM scenario ...... 132
Figure 8-3: Historic trend and projections of NH3 emissions for WM and WAM scenario ...... 133 Figure 8-4: Historic trend and projections of NMVOC emissions for WM and WAM scenario ..... 133
Figure 8-5: Historic trend and projections of PM2,5 emissions for WM and WAM scenario ...... 134
Figure 8-6: Historic trend and projections of PM10 emissions for WM and WAM scenario ...... 134
Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
GDP Gross domestic product Bruto domaći proizvod Convention on Long-Range Konvencija o prekograničnom onečišćenju CLRTAP Transboundary Air Pollution zraka na velikim udaljenostima Tablični prikaz izračuna emisija prema CRF Common Reporting Format (UNFCCC) UNFCCC CV Target value Ciljne vrijednosti DDT Dihlor-difenil-trihloretan Diklor-difeniltri-kloretan Croatian Meteorological and DHMZ Državni hidrometeorološki zavod Hydrological Service EEA European Environmental Agency Europska agencija za zaštitu okoliša European Environment Information and Europska informacijska i promatračka EIONET Observation Network mreža Protocol on Long-term Financing of the Protokol o dugoročnom financiranju Cooperative Programme for Monitoring Programa za praćenje i procjenu EMEP and Evaluation of the Long-range prekograničnog prijenosa onečišćujućih Transmission of Air Pollutants in tvari u zraku na velike udaljenosti u Europi Europe ESD Effort Sharing Decision 406/2009/EZ Odluka 406/2009/EZ o podjeli napora EU European Union Europska unija Europski sustav trgovanja emisijama EU ETS EU Emission Trading System stakleničkih plinova Environmental Protection and Energy Fond za zaštitu okoliša i energetsku FZOEU Efficiency Fund učinkovitost GP Gothenburg protocol Gothenburški protokol GT Tolerance limit Granica tolerantnosti GV Limit values Granične vrijednosti H2S Hydrogen sulfide Sumporovodik Croatian Agency for Environment and Hrvatska agencija za okoliš i prirodu Nature (until 31 December 2018 - from (do 31. 12. 2018. godine – od 1.1. 2019. HAOP 1 January 2019 the Ministry took charge godine Ministasrstvo je preuzelo poslove of the Agency) Agencije) Direktiva o gornjim granicama emisije za NECD National Emission Celing Directive pojedine atmosferske onečišćujuće tvari Format za izvještavanje emisija Nomenclature for Reporting (according NFR onečišćujućih tvari prema LRTAP to LRTAP Konvenciju) Konvenciji Informative Inventory Report (according Izvješće o proračunu emisija onečišćujućih IIR to LRTAP Konvenciju) tvari (uz LRTAP Konvenciju) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Međuvladin panel o klimatskim IPCC Change promjenama JLS Local government unit Jedinica lokalne samouprave Korištenje zemljišta, promjena korištenja LULUCF Land use, land use change and forestry zemljišta i šumarstvo NH3 Ammonia Amonijak Non-methane volatile organic NMVOC Nemetanski hlapivi organski spojevi compounds NO2 Nitrogen dioxide Dušikov dioksid O3 Ozone Ozon P Appendix Prilog PaM Policy and Measures Politike i mjere Pb Lead Olovo
Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE
Particulate matter with aerodynamic Čestice aerodinamičnog promjera manjeg PM 2,5 diameter less than 2,5 μm od 2,5 μm Particulate matter with aerodynamic Čestice aerodinamičnog promjera manjeg PM 10 diameter less than 10 μm od 10 μm PPI average exposure indicator (AEI) prosječni pokazatelj izloženosti RLS Regional Local Government Regionalna lokalna samouprava SEAP Sustainable Energy Action Plan Akcijski plan energetski održivog razvitka European structural and investment Strukturni i investicijski fondovi Europske ESIP funds unije SO2 Sulfur dioxide Sumporov dioksid TERT Technical Expert Review Team tehnički stručni revizijski tim United Nations Framework Convention Okvirna konvencija Ujedinjenih naroda o UNECE on Climate Change promjeni klime UTT Total suspended particles Ukupna taložna tvar Zn Zinc Cink MZOE Ministry of Environment and Energy Ministarstvo zaštite okoliša i energetike MP Ministry of Agriculture Ministarstvo poljoprivrede
Note: The Law on Amendments to the Law on Organization and Scope of Ministries and other Central Government Bodies (Official Gazette 116/18) and the Law on Amendments to the Law on Environmental Protection (Official Gazette 118/18), the Croatian Agency for Environment and Nature was abolished and professional and analytical activities of nature protection, environmental protection, collecting and harmonizing data and information on the environment and nature for the purpose of ensuring and monitoring the implementation of the environmental protection and sustainable development policy are the responsibility of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Energy.
Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 1. REMARK
The Law on Amendments to the Law on Organization and Scope of Ministries and Other Central Authorities of the State Administration (Official Gazette, No. 116/18) and the Law on Amendments to the Environmental Protection Act (Official Gazette, No. 118/18) abolished the Croatian Agency for environment and nature and expert and analytical tasks of nature protection and environmental protection, as well as collecting and integrating data and information on environment and nature for the purpose of ensuring and monitoring the implementation of environmental policy and sustainable development are placed under the responsibility of the Ministry of Environment and Energy. 2. INTRODUCTION
In order to meet the obligation to reduce emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), ammonia (NH3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) for the period from 2020 to 2029 and from 2030 onward also contributing to the achievement of the objectives of limiting the anthropogenic emissions of certain air pollutants, in order to achieve progress in achieving air quality levels that do not lead to significant negative effects and risks to human health and the environment, the Air Pollution Control Program has been developed in accordance with Article 20 of the Regulation on National Obligations to Reduce Emissions of Certain Pollutants in Air in the Republic of Croatia (Official Gazette 76/18) (hereinafter: the NEC Regulation) and the Guidelines for the Development and Implementation of National Control Programs Member States' air pollution by the European Commission. For the development of the Air Pollution Control Program, the available data sources provided in Chapter 1.3 were used. The document structure combines the guidelines and Format of the European Commission for drafting and implementing national air pollution control programmes (hereinafter referred to as Format). The Format of the Program is defined by the Comission Implementing Decision which laying down a common format for national air pollution control programmes1 (hereinafter referred to as the Implementation Decision NAPCP), as adopted by the European Commission pursuant to Article 6 (10) of Directive No 2016/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC (hereinafter the NEC Directive). In accordance with Article 2 of the Implementing Decision NAPCP, Member States are obliged to use the Common Format when reporting their national air pollution control programme to the Commission in accordance with Article 10 (1) of the NEC Directive. The Air Pollution Control Program contains more information in order to better understand the topic and to fulfill the contractual obligations so the chapter numbering does not follow Format. Format Tables are part of the chapters contained in the Air Pollution Control Program (Chapter 1.4), and their original number, which represents a particular chapter of the common Format is retained, to help readers for easily follow the content. Given the above, at the beginning of each chapter, there is also the chapter number of the Format. It should be noted that all Formats tables are not mandatory and may be optionally filled by Member States if they have available information that are requested. Mandatory fields in Format are marked bold and with (M). The Air Pollution Control Programme includes: an overview of the national air quality and pollution policy framework, progress made by current policies and measures (hereinafter referred to as the
1 COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING DECISION (EU) 2018/1522 of 11 October 2018 laying down a common format for national air pollution control programmes under Directive (EU) 2016/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants (notified under document C(2018) 6549) 1
Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE
PaMs) in reducing emissions and improving air quality and degree of compliance with national and European Union (EU) emission reduction obligations, an overview of projected further evolution assuming no change to already adopted PaMs, possible policy options considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments for 2020, and 2030, intermediate emission levels for 2025, Public and stakeholder consultation, the policies selected for adoption by sector, including a timetable for their adoption, implementation and review and the competent authorities responsible, projected combined impacts of PaMs on emission reductions, air quality and the environment and the associated uncertainties, financial resources and timeframe necessary for the implementation of PaMs. The following is a brief introduction to the legal framework for the drafting the national air pollution control programme, the aim and purpose of the programme and the available data sources that are considered when drafting the NAPCP.
2.1. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE PREPARATION OF NATIONAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMME
The legal basis for the preparation of the National Air Pollution Control Program (hereinafter the Programme) is the Law on Environmental Protection (Official Gazette No. 80/13, 153/13, 78/15, 12/18, 118/18), Law on Air Protection (Official Gazette No. 130/11, 47/14, 61/17, 118/18) and the NEC Regulation. The Republic of Croatia is a party to numerous international treaties, ie conventions and protocols, including those relating to atmospheric pollution. The 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP Convention) is a framework agreement that Parties have committed to combating air pollution. Protocols are key assets / legal instruments for reducing air pollution. The LRTAP Convention has been extended by 8 protocols that contain concrete measures and legally binding targets for reduce air pollution, ie pollutants - sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOC), heavy metals (HMs) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The Republic of Croatia has also accepted the mentioned obligations as a party to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP Convention) (Official Gazette - International Agreements, No. 12/93) and the Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone ("the Gothenburg Protocol", hereinafter GP) (Official Gazette - International Agreements, No. 07/08). The GP promotes an approach that takes into account the multi-effects of multi-pollutants in order to prevent or to minimize exceeding the critical loads for acidification, critical loads of nutrient nitrogen and critical levels of ozone for human health and vegetation. For this purpose, the Protocol sets national emission ceilings, which each party must keep below the defined value by 2010 and years after it, for the following pollutants: SO2, NOx, NH3 and VOC. In the EU legislation and then in national legislation, the Protocol is mainly transposed by Directive 2001/80/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2001 on large combustion plants and Directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2001 on national emission ceilings for certain pollutants (old NEC Directive). Given that the Amendments to the Protocol have been adopted, which include new emission reduction commitments, in addition to the above mentioned pollutants also includ fine particlate matter (PM2.5). At the EU level, an existing air protection policy has been improved with the aim to achieving air quality levels that do not lead to significant adverse effects and risks to human health and the environment so the NEC Directive (2016/2284/EU) was adopted.
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Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE The new NEC Directive sets emission reduction commitments for five important air pollutants: NMVOC, NH3, SO2, PM2.5 i NOx, applicable from 2020 to 2029 and from 2030 onwards to a certain percentage (%) reduction compared with 2005, as base year on the basis of which the fulfillment of the obligations are monitored. It is also required that in 2025, a linear emission reduction trajectory be established, with certain exemptions. The new NEC Directive has also assumed the commitments proposed in the amended Protocol that were defined for achievement in 2010 and years after it. It is mentioned in the Article 5 of NEC Regulation, and set emission quotas for the period up to 2020 are shown in the Table 1-1.
Table 1-1: Emission ceilings for period up to 2020 according to the Article 5 of the NEC Regulation
Pollutant Emission ceilings for 2010 and onwards sulphur dioxide (SO2) 70 kt nitrogen oxides (NOx) 87 kt non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) 90 kt ammonia (NH3) 30 kt
The Republic of Croatia is a party to the following Protocols to the LRTAP Convention: Protocol on Long-term Financing of the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long- range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (Official Gazette - International Agreements, No. 12/93), Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulfur Emissions (Official Gazette - International Agreements, No. 17/98 and 3/99), the Protocol on Heavy Metals (Official Gazette - International Agreements, No. 05/07), Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (Official Gazette - International Agreements, No. 05/07), Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or their Transboundary Fluxes under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution from 1979 (Official Gazette No. 10/07), the Protocol concerning the Control of Nitrogen Oxides or their Transboundary Fluxes (Narodne novine - Journal - International Treaties, No. 10/07). The national emission reduction commitments are set in the NEC Regulation. The NEC Regulation lays down certain air pollutants that cause adverse effects of acidification, eutrophication and photochemical pollution, their emission ceiling ie. national emission reduction commitments for a certain period in the Republic of Croatia and the methodology for emissions calculations. With the NEC regulation in the legal order of the Republic of Croatia, the following EU directives were transposed: - Articles 1 and 4 of Directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2001 on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants (OJ L 309, 27.11.2001), as supplemented by the Council Directive Council Directive 2013/17/EU of 13 May 2013 adapting certain directives in the field of environment, by reason of the accession of the Republic of Croatia (OJ L 158, 10.6.2013) and - NEC Directive. The aim of the NEC Regulation is to limit the anthropogenic emissions of certain air pollutants in order to make progress in achieving air quality levels that do not lead to significant negative effects and risks to human health and the environment.
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Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE
2.2. SCOPE AND AIM OF THE PROGRAMME
Air pollution represents a significant environmental risk especially in areas exposed to higher concentrations of particles PM10 and PM2.5, ground-level ozone and other air pollutants (NH3, NMVOC, SO2 and NOx). Pollutants can travel long distances and thus can affect the air quality, human health and quality of life at the site of their primary emission source as well as away from it. Contribution to air pollution is therefore very different for individual locations and cities, namely somewhere is the largest contribution of local sources (those near to the recipient, eg road traffic), and somewhere the contribution of emissions generated at the city or region level or those resulting from tranbsboundary transmission. To improve the air quality, a coordinated application of PaM is required at various levels; internationally within conventions and protocols, then national programs and plans, local action plans for improving air quality as well as other instruments. In order to improve the air quality and fulfill the national on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, it is necessary to draw up the first National Air Pollution Control Programme and submit it to the European Commission. Every four years, or if necessary earlier depending on the need for updating with respect to the fulfillment of obligations, the Air Pollution Control Programme will be updated with the obligation for delivery of the new Air Pollution Control Programme by 1st April 2023. Compliance with the obligations is reviewed during the annual reviews of the Republic of Croatia Informative Inventory Reports which are submitted to the European Commission for Environmental Protection. The European Commission in the Implementation Decision NAPCP highlights the importance of the National Air Pollution Control Programme (hereinafter: NAPCP): - is the principal governance tool under Directive (EU) 2016/2284 supporting Member States to plan their national PaMs with a view to complying with the national emission reduction commitments laid down in that Directive for 2020 and 2030, contributes to achieving the air quality objectives pursuant to Article 1(2) of that Directive, as well as to ensuring coherence with plans and programmes set in other relevant policy areas, including climate, energy, agriculture, industry and transport; - facilitates mid-term and long-term planning, thereby enhancing predictability for stakeholders while also supporting a shift of investments to clean and efficient technologies; - contributes to improving the air quality and air quality management in the Member States by requiring consultations with relevant bodies with responsibility for air pollution, quality and management at all administrative levels prior adopting the Program; and the competent authorities with responsibilities in the field of air pollution, quality and management are to be consulted on the draft national air pollution control programmes and on any significant updates prior to their finalisation. - contributes to the successful implementation of air quality plans established under Article 23 of Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (CAFE Directive). To that effect, Member States should take account of the need to reduce emissions, in particular of nitrogen oxides and fine particulate matter, in zones and agglomerations affected by excessive air pollutant concentrations and/or in those zones and agglomerations that contribute significantly to air pollution in other zones and agglomerations, including in neighbouring countries
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Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE As pointed out in the Implementation Decision NAPCP and in the Commission's ʺSecond Report on the State of the Energy Union2ʺ, Member States should develop their national energy and climate plans, whenever possible, in parallel with their national air pollution control programmes to ensure synergies and reduce implementation costs, since these plans rely to a large extent on similar measures and actions. For this purpose and in accordance with Annex I to the proposal of the Energy Regulatory Regulation of 30 November 2016, which provides a general framework for integrated national energy and climate plans, the impact of the PaMs contained in the said plans on emissions of atmospheric pollutants and air quality. The Implementation Decision NAPCP also emphasizes the importance of common Formate that increases consistency with the reporting of PaMs under Union climate and energy policies. For this purpose the common Format should be aligned where there are commonalities with reporting obligations under Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on a mechanism for monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions and for reporting other information at national and Union level relevant to climate change and repealing Decision No 280/2004/EC3 and Commission Implementing Regulation No (EU) 749/20144 of 30 June 2014 on structure, format, submission processes and review of information reported by Member States pursuant to Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council. EC has prepared a report on "The First Clean Air Outlook" and a follow up analysis showing updated emission reductions for the period up to 2030, and as well as possible additional support to Member States in identifying cost-effective additional PaMs to meet emission reduction commitments for 2020 and 2030. "The First Clean Air Outlook" points out that, for the majority of atmospheric pollutants regulated by the NEC Directive, the legislation on air pollution control at source is already in force in EU or is in the process of adopting, which would substantially support the achievement of national emissions reduction obligations, however ammonia is an exception at EU level; and therefore an additional national PaM is required to achieve ammonia emission reduction commitments. Therefore, national air pollution control programs should also include proportional measures applied to the agricultural sector. The purpose of the Program is to enable the following two goals to be met:
- meeting the emission reduction commitments for air pollutants SO2, NOx, NMVOC, PM2.5 and NH3 (table 1-2), - by reducing emissions, contribute to progress in achieving air quality levels that do not lead to significant negative impacts and risks to human health and the environment (objective from Article 3 paragraph 1 of the NEC Regulation). Pursuant to Article 19 (7) of the NEC Regulation as well as in accordance with Article 6 (5) of the NEC Directive and Annex I to Directive 2003/35 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 May 2003 ensuring public participation in relation with the preparation of certain plans and programs relating to the environment5, the Ministry (MEE) had conducted public consultation on the
2 COM(2017) 53 final of 1 February 2017, p. 14 3 OJ L 165, 18.6.2013, p. 13 4 OJ L 203, 11.7.2014, p. 23 5 Direktiva 2003/35/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCILof 26 May 2003 providing for public participation in respect of the drawing up of certain plans and programmesrelating to the environment and amending with regard to public participation and access to justice Council Directives 85/337/EEC and 96/61/EC 5
Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE draft of the National Air Pollution Control Program and on any significant updates prior to it finalisation and adoption by the Government of the Republic of Croatia.
Table 1-2: Table 5. from Annex I of the NEC Regulation
Emission reduction commitments for the Croatia and EU for sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), non- methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), ammonia (NH3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5).
The reduction commitments have the year 2005 as base year, and for road transport, apply to emissions calculated on the basis of fuels sold. SO2 reduction compared with NOx reduction compared with NMVOC reduction compared 2005 2005 with 2005 For any year For any year For any year For any year For any year For any year from 2020 to from 2020 to from 2020 to from 2030 from 2030 from 2030 2029 2029 2029 Croatia 55% 83% 31% 57% 34% 48% EU 59% 79% 42% 63% 28% 40% NH3 reduction compared with 2005 PM2.5 reduction compared with 2005 For any year For any year from 2020 to For any year from 2030 from 2020 to For any year from 2030 2029 2029 Croatia 1% 25% 18% 55% EU 6% 19% 22% 49%
2.3. AVAILABLE DATA SOURCE
Available data source used for drafting National Air Pollution Controle Programme (among others) are following: - The Plan for the protection of air, ozone layer and climate change mitigation in the Republic of Croatia for the 2013 – 2017 period - An overview of air quality in the Republic of Croatia based on the "Air Quality Assessment in the Republic of Croatia for the period 2011-2015 according to Directive 2008/50/EC“ (DHMZ 2017); - Biennial Report for the period from 2013 to 2015 on the fulfillment of obligations under the Plan for the protection of air, ozone layer and climate change mitigation in the Republic of Croatia for the 2013 – 2017 period (CAEN); - Action Plans for Improving the Air Quality of the Cities Zagreb, Osijek, Sisak, Kutina, Rijeka, Slavonski Brod - Programme for gradual reduction of emissions for certain pollutants in the Republic of. Croatia for the period until the end of 2010 with emission projections for the period from 2010 to 2020 (Official Gazette, No. 152/09) - Environmental Pollution Register Reports, CAEN; - A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low carbon economy in 2050 (COM (2011) 112 final); - Energy Roadmap 2050 (COM( 2011) 885/2); - A policy framework for climate and energy in the period from 2020 to 2030 (COM (2014) 15 final), Impact Assesment, Policy summary of UK analysis on EU 2030 targets; - Seventh national communication of the Republic of Croatia under UNFCCC, 2018; - Third National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency (2014);
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Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE
- National Action Plan for Renewable Energy Sources by 2020; - latest submitted reports on emission inventories for greenhouse gases and certain air pollutants in the Republic of Croatia, CAEN; - latest submitted reports fin emission projections for greenhouse gas and certain air pollutants in the Republic of Croatia, MEE; - PaMs Effect Report; - The technical basis for the development of low carbon strategy for Croatia for the period until 2030 with an outlook to 2050, the Green Book, 2015/2017 (MEE); - The technical basis for the development of low carbon strategy for Croatia for the period until 2030 with an outlook to 2050, the White Book, 2015/2017 (MEE); - The Intergovernmental Panel 2006 Guidelines on Climate Change; - Transitional national plan pursuant to Directive 2010/75/EU of the European parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions, June 2013;
The basic document used as the basis for the preparation of the Programme is The technical basis for the development of the National Air Pollution Control Programme, 2018. (EKONERG Ltd.). The technical basis for the development of the National Air Pollution Control Programme included an overview of the national air quality and pollution policy framework, progress made by current PaMs in reducing emissions and improving air quality, a degree of compliance with national and European Union (EU) emission reduction commitments, an overview of projected further evolution assuming no change to already adopted PaMs, possible policy options considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments for 2020, and 2030, intermediate emission levels for 2025, the policies selected for adoption by sector, including a timetable for their adoption, implementation and review and the competent authorities responsible, projected combined impacts of PaMs on emission reductions, air quality and the environment and the associated uncertainties, and financial resources and timeframe necessary for the implementation of PaMs.
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Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 3. THE NATIONAL AIR QUALITY AND POLLUTION POLLICY FRAMEWORK
3.1. A BRIEF OVERVIEW ON THE SITUATION IN RELATION TO THE VALID PROGRAMME
The Government of the Republic of Croatia, in accordance with Article 5, paragraph 2 of the Regulation on emission ceilings for certain air pollutants in the Republic of Croatia (Official Gazette, No. 141/08), adopted in 2009 a Programme for gradual reduction of emissions for certain pollutants in the Republic of Croatia for the period until the end of 2010 with emission projections for the period from 2010 to 2020 (Official Gazette, No. 152/09) (hereinafter: Programme 2010-2020). The mentioned Programme 2010-2020 was adopted on the basis of the Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone under the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (Official Gazette - International Agreements, No. 4/08), the Protocol on Heavy Metals under the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (Official Gazette - International Agreements, No. 5/07) and the Regulation on Emission Ceilings for Certain Air Pollutants in the Republic of Croatia which prescribe certain air pollutants that cause adverse effects of acidification, eutrophication and photochemical pollution, their emission ceiling for a given period in the Republic of Croatia and the methodology for annual emissions calculations. Numerous improvements of EU legislation have been made since 2009, such as the revision of the Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone under the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution from May 2012. In 2013, the Republic of Croatia became a member of the EU, thus taking on new international commitments. Consequently, there was a need to upgrade the Programme 2010-2020, which has been done. In 2015, a Programme for gradual reduction of emissions for certain pollutants in the Republic of Croatia with emission projections to 2020, 2025 and 2030 with a view to 2050 (hereinafter the Programme 2010-2020 + 2050), legal basis for its preparation was Article 7 of the Regulation on emission ceilings for certain air pollutants in the Republic of Croatia. With the Programme 2010- 2020 + 2050, emission projections were prepared for SO2, NOx, NH3, NMVOC, PM10, PM2,5 and CH4 for 2020, 2025, 2030, with a view to 2050. The projections were prepared in accordance with the EMEP/EEA guidebook 2013. The levels of activity dana for 2012, derive from the official national data set for all sectors: The Republic of Croatia Informative Inventory Report 2015 (1990 - 2013) (IIR 2015). Sources of activity data, parameters and assumptions for the air pollutants emission projections are identical to those used for greenhouse gas emission projections. Projections were prepared for the with measure (WM) and with additional measure (WAM) scenario according to which, two scenarios were considered, namely the gradual transition to the low-carbon economy (NU1) and a strong transition to the low-carbon economy (NU2) scenario.
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3.2. POLICY PRIORITIES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO PRIORITIES SET IN OTHER RELEVANT POLICY AREAS
This chapter corresponds to chapter 2.3. „The national air quality and pollution policy framework“, of the Formate. The national emission reduction commitments and air pollutants emission ceilings are set by the NEC Regulation. The NEC Regulation stipulates the national emission reduction commitments for a given period in the Republic of Croatia and the methodology for emission calculation for certain air pollutants that cause the adverse effects of acidification, eutrophication and photochemical pollution, their emission ceilings respectively, the main goal of the NEC Regulation is to limit the anthropogenic emissions of certain air pollutants, in order to make progress in achieving air quality levels that do not lead to significant adverse effects and risks to human health and the environment. The NEC Regulation also contributes to: – air quality objectives established by a positive national regulation which regulates air pollutant levels and progress towards the long-term EU goal of achieving air quality in accordance with air quality guidelines published by the World Health Organization, – EU objectives in the area of biodiversity and ecosystems in accordance with the Seventh Environmental Action Program and ciljevima EU u području bioraznolikosti i ekosustava u skladu sa Sedmim programom djelovanja za okoliš i – strengthening synergies between EU policies related to air quality and other relevant EU policies, in particular climate and energy policies. The total national emission ceilings that are valid until 2020, as listed in Table 1-1 are:
– sulphur dioxide (SO2): 70 kt – nitrogen oxides (NOx): 87 kt – non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs): 90 kt – ammonia (NH3): 30 kt. The Republic of Croatia has also accepted this commitments as a party to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP Convention) (Official Gazette - International Agreements, No. 12/93) and the Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-Level Ozone (Official Gazette - International Treaties, No. 4/08). The Republic of Croatia and EU commitments to reduce emissions for certain air pollutants sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), ammonia (NH3) and fine particulate matter (PM2,5) from 2020 to 2029 and from 2030 onwards are given in Table 1-2 as well as the part of the following table which is a mandatory table of the Format 2.3.1. Policy priorities and their relationship to priorities set in other relevant policy areas (M). The base year for the review and control of the emission reduction commitment is 2005, and for road transport the emissions calculated on the basis of the fuel sold are applied. Table 2.3.1. which is part of the mandatory reporting format under the Implementation Decision NAPCP, provides a list of priority policies and their correlation with the priorities set in other relevant policy areas.
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2.3.1 Policy priorities and their relationship to priorities set in other relevant policy areas (M)
The national SO2 NOx NMVOC NH3 PM2,5 emission reduction commitments compared with 2005 base year (in %) (M) 2020-2029 (M): 55% 31% 34% 1% 18% From 2030 (M): 83% 57% 48% 25% 55%
The air quality The national air protection policy is defined by - the Plan for the protection of air, ozone priorities: layer and climate change mitigation in the Republic of Croatia for the 2013 – 2017 period national policy (Official Gazette 139/13). priorities related to EU or national Relevant national priority objectives related to air quality are: air quality C1. Prevention or gradual reduction of air pollution in order to protect human objectives (incl. health, quality of life and the environment as a whole. limit values and C2. Improvement of the complete air quality management system and air quality target values, and monitoring on the territory of the Republic of Croatia. exposure concentration For objectives C1 and C2, a number of measures for monitoring and assessing air quality in obligations) (M) the territory of the Republic of Croatia are linked that are are related to the requirements of the CAFE Directive (see section 3.2). The fulfillment of CAFE Directive obligations is described below: - the demarcation of the state on zones and agglomerations was established, - monitoring station locations and monitoring program in the state network for permanent air quality monitoring (in accordance with CAFE Directive standards) have been established, - in the annual air quality reports, the classification of zones and agglomerations according to levels of pollution with regard to the protection of human health and the classification according to levels of contamination with regard to the protection of vegetation is published.
Air quality monitoring in the Republic of Croatia is carried out in accordance with the articles Articles 27, 31, 32 and 33 of the Low on Air Protection (Official Gazette 130/11, 47/14, 61/17, 118/18) (hereinafter: ZOZZ) through the state network for monitoring air quality and the local cities, counties and polluters networks.
With the Plan for the protection of air, ozone layer and climate change mitigation in the Republic of Croatia for the 2013 – 2017 period (Official Gazette 139/13) following measures are proposed to achieve compliance with EU legislation in terms of air quality monitoring and conformity assessment with air quality objectives: MPR-2 Adoption of a new regulation on zoning and agglomeration by air pollution levels. MPR-3 Adoption of a new regulation on the establishment the locations of measurement stations in the state network for permanent air quality monitoring and a list of pollutant concentration monitoring stations for mutual exchange of information and reporting on the assessment and management of air quality. MPR-4 Adoption of a new pollution monitoring program at state network stations for permanent air quality monitoring. MPR-5 Improvement of the air quality monitoring system at the national network stations and assurance of measurement and data quality. MOZ-1 Create a pollutant emission register required for air quality models in the assessment of pollution with ground-level ozone from which follows MPR-11 Creation of pollution emission register for small and diffuse sources with spatial distribution in EMEO high resolution network.
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Zones and aglomerations for air quality monitoring
With the Regulation on the determination of zones and agglomerations by levels of air pollution on the territory of the Republic of Croatia (Official Gazets, No. 1/14) 6 , the coverage of 5 zones and 4 agglomerations was established as shown in the following picture and the tables with indication of mark, name and coverage of zones and agglomerations:
On the base of the Assessment of ambient air quality at the territory of the Republic of Croatia for the period 2006-2010 according to EU Directive 2008/50/EC, with the Regulation on the determination of zones and agglomerations by levels of air pollution on the territory of the Republic of Croatia (Official Gazets, No. 1/14), Croatia was divided into 5 zones and 4 agglomerations.
In November 2017, the the Assessment of ambient air quality at the territory of the Republic of Croatia for the period 2011-2015 was made (available at http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/datoteka?id=74786) according to which there was no proposed change in the spatial coverage of zones and agglomerations.
6 Mentioned Regulation repeal the Regulation on the determination of areas and populated areas by air quality categories (OG, No. 68/2008) by which the territory of the Republic of Croatia was divided into 7 zones and 6 agglomerations (Zagreb, Rijeka, Split, Osijek, Sisak and Kutina).
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By confirming the existing division of territories into zones and agglomerations it is considered that MPR-2 Adoption of a new regulation on zoning and agglomeration by air pollution levels, has been realized.
List of zones in the Republic of Croatia
ZONE NAME COVERAGE Osječko-baranjska county (without aglomeration HR OS) Požeško-slavonska county Virovitičko-podravska county Vukovarsko-srijemska county Continental Bjelovarsko-bilogorska county HR 1 Croatia Koprivničko-križevačka county Krapinsko-zagorska county Međimurska county Varaždinska county Zagrebačka county (without aglomeration HR ZG) Brodsko-posavska county HR 2 Industrial zone Sisačko-moslavačka county Ličko-senjska county Lika, Gorski Karlovačka county HR 3 kotar and Primorsko-goranska county (without Primorje aglomeration HR RI) HR 4 Istria Istarska county Zadarska county Šibensko-kninska county HR 5 Dalmatia Splitsko-dalmatinska county (without aglomeration HR ST), Dubrovačko-neretvanska county
List of aglomerations in the Republic of Croatia
AGLOMERATION NAME COVERAGE City of Zagreb, City of Dugo Selo, City of HR ZG Zagreb Samobor, City of Sveta Nedjelja, City of Velika Gorica, City of Zaprešić
HR OS Osijek City of Osijek
City of Rijeka, City of Bakar, City of Kastav, City of Kraljevica, City of Opatija, Municipality Viškovo, Municipality Čavle, Municipality HR RI Rijeka Jelenje, Municipality Kostrena, Municipality Klana, Municipality Matulji, Municipality Lovran, Municipality Omišalj
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City of Split, City of Kaštela, City of Solin, City of Trogir, Municipality HR ST Split Klis, Municipality Podstrana, Municipality Seget
Classification of zones and agglomeration by levels of pollution On the base of the Assessment of ambient air quality at the territory of the Republic of Croatia for the period 2011-2015, the Assesment of ambient air quality for period 2006 - 2010 (DHMZ, 2012), the Regulation on the determination of zones and agglomerations according to the levels of air pollution in the territory of the Republic of Croatia with the classification of zones and agglomerations according to the levels of pollution for each pollutant in relation to the upper and lower estimate / long term goal with respect to the protection of human health and with regard to the protection of vegetation was adopted. Classification of zones and agglomeration according to levels of pollution with regard to the protection of human health The level of air pollution by pollutants with regard to the protection of human health Zones and Benzen, aglomerations Pb,As, SO2 NO2 PM10 benzo CO O3 Hg Cd,Ni (a)piren < HR ZG < DPP > GPP > GPP < GPP < DPP < DPP > DC GV < HR OS < DPP < GPP > GPP < GPP < DPP < DPP > DC GV < HR RI > GPP < GPP > GPP < DPP < DPP < DPP > DC GV < HR ST > GPP > GPP < GPP < DPP < DPP < DPP > DC GV < HR 1 < GPP < DPP < GPP < DPP < DPP < DPP > DC GV < HR 2 < GPP < DPP < GPP < GPP < DPP < DPP > DC GV < HR 3 < DPP < GPP < GPP < DPP < DPP < DPP > DC GV < HR 4 < DPP < DPP < GPP < DPP < DPP < DPP > DC GV < HR 5 < DPP < DPP < GPP < DPP < DPP < DPP > DC GV Classification of zones and agglomeration according to levels of air pollution with regard to vegetation protection Level of air pollution with regard to vegetation Zone protection SO2 NOx AOT40 parametar HR 1 < DPP < GPP > DC HR 2 < GPP < GPP > DC HR 3 < DPP < GPP > DC HR 4 < DPP < GPP > DC HR 5 < DPP < GPP > DC The meaning of the abbreviations used in the tables is as follows: DPP – the lower assessment threshold, GPP – upper assessment threshold, DC – long-term goal for ground-level ozone, GV – limit value.
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For the pollution assessment in areas where levels of pollution are greater than the upper assessment threshold (> GPP), it is mandatory to carry out the measurements. In areas where levels of pollution are between the upper and lower assessment thresholds ( Ambient air quality assessment on the territory of the Republic of Croatia 2011-2015 In 2017 a new ambient air quality assessment was proposed, proposing a higher number of measurement points and extension of the national network measurement program for permanent air quality monitoring. Below are the conclusions from the Ambient air quality assessment on the territory of Croatia 2011-2015, DHMZ, November 2017: SO2 - The quality criteria for the protection of human health and vegetation protection are met in all zones and agglomerations. - Upper assesment threshold for human health protection exceeded in zone HR02. - Upper assesment threshold for vegetation protection exceeded in all zones. NO2 - The limit value of the mean annual concentration has been exceeded at the Zagreb- 1 station and it is necessary to continue on that station with the measurement of nitrogen dioxide. - All zones are below the upper estimate threshold for vegetation protection. - Upper assesment threshold given the concentration values exceeded in the agglomeration Zagreb (Zagreb-1) and lower assesment threshold in the agglomeration Osijek (Osijek-1). - Upper assesment threshold given the mean annual values of concentrations exceeded in agglomeration Zagreb (Zagreb-1). PM10 - The average annual limit value was exceeded in agglomerations Zagreb and Osijek and in zone HR 02 (Sisak-1, Kutina-1, Slavonski Brod-2). - The number of days due to the average daily value was exceeded in the agglomerations Zagreb and Osijek and in zone HR 02 (Sisak-1, Kutina-1, Slavonski Brod-2) and in 2011 in zone HR 01 (Zoljan). - Lower and upper assesment thresholds were exceeded in zones HR 01 (Kopacki rit) and HR 02 (Kutina, Sisak) and in agglomerations Zagreb, Osijek and Rijeka and lower assesment threshold in zone HR 04. - Average annual limit value was exceeded in agglomerations Zagreb and Osijek and in zone HR 02 (Sisak-1, Kutina-1, Slavonski Brod-2) . 7 Previous regulation were: Regulation on the establishment of the list of measurement points for monitoring over the concentration of certain pollutants in the air and location of monitoring stations in the national network for permanent air quality monitoring (OG 22/14) and the Regulation on the program of measuring the level of air pollution in the national network for permanent air quality monitoring (OG 103/14, cor. 117/14). 14 Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE - The number of days due to the average daily value was exceeded in the agglomerations Zagreb and Osijek, in zone HR 02 (Sisak-1, Kutina-1, Slavonski Brod-2) and in 2011 in zone HR 01 (Zoljan). - Lower and upper assesment thresholds were exceeded in zones HR 01 (Kopački rit) and HR 02 (Kutina, Sisak) and in the agglomerations of Zagreb, Osijek and Rijeka and the lower assesment threshold in zone HR 04. PM2,5 - Limit values and tolerant values were exceeded in Slavonski Brod-1 station. - Upper assesment threshold was exceeded at the Slavonski Brod-1 station, and the lower assesment threshold in Kopački rit. O3 - The target value of ground-level ozone (120 μgm-3) was exceeded in zones HR 01, HR 03, HR 04 and HR 05 and agglomerations Zagreb and Rijeka - Parameter AOT40 was exceeded in zones HR 01, HR 03, HR 04 and HR 05 and agglomerations Zagreb and Rijeka. C6H6 - The limit value of the mean annual concentration was exceeded at the Sisak-1 station. - Lower assesment threshold of mean annual concentration was exceeded in zone HR02. H2S - Permit number of exceedances for hourly limit value was exceeded in Sisak and Slavonski Brod and on the local station Zagreb-Jakuševac (the quality of life conditions are impaired). - Permit daily excedence of daily limit values was exceeded in Slavonski Brod and on the local station Zagreb-Jakuševac (quality of life conditions jeopardized). NH3 - Permit number of exceedances for daily limit value was exceeded in Kutina (conditions of quality of life are impaired). B(a)P - Mean annual concentration values were exceeded at stations Zagreb-1, Zagreb-3, Slavonski Brod-1 and Sisak-1. - The upper estimate threshold was exceeded at Zagreb-1 and Sisak-1 stations. AEI – Average Exposure Indicator for PM2,5 concentrations The Average Exposure Indicator expressed in μg m-3 is based upon measurements in urban background locations in zones and agglomerations throughout the territory of a state and is used to check if national exposure reduction target is met. It should be assessed as a three- calendar year running annual mean concentration averaged over all measurement points established pursuant to special regulation. AEI for the reference year 2015 is the mean concentration of years 2013, 2014 and 2015 is 20.6 μg m-3 and is higher than the required exposure level for 2015, which is 20 μg m-3. Zones and aglomerations In the Ambient air quality assessment 2011-2015 was proposed to maintain the spatial distribution of zones and agglomerations in accordance with the Regulation determining the zones and agglomerations according to levels of air pollution on Croatian territory, because the conditions for delimitation with regard to air quality have not changed. Minimum number of measuring stations for permanent air quality monitoring One of the criteria for deciding on the need to extend the measurement network is the pollution level analysis in relation to the estimation thresholds. Summary of the analysis of the level of pollution compared to the estimation thresholds for the period 2011-2015 is shown by the pollutants in the tables below. 15 Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Assessment of pollution level in relation to assessment thresholds for human health for the period 2011-2015 by measurement points of the state network for the continuous monitoring of air quality according to zones and agglomerations (in the zones with no measurement, the model results were applied). Assessment of pollution level in relation to assessment thresholds for human health in the period 2011-2015 by the measurement points of the state network for the continuous monitoring of air quality according to zones and agglomerations relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic hydrocarbons in ambient air. Assessment of contamination levels by critical vegetation levels in the period 2011-2015 by measurement sites of the state network for permanent air quality monitoring according to zones. Critical vegetation levels do not apply to agglomeration areas (in the zones without measurement the model results are applied). 16 Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE The Assessment identified the need to increase the scope of measurement in the national grid for permanent air quality monitoring. In zone HR 01 there is one measurement point for PM2.5 and one for PM10 since the upper assessment threshold (GGP) has been exceeded in Kopački rit. Although this non-compliant only appeared in 2015, the number of measurement points should be increased in order to meet the criteria of Annex V to Directive 2008/50/EC. It should be noted here that there was no GGP excedance in this zone between 2006 and 2010 and appears as a new commitment for the period 2016 - 2020. In agglomeration HR OS, there is also a lack of measurement point (urban background location) to be established in the period 2018-2021, through the project of modernizing the state network. In agglomeration HR ZG GGP for benzene is exceeded, followed by the need to establish two additional benzene measurement points in the upcoming period from 2016 to 2020, which will be ensured through the modernization of the state network. According to the results of ground-level ozone measurement, the criterion of number of measurement point was not met. Although there are measurements at urban background location in Velika Gorica and at urban background location Zagreb-03, measurement data do not have a satisfactory coverage, so this problem needs to be resolved to avoid non-compliant. According to the Regulation on number of measurement points, the formal criterion was met (2 measurement points) but given the criterion of data coverage, only one measurement point meets this criterion. In addition, in zone HR ZG the establishment of another urban background location is planned in the period 2018 - 2020, so it is expected that this zone will not be non-compliant in the future with respect to ground-level ozone. Furthermore, in HR ZG is non-compliant with respect to benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). Values exceed GGP, so that in the period from 2018 to 2020, concentrations of floating particlate matter should be analyzed at another measurement point. The following table shows the minimum number of measurement points for monitoring of certain air pollutants that need to be established in accordance with the new Ambient air quality assessment 17 Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE The measurement site for the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOC) on the territory of the Republic of Croatia has, so far, not been established yet, but is planned for modernization of the state network (2018-2021). Concerning the implementation of measures: MPR-3 Adoption of a new regulation on the establishment the locations of measurement stations in the state network for permanent air quality monitoring and a list of pollutant concentration monitoring stations for mutual exchange of information and reporting on the assessment and management of air quality, MPR-4 Adoption of a new pollution monitoring program at state network stations for permanent air quality monitoring, and MPR-5 Improvement of the air quality monitoring system at the national network stations and assurance of measurement and data quality in 2017, a new Regulation and Program were adopted as precondition for the granting of grants from structural funds for the realization of the project "Improvement and Modernization of state network for air quality monitoring – AIRQ". Concerning the realisation of measure MOZ-1 Create a pollutant emission register required for air quality models in the assessment of pollution with ground-level ozone from which follows MPR-11 Creation of pollution emission register for small and diffuse sources with spatial distribution in EMEO high resolution network, a complete register of air pollutant emissions for small and diffuse sources with spatial distribution in the EMEP high resolution grid (Chapter 6 of the Plan, preventive measure - MPR-11) was developed. The results of the measure implementation are available at: https://emep.haop.hr/. The results give a spatially disaggregated pollutant emissions in the territory of the Republic of Croatia in the EMEP grid resolution of 0.1°x0.1° (long-lat) for state and zones and in resolution 500 m x 500 m (long-lat) for agglomerations. Realization of this measure provides detailed emission data for modeling air quality on a high resolution scale. Relevant climate In the first binding period of the Kyoto Protocol, the Republic of Croatia accepted the change and individual emission reduction commitment by 5% and fulfilled its obligation. In the second energy policy binding period, from 2013 to 2020, the Republic of Croatia has accepted the obligation to priorities (M) reduce emissions by 20% compared to the 1990 level as EU joint commitment to reduce the EU by UNFCCC (Doha Amendment [1]). The Republic of Croatia, according to the allocation of emission reduction commitments within the EU, as set out in Decision 406/2009 / EC on the allocation of effort (hereinafter referred to as ESD), may increase emissions by 2020 by ESD sectors by 11% compared to 2005. The National Climate Change Policy is stipulated by the Law on Air Protection (Official Gazette No. 130/11, 47/14, 61/17, 118/18) in Chapter VIII. Monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions and measures to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Climate change mitigation is achieved through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions through the implementation of the Low Carbon Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia, planning documents, gradual limitation of emission allowances to tradable entities, 18 Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE measures in all sectors of emission sources, the use of flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol and other measures that contribute to mitigation climate change (Article 74 of the Air Protection Act). Adaptation to climate change is done by implementing adjustment measures in sectors that are exposed to climate change impacts. The objectives and priorities for the implementation of climate change adjustment measures have been proposed by the Draft Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change with the Action Plan. Within climate change policy, the following are made: - Draft of the Low Carbon Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia for the period up to 2030 with the view of 2050, White Book, May 2017 (MEE), - Draft of the Climate Change Adjustment Strategy in the Republic of Croatia for the period up to 2040 with a view to 2070, White Book, September 2017 (MEE). For these draft strategies, public consultations have been carried out including a strategic environmental and ecological impact assessment. The objectives set out in the Draft Low Educational Development Strategy are as follows: - achieving sustainable development based on knowledge and competitive economy with low carbon levels and efficient resource use. Increasing employment in the growing sectors of the economy and the 'green' economy, encouraging regional and rural development, fostering innovation and technological development, fostering education, lifelong learning and specialization for the low-carbon economy, contributing to social inclusion; - increasing security of energy supply, sustainability of energy supply, increased availability of energy and reducing energy dependence; - solidarity by fulfilling the Republic of Croatia's obligations under international agreements within the EU policy as part of our historical responsibility and contribution to global goals; - reducing air pollution and impact on health. The objectives set out in the Draft Climate Change Adaptation Strategy are as follows: - reducing the vulnerability of social and natural systems to the negative impacts of climate change, strengthening their resistance and the ability to recover from these impacts (long-term goal); - gathering all relevant institutional, political, economic and social stakeholders to create strong support for the implementation of joint actions on the implementation of adjustment measures; - Integration of the adjustment process, including the implementation of measures, existing and new policies, programs, plans and other activities implemented at all levels of governance; - raise awareness of the importance of climate change and the inability to initiate the adjustment process in all social segments, which are also the main beneficiaries of the positive effects of the climate change adaptation process. The Plan for the air protection, ozone layer and mitigation of climate change in the Republic of Croatia for the period from 2013 to 2017 defined the general objective of national policy related to climate change: C4. Reducing and limiting emissions of greenhouse gases and substances that damage the ozone layer and maintain the level of greenhouse gases. The Energy Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia (Official Gazette 130/09) sets targets for renewable energy sources and energy efficiency. Operational implementation of the targets is established through the action plans for the use of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency, which are reported to the European Commission. The indicative target for limiting total energy consumption in the Republic of Croatia by 2020 is 11.15 Mtoe, 7.0 Mtoe for final energy consumption. For the 2030, at EU level, the emission reduction is at least 40% lower compared to 1990. This will be done by reducing the emissions in ETS by 43% compared to 2005 and in the sectors outside the ETS by 30% compared to 2005. As a result, the Republic of Croatia has reduced emissions in ESD by 7% compared to 2005. Relevant policy Relevant policy goals in agriculture priorities in relevant policy 19 Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE areas, incl. The Rural Development Program of the Republic of Croatia for the period 2014-2020 is the agriculture, basic document for rural development policy implementation and includes all programs and industry and support measures for rural development and defines relevant policy goals in agriculture. transport (M) Another valid document that aligns national with EU goals is the National Action Plan of the Republic of Croatia for Sustainable Use of Pesticides 2013 - 2023. The Rural Development Program defines 18 measures aimed at increasing the competitiveness of Croatian agriculture and improving living and working conditions in rural areas. The measures are further subdivided into subchapters and subtracted to operations aimed at achieving precisely defined goals. The most important general objectives of operations from the Rural Development Program relevant to the issue of air pollution control or indirectly to reduce emissions of pollutants arising from agricultural practices can be summarized as follows: Counseling and Vocational Training for Multiple Compliance, a package of measures for agriculture, environment and climate change, ecological farming. Restructuring, modernization and increased competitiveness of agricultural holdings through battalion investments in ecological primary agriculture and processing of agricultural products (eg investment in buying new agricultural machinery and equipment and vehicles, animal facilities, enclosed / protected areas, facilities for annual and multi-annual crops, seeds and planting material, warehousing and packaging of products. Disposal, handling and use of manure fertilizer for the purpose of reducing environmental impacts (eg construction of manure and digestate storage facilities including manure and digestate handling and utilization equipment and investments in improving the efficiency of fertilizer use (loading machinery and equipment, transport and application of fertilizers). Use of renewable energy sources (investments in the construction and / or equipping of facilities for energy production, facilities for reception, processing and storage of raw materials for the processing, storage, transport and application of outbound substrates for organic fertilization. Non-productive investments related to environmental conservation (eg soil erosion control (investment in the construction of terraces, lifting of drywall and hedges), construction of new and renewal of existing cattle dwellings, investment in construction and / or equipping of new irrigation systems on the farm and improvement existing farming systems / irrigation equipment), as well as the payment of agricultural, environmental and climate change obligations (eg soil cultivation and sowing in the field with annual oriental crop rotation, rotation of crops, establishment of lane strips). Organic farming encouragement through payments to maintain practices and ecological farming methods. Support for pilot projects and for the development of new products, procedures, processes and technologies. The program includes activities that also apply to air emissions: Quality systems for agricultural products and food Investments in physical assets Restoration of agricultural production potential disturbed by elemental disasters and catastrophic events and the introduction of appropriate preventive activities Development of agricultural holdings and businesses Basic Services and Rural Reclamation in Rural Areas Investing in the development of forest areas and improving the sustainability of forests Establishment of producer groups and organizations Agriculture, environment and climate change Ecological breeding Payments to areas with natural limitations or other special restrictions Cooperation Risk management 20 Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Support for Local Development within the Leadership Initiative (clld - local community development) Relevant policy goals in industry Relevant industrial policy goals are integrated into the Industrial Strategy of the Republic of Croatia for the period 2014-2020. The industrial strategy represents any form of intervention or state policy aimed at improving the business environment, or changing the structure of economic activity according to the sectors, technologies or tasks expected of greater contribution to economic growth or social well-being than would be the case if the intervention did not exist. The strategy outlined general and other goals that would have an impact on air emissions with its application. General goals: Increase the share of highly educated workforce in the total number of employees in the industry in order to achieve higher productivity of the domestic industry Increasing investment in research and development which is generally accepted by contributing to innovation Increase investments in fixed capital that need to track new employment and increase capital adequacy and amortization of existing investments Other goals: Volume of industrial production increase at an average annual rate of 2.85% Growth of the number of new employees by 85,619 by the end of 2020, of which at least 30% of highly educated Workforce productivity growth by 68.9% in the period 2014-2020. Increase of exports by 30% in 2014-2020 and change of export structure in favor of exports of high value added products In the Industrial Strategy, in general and other objectives environmental goals have not been directly outlined. The reason for the lack of environmental targets is the unavailability of the Environmental Management Strategy, although it is considered to have an impact on the development of the industry. Indirectly it is stated that industrial policy is based on the importance of interactivity between the modern high technology industry and the growing service sector, industry and the environment. Legislation developed by Western industrial nations requires compliance with high standards of environmental protection and human health in production processes. Such legislation in developed countries imposed additional pressure on the profitability of the industry. Relevant traffic policy goals Relevant traffic policy objectives are presented in the Transport Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia (2017-2030). The development of transport infrastructure in the Republic of Croatia is considered to be extremely important for economic and social growth as well as for international connectivity. Transport infrastructure is an instrument of regional development that triggers the exchange of goods and better accessibility to all economic, health, tourist and other amenities. In developing general and specific objectives, the Strategy has taken into account the already published European strategy and the requirements related to environmental protection and climate protection. The general objectives which will directly and indirectly affect air emissions and air quality by their implementation are: Promote the distribution of passenger transport in support of public transport (PT) and forms of transport with zero emission of harmful gases Promote the distribution of freight traffic in favor of rail and maritime traffic and inland waterway transport Develop a traffic system (management, organization and development of infrastructure and maintenance) according to the principle of economic viability Reduce the impact of the transport system on climate change Reducing the impact of the transport system on the environment (environmental sustainability) Increase the security of the transport system 21 Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Increase the interoperability of the transport system (PT, rail, road, maritime and air traffic and inland waterway traffic) Improve the integration of transport modes in Croatia (management, ITS, VTMIS, P & R, etc.) Further develop the Croatian part of the TEN-T network (basic and comprehensive). In addition to the general objectives, specific objectives for specific transport sectors have been defined: Better match traffic management with neighboring countries (BiH - Port of Ploče, road and rail links from BiH, Slovenia, Serbia, Italy, Montenegro and Hungary) To complement, where applicable, the development of the tourism sector as the main economic factor in adequate traffic development in particular parts of Croatia, particularly in support of the PT and green mobility Improve access to remote parts of Croatia (eg islands, Southern Dalmatia ...) Develop the potential of major logistics centers (Luke Rijeka, Split ports, Ploče ports, Vukovar ports, Osijek port, Slavonski Brod port, Zagreb branch) Strengthen Croatia's position as a logistics hub of the wider region, with a special emphasis on Zagreb Improve the integration of the transport sector into socio-economic trends in the region (concept of functional regions, FR) Urban, suburban and regional traffic Develop the potential of public road transport (regional and state) where other forms of public transport are not profitable Increase the competitiveness of the tram system in Zagreb and Osijek Better integrate the international / national transport system into local and regional transport systems (passenger hubs, integrated billing system, etc.) Increase efficiency and reduce the economic impact of public transport management and organization Increasing the attractiveness of public transport through the improvement of fleet management and modernization concepts Traffic and Logistics Management and Information Overview / Update of Local / Regional Major Plans (Master Plans)) Railway traffic Enhance the railway freight corridor from Rijeka to markets with the greatest potential for the port (Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovakia, Italy, South Poland and Serbia) Better use of the Croatian railway system in larger Croatian agglomerations (Zagreb, Rijeka, Split, Varaždin, Osijek) and within and between functional regions (subregions) Improve the level of service of the railway fleet and its impact on the environment Better integrate the rail system into local traffic systems (station security and protection, links to other modes of transport, etc.) Increasing safety on rail-road crossings Increase the efficiency of the Croatian railway system (traffic management, business operations, etc.) Ensure the maintenance of infrastructure, taking into account aspects of economy. Road traffic Improve the safety of the road transport system Better use of the Croatian road system in the context of public transport (buses in the local, regional and state system) Reduce the impact of the oldest shares of the Croatian motorway network on the environment Optimize and match different toll collection systems in Croatia Improve technical requirements in road design with emphasis on more economical technical solutions, safety standards, green mobility and integration of transport modes with zero emission of harmful gases 22 Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Increasing the road accessibility of areas where existing infrastructure has reached the upper limit of permeable power, and alternative modes of transport (public rail and coastal line) are not economically justified (tourist centers in Adriatic Croatia), including the introduction of a sustainable transport concept in favor of public transport and forms transport with zero emission of harmful gases Increase connectivity with neighboring countries in order to increase cooperation and territorial integration to a higher level Increase the availability of areas in Croatia where the upper limit of permeable power has been reached and where there is no alternative road infrastructure (parallel highways, etc.) - from Zagreb to Bjelovar and Varaždin in the direction of Koprivnica and Krapina. Reduce traffic congestion in heavily loaded agglomerations, taking into account the special rules that apply to the protection of national heritage. Air traffic Support the development of the "Franjo Tuđman" Airport with the aim of preserving the accessibility of the Croatian capital from abroad Improve the operation and reliability of the Dubrovnik Airport to preserve accessibility to Southern Dalmatia Improve the availability of airports, particularly by public transport Improve the safety standard in airports and air traffic Match the requirements for entry into the Schengen area (where applicable) Sea traffic Encourage development and raise the competitiveness of the port of Rijeka as the main Croatian seaport Reduce the impact of maritime transport on the environment (fleet development, environmental protection and measures to prevent and combat pollution from marine facilities) Increase the distribution of freight transport on over-coastal Adriatic and coastal routes in favor of maritime transport Increase the reliability of maritime traffic (public transport and supply chains) in demanding weather conditions Improve the efficiency and economy of the maritime transport system Improve maritime transport security Improve the integration of ports into the local transport system (passenger and cargo) The Strategy prescribes that all infrastructure projects that derive from the measures should be planned taking into account the potential climatic phenomena in the area of implementation of the measure. Relevant policy objectives in waste sector The main objectives of waste management in Croatia derive from the assessment of the state of waste management and the obligations deriving from EU legislation and regulations transposed into national legislation. The implementation and establishment of a complete waste management system in Croatia is enabled by the application and fulfillment of the objectives defined by the Waste Management Act (Official Gazette 94/13 and 73/17) and the Waste Management Plan of the Republic of Croatia for the period 2017-2022 (National newspapers, issue 3/17). The Law on Sustainable Waste Management is the main law regulating waste management issues in the Republic of Croatia. There are a number of regulations adopted in accordance with the Law, some of them regulating certain waste management activities, and some regulate the management of special waste categories. Temeljem ocjene postojećeg stanja u gospodarenju otpadom i obveza koje RH mora postići sukladno EU i nacionalnom zakonodavstvu, Planom gospodarenja otpadom definirani su ciljevi koje je potrebno postići do 2022. godine, u odnosu na 2015. godinu: Based on the assessment of the existing state of the waste management and the obligations that the Republic of Croatia must achieve in accordance with EU and national legislation, 23 Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE the Waste Management Plan has defined the goals to be achieved by 2022, compared to 2015: 1. Improve the municipal waste management system - Reduce the total amount of municipal waste produced by 5% - Separately collect 60% of the mass of municipal waste produced (primarily paper, glass, plastic, metal, biotope etc.) - Separate to collect 40% of the mass produced bio-waste, which is an integral part of municipal waste - Put landfills less than 25% of the mass of municipal waste produced 2. Improve the management system of special categories of waste - Separate collect 75% of the mass of construction waste produced - Establish wastewater treatment system from sewage treatment plants - Improve the packaging waste management system - Establish a Marine Waste Management System - Establish a Waste Management System for Waste Ships, Wrecks and Sunken Sea Seas - Improve the management system of other special categories of waste 3. Improve the hazardous waste management system 4. Remediate waste-contaminated sites 5. Continually carry out educational and informative activities 6. Enhance the information system of waste management 7. Enhance the management of waste management 8. Improve management practices in waste management The 2018 Waste Package introduces changes to EU waste management regulations by introducing more ambitious targets for member states in order to promote the transition to a circular economy. The aim of the changes to the Directives included in the Waste Package is gradually to equalize the best practices in all Member States and to stimulate the necessary investment in waste management and to enable the rotating economy from production to consumption, repair and reprocessing, waste management and returning useful raw materials to the economy. Since the circular economy encourages the use of production processes that consume less material and energy resources, uses waste-free resources and includes full recycling at the end of life-cycle of products, it indirectly affects emissions and air quality - develops a sustainable and competitive economy with low greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants, contributes to reducing environmental degradation and resource consumption as well as destruction of biodiversity. On July 4, 2018, new EU rules entered into force with legally binding targets for waste recycling and reduction of waste disposal with fixed deadlines for Member States that have to adjust the national legislation for moving to a circular economy in the next two years. Croatia is obliged to transpose the Waste Directive into its legislation by 5 July 2020. Any other relevant national Government Programme of the Republic of Croatia by 2020 policy objectives As an important valid document defining development policy by 2020, the Government and priorities for Programme of the Republic of Croatia for the 2016-2020 mandate is outlined. the NAPCP: Underlying objectives are: o Achieving a stable and permanent economic growth; o creating new and quality jobs; o stopping emigration and demographic renewal; o social justice and solidarity. In the field of ecology, sustainable development and environmental protection, the following specific objectives are outlined: o protection of Croatian natural resources; o integrated water management and protection of national water resources; o adaptation to climate condititions; o efficient waste management. 24 Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE In the field of energy, the Energy Development Strategy is in the process of development, and the prominent, specific objectives are: o improving the security of oil supply in Croatia and the EU; o improving the security of gas supply in Croatia and the EU. In the field of demographic development, population policy and revitalization, specific objectives are: o Encouraging an increase in birth rates by securing minimal and raising existing living standards; o Housing care for families on favorable terms. National Development Strategy In 2017, the Law on the system of strategic planning and managing the development of the Republic of Croatia was adopted (Official Gazette, No. 123/17). This Law regulates the system of strategic planning of the Republic of Croatia and the management of public policies, namely the preparation, composition, implementation, reporting, monitoring of implementation and impacts and the evaluation of strategic planning documents for the design and implementation of public policies which, in accordance with their competencies, are drafted, adopted and implemented by public authorities. The National Development Strategy is the highest hierarchical document. It si followed by multi-sectoral and sectoral strategies, and by plans and programs. Currently, the strategic development of the Republic of Croatia is based on a series of multi-sectoral and sectoral strategies and plans and programs, while the first National Development Strategy by 2030 is in preparation. It should be adopted by 2020. Energy strategy The current Energy Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia has set three underlying energy objectives: o Security of energy supply; o Competitiveness of the energy system; o Sustainability of energy development. Considering the changes in a number of internal and external factors since the adoption of the Strategy in 2009, the need for developing a new Strategy has been recognized. The new Strategy is in preparation and its adoption is expected in 2020. Environmental protection plan The Environmental Protection Plan of the Republic of Croatia for the period 2016- 2023 is being drafted. The plan has not yet been adopted, while the following priorities have been identified in a draft of the plan (Ministry of Environment and Energy (MEE), 2016): I. Protection, preservation and improvement of values of natural goods and the environment; II. Encouraging sustainable production and consumption; III. Protecting the citizens from pressures and dangers to their health and weel- being associated with the environment; IV. Strengthening the institutional and legislative framework; V. Better connection of knowledge, information management system and environmental policy; VI. Development of economic instruments and financing; VII. Improving sustainability of cities; VIII. Promoting sustainable development at the European and international level according to the Strategy for Sustainable Development of the Republic of Croatia (Official gazette, No. 30/09). 25 Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 3.2.1. KOHERENCE OF INVENTORIES AND PROJECTIONS The National Air Pollution Control Programme pursuant to Article 19 (2) of the NEC Regulation should be coherent with related plans and programmes established on the basis of the requirements laid down in the legislation of the Republic of Croatia or EU legislation. Since the national emission inventories and emission projections are also the dana basis on which plans and programmes are developed, it is necessary for them to be coherent with each other, ie. that the air pollutant inventory and greenhouse gas inventory be coherent and that they be coherent with projections, as well as that pollutant emission projections be coherent with greenhouse gas emission projections. The coherence of this type is ensured through the following: the data sources and underlying activity data are consistent with those developed in related policy areas (e.g. use of the same energy models, data on agricultural productivity, population growth, GDP, number of households, etc.) and the assumptions made on the already adopted PaMs are consistent across policy areas. In addition to this, coherence is ensured through the reporting of inventories, projections and impacts on air quality must be undertaken according to the established templates and guidelines to achieve maximum consistency in reporting between Member States. The National Air Pollution Control Programme should be consistent with Member State reporting under other obligations including in particular: national emission inventory and projections reported by Member States annually/every 4 years to the UNECE under CLRTAP, national pollutants register reported annually to the Commission under the E-PRTR, national GHG emission inventory and projections reported (bi)annually to the Commission and to UNFCCC under the Kyoto Protocol and MRR. information reported annually to the Commission on ambient air quality in accordance with Annex XVI of the AAQD. Coherence of data sources and activity data in inventories and projections Activity data needed for the pollutant emission calculation emissions are collected from the Croatian Environmental Information System, official annual publications and databases of the Central Bureau of Statistics and relevant ministries and institutions. For some sub-sectors and categories of emission sources, more detailed activity data is needed that are available from in official publications (eg energy balance, distribution of road vehicles by category, etc.). Mostly the same sets of data are used for the air pollutant inventories preparation and greenhouse gas inventories preparation. This is checked during the annual detailed inventory review in accordance with the NEC Directives and, in a case of discrepancies, for the next annual submission, harmonization is being carried out. The first such detailed technical review in accordance with the NEC Directive was carried out in 2017 for emission inventory with 2015 as the last historic year. Earlier harmonizations were carried out according to the report for the Stage 3 in-depht centralized review coordinated by EMEP Center on Emission Inventories and Projections (CEIP) that is acting as review secretariati n accordance with the UNECE LRTAP Convention and EU NEC Directives. The Republic of Croatia was reviewd in two such centralized reviews in 2011 and 2014. The projections that form an integral part of this Programme are made on the basis of the EMEP/EEA guidelines under the LRTAP Convention and in accordance with the latest available yearly inventory for 2016. Emission data and activity data are taken from the last submitted inventory to the European Commission and the Secretariat of the LRTAP 26 Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Convention in February 2018. Thereby, a requirement that the calculated projections should be consistent with the last reported inventory is fulfilled. The preparation of projections covered three basic steps: The first step: Determining the key emission sources for each pollutant and its share in the total emission, The second step: Inclusion of activity data from available development plans, The third step: where development plans were not available, the future activity data were assumed. This is elaborated for observed pollutants and key sectors. The methodology used for emission projections is identical to the emission calculation methodology. The emissions are the result of the multiplication of activity data (eg fuel consumption, production statistics, animal numbers, processed waste, etc.) and the associated emission factor. In order to enable integrated modeling, which includes the possibility of simultaneous estimation of important impacts of the low carbon development scenarios of the Republic of Croatia and the measures to reduce pollutants emissions, numerous models for simulation and optimization were applied, and an integral model called NUSPCRO (Low Strategic Planning of Croatia) was developed. As a basis for the integrated NUSPCRO modeling, the LEAP (Long Range Energy Alternatives Planning system) software was used, an integrated modeling tool that was used for energy policy analysis and climate change mitigation and modeling energy consumption, energy transformation and extraction of row materials. It was also used to calculate energy and non-energy emissions in all sectors of the economy. Scenarios are made on the base of a large number of input data and methodology for impact calculation. Thereat, the influences of the economy, PaMs and technologies and changes in the behavior of the inhabitants are modeled. Depending on the goals that are to be analyzed, results in specific scenarios may be indicator of the need for the simulation of additional measures in order to achieve the target emission reductions or to examine the optimal combination of emission reduction measures. Additional iterations examine the sensitivity on changes in parameters. As a result, greenhouse gas emissions projections, projections of pollutant emissions, costs, external costs and employment impact are generated, which can then be evaluated on a monetary basis to gain an integrated cost and benefit analysis. Consistent relationships and methodologies used allow a consistent comparability of scenarios to assess the boundary effects of individual PaMs. Besides for the preparation of projections for the Programme, NUSPCRO model was (or will be) used in preparation of following documents: - Report on the projections of greenhouse gas emissions Republic of Croatia, - Report on implementation of policies and measures that reduce greenhouse gas emissions by sources and enhance removals by sinks Republic of Croatia, - the Republic of Croatia draft Low-Carbon Development Strategy. Coherence of emission projections with other obligations The national inventory is prepare on an annual basis, while emissions projections, although are submitted yearly, are prepared every two years. For the preparation of projections, the data from the last available inventory, which is in this case the inventory for 2016, are taken and therefore the calculated projections are completely consistent with the emissions from the last reported inventory. The projections are made in accordance with the Greenhouse Gas Projections Report, which are being prepared in accordance with the Regulation on monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions, PaMs for their reduction in the Republic of Croatia. Activity data, assumptions and 27 Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE input parameters are fully consistent with the most recently submitted Report on projections of greenhouse gas emissions8. By comparing projections of pollutant emissions with greenhouse gas emission projections in the Republic of Croatia, it can be said that they are completely coherent. The Republic of Croatia reports emissions and projections of greenhouse gas emissions into the EU, the UNFCCC and projections of air pollutants emissions into the EU and the CLRTAP. The most recently published Report on greenhouse gas emission projections in the Republic of Croatia as well as the Report on implementation of PaMs was published in March 2017. These Reports were also used as a basis for the preparation of air pollutants emissions projections. Therefore, all the activity data needed to prepare air pollutants emissions projections are based on identical initial assumptions and parameters as well as for the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions. Within the document Tehnical basis for developing low-carbon development strategy of the Republic of Croatian for the period up to 2030 with the view to 2050 with the Action Plan, two scenarios for the projection of greenhouse gases have been defined, which were also used for the preparation of air pollutants emissions projections. It is important to note that preparation of the scenarios took into account the importance of technologies and measures for pollutant emission reduction. The scenario for achieving goals is described in detail in Chapter 4. Existing PaMs for reducing or limiting emissions are listed in Chapter 4 and Annex 1 of the Program. All the information in Chapters 4 and 5 is taken from the document Tehnical basis for developing low-carbon development strategy of the Republic of Croatian for the period up to 2030 with the view to 2050 with the Action Plan, the Green Book. Coherence with the annual application to the Commission under E-PRTR Regulation Regulation (EC) No. 166/2006 of the European Parliament and the Council on establishing European pollutant release and transfer register, amending the Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (hereinafter E-PRTR Regulation), entered into force on January 18, 2006, and has been implemented by the Ordinance on the environmental pollution register (OG, 87/15) (hereinafter the ROO Ordinance). According to Article 5 of the E-PRTR Regulation, operators of plants that are carrying out one or more activities at the location from Annex I of the E-PRTR Regulation, are obliged to submit informations on releases and transfer of pollutants into the air, soil and waste water, if the applicable capacity threshold(s) and the threshold(s) for releasing and/or transmitting pollutants of the table of Annex II of the mentioned Regulation, ie informations on the occurence of 2 tonnes of hazardous waste or 2,000 tonnes of non-hazardous waste on annual basis. The E-PRTR Regulation is the key instrument in meeting Aarhus9 Convention requirements, given the public ability to engage in further development of the register and in the preparation of amendments. The data carrier obligator into ROO, in accordance with the ROO Ordinance, is obliged to check whether he is also obliged to submit data according to the E-PRTR Regulation. Applicable capacity threshold(s) for the transfer of pollutants from the place of discharge to the waste waters, column 1b of the table from Annex II of the E-PRTR Regulation, ori n the case of waste. 8 CAEN, June 2017 9 Aarhus Convention – Convention on acces to information, public participation in decision-making and acces to justice in environmental matters, signatory by the Republic of Croatia in 1998 and ratification in December 2006. 28 Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE When drafting the Air pollutant report for large point sources, the emissions reported in ROO database are used, which ensures the coherence of emission data reported in the E-PRTR and in the inventory of pollutant emissions. Coherence with inventory of greenhouse gas emissions The Regulation on monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions, PaM for their reduction in the Republic of Croatia (Official Gazette No. 5/17) prescribes the obligation and emission monitoring procedures, which include assessment and reporting on all anthropogenic emissions and outflows. The monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions is regulated by Article 75 of the Air Protection Act. The NIR is prepared in accordance with the UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual Inventories as adopted by the COP by its Decision 24/CP.19. The methodologies used in the calculation of emissions are based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC Guidelines) and the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC Good Practice Guidance) prepared by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Institutional arrangement for inventory preparation in Croatia is regulated in Chapter II of the Regulation on the Monitoring of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Policies and Mitigation Measures in the Republic of Croatia (Official Gazette No. 5/17) entitled National system for the estimation and reporting of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks. Institutional arrangements for inventory management and preparation in Croatia could be characterized as decentralized and out-sourced with clear tasks breakdown between participating institutions including Ministry of Environment and Energy (MZOE), Croatian Agency for the Environment and Nature (HAOP) and competent governmental bodies responsible for providing of activity data. The preparation of inventory itself is entrusted to Authorised Institution, which is elected for three-year period by public tendering. Committee for inter-sectorial coordination for national system for monitoring of GHG emission (National System Committee) is included in the approval process; its members provide their opinion on certain parts of the Inventory within the frame of their speciality. Members of the National System Committee are nominated by the authorized Ministries upon the request of the MZOE. In addition to inventories, greenhouse gas emissions are reported by the Central Bureau of Statistics in the Statistical Yearbook publication and the European Commission as part of the emissions calculation. The reporting basis in all of the above publications is the Greenhouse Inventory and therefore the emissions in the publications are fully aligned with the Inventory. The European Technical Experts' Revision Team (TERT) carries out an annual review of national inventories of greenhouse gas emissions that are relevant for monitoring the reduction or limitation of greenhouse gas emissions in accordance with Articles 3 and 7 of the ESD. Furthermore, the State is required to provide a short estimate of whether the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds in stocks submitted by the Member State under Directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution in accordance with appropriate GHG emissions estimates under Regulation 525/2013. If there are certain non-conformities, the Technical Expert Audit Team may carry out audits of the data submitted pursuant to Article 7 of Regulation 525/2013. This ensures coherence with the inventory of greenhouse gas emissions. Coherence with greenhouse gas emission projections The Report on GHG emission projections is an integral part of the national monitoring system for the implementation of PaM to reduce GHG emissions and GHG emission projections in relation to the fulfilment of commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 29 Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE The Republic of Croatia is obliged to report to the European Commission on the monitoring of implementation of PaMs and emission projections, based on the regulations applicable to all Member States. Legal basis for drafting the report in national legislation is contained in Article 75 (paragraph 3) of the Law on Air Protection . Regulation 525/2013 and Implementing Regulation of the Commission no. 749/2014, are valid EU regulations that lay down the obligations and reporting methods of Member States. The content of the Report is prescribed in Article 14 of Commission's Implementing Regulation no. 749/2014. Reports and projections of GHG emisssion by sources and their removals by sinks for 2017 contains: projections in 'without measures', 'with existing measures' and 'with additional measures' scenarios, by greenhouse gases and sectors, emission projections of ETS and non-ETS sector, description of PaMs included in projections, description of methodology, models, assumptions and activity data for developing of projections, sensitivity analysis of projections depending on the activity data. The method and conditions for the implementation of ordinance that regulates monitoring of GHG emissions are prescribed by the Implementing Regulation which additionally define the scope of the Report in Article 23. Annex XII of the Implementing Regulation sets out parameters in projections that must be included in the report. Currently valid Projection Report was developed in 2017 and it includes projections of emissions by sources and their removal by sinks for 2015, 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2035. For the preparation of the Report on GHG emission projections for 2017, following data sources for the parameters were used: CRF SECTOR DATA TYPE DATA SOURCE General GDP – yearly growth rate European Commission recommendations parameters Population Coal price Crude oil price Natural gas price Energy Fuel consumption National Action Plan for Renewable Energy Electricity generation Sources Electricity imports Third National Energy Efficiency Action Plan Final energy demand for the Republic of Croatia for the 2014-2016 Transport Number of passenger kilometres Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia Cargo transport Energy demand in transport sector Industry Production index Sectorial studies (cement and nitric acid production) Use of solvents Inventory Report of air pollutants on the Croatian territory under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) Agriculture Number and type of livestock Expert judgement – Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb, and Ministry of Agriculture Plant production National Bureau of Statistics Statistical reports on plant production FAOSTAT database LULUCF Land area of each sub-category NIR 2014 30 Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE CRF SECTOR DATA TYPE DATA SOURCE The assumed emission factors by sinks CFR 2014 Waste The amount of produced municipal waste Sustainable Waste Management Act The amount of municipal waste disposed of Waste Management Plan of the Republic of at landfill Croatia The organic fraction of municipal solid waste Projections were developed according to the Report on GHG emission projections which is prepared under the Regulation on monitoring of the GHG emissions, and policies and measures for their mitigation in the Republic of Croatia. Activitiy data, assumptions and input parameters are completely consistent with the latest submitted Report on GHG emission projections10, thus ensuring the coherence with GHG emission projections. Coherence with air quality informations which are exchanged via e-reporting in accordance with the IPR Implementing Decision On 12 December 2011, the European Commission adopted the Implementing Decision 2011/850/EU laying down rules for the implementation of Directives 2004/107/EC and 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (hereinafter: the IPR Implementing Decision) on obligations of Member States on reporting about air quality assesment and management, mutual exchange of informations on networks and stations, and air quality measurements (entered into force on 1 January 2014). The Decision stipulates a new reporting mechanism (e-reporting), more accurate and more modern than the current reporting methods. All required informations have to be prepared and delivered in standardized machine-readable form (XML format) and coordinated with requirements of the Directive 2007/2/EC on the establishment of a spatial information infrastructure in the European Community (INSPIRE). Informations are delivered on EIONET Central Data Repository (CDR), which is accessible through the AQ Portal established by the EC and mantained and managed by the EEA. The protal contains all news, guidelines and instructions connected to e-reporting. Ordinance on mutual exchange of informations, reporting on air quality and the obligations for implementation of the Commission Decision (Official gazette, No. 3/16) stipulates the assignments of the Ministry and other bodies connected to the method, deadlines, content and the data format, as well as the method of collecting the data for mutual exchange of information and reporting on the assesment and management of air quality. To meet the targets for e-reporting, it is necessary to collect and to correctly sort all air quality data that are needed for the exchange. For this purpose, HAOP (Croatina agency for the environment and nature) developed and established the portal ''Air quality in the Republic of Croatia''. the portal can be accessed via following link: http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/index.html and it contains all data on concentrations of the pollutants in air, measured on the entire territory of the Republic of Croatia. The system enables the submission of air quality informations in a standardized data exchange format, in the data repository of the European Commission and the EEA, in accordance with the CAFE and INSPIRE Directive requirements, and for the first time in 2014, the air quality data (B – G) for the 2013 have been submitted to the data repository of the EC. The portal fully meets the given criteria and it enables complete submission of all air quality data to the EC. For the exchange of informations and for the reporting on the assessment and management of air quality, the data on concentration of pollutants are used that are obtained from the measurements at the measuring stations determined in Articles 4 to 6 of the Regulation on establishment of the list of 10 CAEN, June 2017 31 Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE measurement points for monitoring over the concentration of certain pollutants in the air and location of monitoring stations in the national network for permanent air quality monitoring (Official gazette, No. 65/16). Except for the concentrations of pollutants obtained at the constant measuring points, the data obtained by indicative measurements, modeling and by the objective evaluation techniques can also be used for reporting. The Member State is obliged to submit all required informations in the reporting year for the previous year. For all submitted oversteppings of the limit values GV (G data), informations on the Action plans for air quality improvements must also be submitted to the EC, while for the exceedance of target CV values only the measures are submitted. The Air pollution control programme took over the informations that are available at the Portal ''Air quality in the Republic of Croatia'' (http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/index.html) and it is, in this way, coherent with the informations that are annually reported to the Commission in accordance with the IPR Implementing Decision. 3.2.2. COHERENCE WITH PLANS AND PROGRAMMES Republic of Croatia through the Law on strategic planning system and management of devepolment of the Republic of Croatia (Official gazette, No. 123/17) stipulates the management of public policies, ie the preparation, development and the implementation of public policies that are developed, adopted and implemented in accordance with their competencies through public bodies. Mid-term acts of strategic planning are the National Development Strategy, multi-sectoral and sectoral strategies. Below are listed the general deadlines for adoption of some national acts that represent 'umbrella' acts for the strategic planning of state and are relevant for the adoption and implementation of this programme: - National Development Strategy (by the end of 2020) - Integrated Energy Climate Plan (by the end of 2019) - Low-Carbon Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia (by the 2020) - Energy Strategy of the Republic of Croatia (by the middle of 2019) - Environmental Protection Plan (2019) Local communities are responsible for enact programmes for environmental protection with the air protection programmes, which are their integral components. Local plans also integrate the issues of adaptation to climate changes. Each national plan and programme goes through the obligation of strategic environmental impact assessment and the impact assessment on the ecological network, and in these documents is also evaluated the compliance with the „umbrella“ and sectoral strategies. Coherence with action plans to improve air quality The provisions of Article 46, Paragraphs 1 and 2 of the Law on Air Protection (Official gazette, No. 130/11, 47/14, 61/17, 118/18) stipulate that if, in any specific zone or agglomeration, levels of pollutants in the air exceed any limit or target value, in each of these cases the representative body of local government unit (JLS), or city of Zagreb respectively, shall enact an action plan for improving of air quality for that specific zone or agglomeration in order to ensure the achievement of limit or target values as soon as possible. The representative body of local government unit, or city of Zagreb respectively, enacts Action plan for their administrative area. Action plan for the improvement of air quality may additionally include special measures aimed at protecting vulnerable groups of the population, including children. 32 Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE The obligation of the Republic of Croatia is to submit data on action plans for the improvement of air quality to European Environmental Agency / European Commission (EEA / EC) for the zones and agglomerations where limit and target values have been exceeded. This programme includes an analysis of action plans for improving the air quality that are submitted to the EEA/EC using informations on the implementation of action plans for improving the air quality available at the Portal ''Air quality in the Republic of Croatia'' (link: http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/). Additionally, for the need of the analysis, local communities were asked to review the status of the implementation of Action Plans, or the implemented measures respectively and (eventually planned) activities related to the implementation of measures from all action plans for improving of air quality registered in e-reporting. Overview of action plans according to reports in the e-reporting system (data set H) is given in the table 2-1, and an overview of the measures from action plans according to the reports in e-reporting system (data set K) in Table 2-2. In Table 2-2 an overview of the measures according to the reporting year is given, whereby the report for the calendar year YYYY refers to the implementation of measures in the year YYYY-2 (for example, in the reporting year 2015, the implementation of the measures in 2013 is described). Table 2-1: Overview of the action according to the e-reporting system (data set H) Measuring Pollutants Period covered City stations for Date of Action plan Zone covered by by plan (JLS) evaluation of adaption the plan compliance Action plan for improvement of air Slavons Slavonski HR 2 PM 04.07.2016 2016 - 2020 quality in the city of ki Brod 2.5 Brod-1 Slavonski Brod Action plan for mitigation of PM 10 HR 2 Kutina PM Kutina-1 17.12.2015 2015 - 2020. emissions in the city of 10 Kutina Action plan for mitigation of PM 10 HR OS Osijek PM Osijek-1 01.01.2014 2014 - 2020 particle pollution for the 10 city of Osijek PM I. phase: 2015 - Action plan for 10 BaP(PM ) 2017 improvement of air 10 Zagreb-1, HR ZG Zagreb NO , 27.03.2015 II.phase: 2018 – quality on the territory of 2 Zagreb-3 PM 2020, operative the city of Zagreb* 2.5 O3 until 2023 Action plan for the mitigating concentration HR 2 Sisak PM10 Sisak-1 01.01.2014 2014 - 2017 levels of PM10 particles in the city of Sisak Note: The action plan for the city of Zagreb is prepared on the basis of exceedance of the limit values on two stations of national network and six stations of the local network. 33 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Table 2-2: Overview of the measures from action plans according to reports in the e-reporting system (data set K) Agglome Pollu Reporting year Status of measure Efficiency of measure -ration -tant 2015 2016 2017 The measures are The effectiveness of a measure - Transport - Transport - Mitigation of particulate implemented in cannot be assessed without - Mitigation of particulate emissions from households - Mitigation of particulate accordance with the extensive research. emissions from households by by applying energy emissions from households timetable given in the The achievement of limit values for applying energy efficiency efficiency measures by applying energy action plan. particulates depends on the measures - Measures for mitigation of efficiency measures The City of Zagreb implementation of energy - Measures for mitigation of particulate emissions from produces annual efficiency measures aimed at the particulate emissions from households that are using - Measures for mitigation of reports containing a thermal protection of buildings and households that are using solid solid or liquid fuels by particulate emissions from description of the small homes. Since most of the or liquid fuels by switching to switching to natural gas or households that are using implementation of each measures relate to the household natural gas or central heating central heating system solid or liquid fuels by measure. sector, it is planned that they will system - Education of the population switching to natural gas or The implementation be implemented over a longer - Education of the population on on mitigation of particulate central heating system dynamics are period so that their efficiency can mitigation of particulate emissions and energy - Education of the population determined by the be assessed by improving air emissions and energy efficiency by proper use of on mitigation of particulate available financial quality (eg lower exceedances of efficiency by proper use of the the wood furnaces HR ZG, emissions and energy resources and the the daily concentrations of PM10 in PM10 wood furnaces - Measures related with the Zagreb efficiency by proper use of models for their use the heating season). - Measures directed to the air Action plan of energy the wood furnaces Educational measures as well as quality monitoring sustainable development of - Measures directed to the air measures that affect people's - Measures related with the the city of Zagreb (SEAP, quality monitoring lifestyles (eg cycling) should be Action plan of energy 2010) - Measures related with the continuously implemented for sustainable development of the Action plan of energy years to have an impact. city of Zagreb (SEAP, 2010) sustainable development of Interannual meteorological the city of Zagreb (SEAP, variability significantly affects the 2010) levels of both local and background concentrations both in terms of emissions (colder winter, higher emissions from heating) and pollution transport and local dispersion conditions (prolonged periods of stagnation lead to accumulation of local pollution). 34 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Agglome Pollu Reporting year Status of measure Efficiency of measure -ration -tant 2015 2016 2017 The measures are See comments for PM10 - Transport implemented in - Mitigation of particulate accordance with the emissions from households by timetable given in the applying energy efficiency Action Plan. measures The City of Zagreb - Measures for mitigation of produces annual particulate emissions from reports containing a households that are using solid description of the or liquid fuels by switching to implementation of each natural gas or central heating measure. HR ZG, system BaP Zagreb - Education of the population on mitigation of particulate emissions and energy efficiency by proper use of the wood furnaces - Measures directed to the air quality monitoring - Measures related with the Action plan of energy sustainable development of the city of Zagreb (SEAP, 2010) - - The measures are The effectiveness of a measure - Introduction of zones of the implemented in cannot be evaluated without low road traffic emissions accordance with the extensive research, which may (so called Eco-zones) and the timetable given in the include additional measurements extension of pedestrian zone Action Plan. and modeling. in the city center HR ZG, The City of Zagreb NO2 - Advancement of the road Zagreb produces annual traffic regulation in order to reports containing a relieve the quart Donji grad, description of the Trnje, Trešnjevka - north, implementation of each Novi Zagreb - west i Novi measure. Zagreb - east 35 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Agglome Pollu Reporting year Status of measure Efficiency of measure -ration -tant 2015 2016 2017 - Advancement of public transport with emphasis on strengthening the role of city railroad transport - Reducing emissions from public bus transport in more polluted areas of the city - Purchasing vehicles in public transport and in the ownership of city companies (ZET, Čistoća, Zagrebačke ceste) by applying the ''green procurement'' principle and improvements of the existing vehicles - Promotion of eco-driving - Expansion and improvement of cycling infrastructure - Educating the public on the impacts of road traffic on air quality and promoting transport models that are least harmful for the environment - Subsidizing public city transport in the city center - Establishing and promoting alternative forms of transport by vehicles with the so-called ''zero emission'' - Measures for reducing emissions of pollutants from transport from the Programme for protection and improvement of air 36 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Agglome Pollu Reporting year Status of measure Efficiency of measure -ration -tant 2015 2016 2017 quality in the city of Zagreb 2009-2012 (SGGZ 7/09) The measure for The Action Plan was adopted in - Measure for improving the - Measure for improving the air - No data available improving air quality 2016 and the measures were in the air quality monitoring quality monitoring monitoring in 2015 was planning phase that year. - Education of citizens and - Education of citizens and in the evaluation phase, promotion of the proper use promotion of the proper use of while the other two of furnaces, eco-driving, use furnaces, eco-driving, use and measures were under and improvement of the improvement of the public HR OS, implementation. PM public transport transport Osijek 10 In 2016, all measures - Technical and economic - Technical and economic were implemented. measures for reducing measures for reducing fugitive fugitive emissions and emissions and promoting the promoting the technologies technologies with low with low emission of emission of particles particles The Action Plan was No data. - Informing and education of the - No data available adopted in 2016 and public (City of Rijeka) the measures were in - Proposal of planned the planning phase that projections, studies and Grou year. researches (City of Rijeka) HR RI, nd- - Measures aimed at reducing Rijeka level the emissions from road ozone transport (City of Rijeka) - Measures aimed at reducing the emissions from sea transport (City of Rijeka) - - In 2017, all measures It is not possible to rate because the - Development of emission were in the planning measures were in the planning cadastre for the city of HR 2 stages. stages. Slavonski Brod Slavonski PM2.5 (see remark for PM10 in HR ZG) Brod - Encouraging the establishment of an air quality modeling system for 37 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Agglome Pollu Reporting year Status of measure Efficiency of measure -ration -tant 2015 2016 2017 the area of Slavonski Brod and Brod (BiH) - Application of the receptor model for evaluating the contribution o fair pollution sources in the area of Slavonski Brod - Expansion of the network of central heating system and gas network in the area of Slavonski Brod with subsidy for the household connection - Development of cycling infrastructure In 2015 and 2016, No data. - Inter-sectoral measures and - Inter-sectoral measures and - No data available Cross-Sectoral (see remark for PM10 in HR ZG) environmental protection environmental protection Measures and measures (City of Sisak) measures (City of Sisak) Environmental - Measures for reducing the - Measures for reducing the Instruments (City of PM particles in the industry PM particles in the industry 10 10 Sisak) was in the sector (City of Sisak) sector (City of Sisak) HR 2 implementation phase, PM - Measures for reducing - Measures for reducing Sisak 10 while for other emissions from households emissions from households measures there is no and small and medium sized and small and medium sized information on their furnaces (City of Sisak) furnaces (City of Sisak) implementation. - Measures for reducing - Measures for reducing emissions from transport emissions from transport (City (City of Sisak) of Sisak) In 2015, all measures No data. - Measures for emission - Measures for emission - No data available were in the planning (see remark for PM10 in HR ZG) mitigation from households mitigation from households HR 2 phase except PM10 - Preventive measures for - Preventive measures for Kutina “Preventive measure reducing the PM emissions reducing the PM emissions 10 10 for reducing PM10 emissions that was in 38 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Agglome Pollu Reporting year Status of measure Efficiency of measure -ration -tant 2015 2016 2017 - Measures for emission - Measures for emission the implementation mitigation in the industry mitigation in the industry phase. sector sector In 2016, all measures - Mesures for reducing - Mesures for reducing were in the emissions from transport emissions from transport implementation phase 39 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE The analysis showed that the action plans are coherent with this Programme. Coherence is manifested in measures related to households and transport: MEN-4, MEN-14, MEN-21, MTR- 3, MTR-6, MTR-8, MTR-10 (for explanations see Annex 1). Problems in the implementation of measures exist at the local as at the national level, and the implementation is greatly affected by the current economic situation. Republic of Croatia had a long-term decline of GDP in the period from 2008 to 2014. Despite co-financing by the state, households have to bear a higher burden of investment, which, in addition to the current economic situation, is not feasible for a large number of households. The implementation of energy efficiency measures in cities with developed action plans is largely dependent on implementation of the Programme for energy renewal of family houses (MEN-4). The source of financing predicted for the MEN-4 measure is the Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund (hereinafter FZOEU). The measure should be implemented on a national level in the period 2014-2020, in a way that FZOEU provides a financial construction for the renewal of family houses. By 2015, ie before the amendment of the Programme for the energy renewal of the family houses, citizens were able to achieve the co-financing of energy renewal for family houses through the units of local or regional self-government (Source: http://www.fzoeu.hr/docs/primjeri_dobre_prakse_projekata_energetske_ucinkovitosti_u_hrvatskoj_ 2015_godine_v1.pdf). Action plans were adopted in the period 2014 – 2016, meaning that some are being implemented only for a one year. All action plans have the measure envisaged for the mitigation of household emissions, which are not implemented for several reasons: - FZOEU did not provide financial support for the whole anticipated period, - economic situation in the Republic of Croatia. Transport measures that are related to the use of public transport and other forms of transport with zero emission are reqiuring changes in the urban transport infrastructure, which means that these measures first require a multi-annual preparation of project, and then their implementation, hence continuous, mutli-annual work and inter-departmental / inter- institutional cooperation. Coherence with the programmes for air and ozone layer protection, climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate changes Pursuant to Article 12, paragraph 1 of the Law on Air Protection, the representative body of a large city enacts a programme for air and layer protection, climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate changes, which is an integral part of the Environmental Protection Programme. The purpose of the programme for air and ozone layer protection, climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate changes is to define targets and measures for the prevention and mitigation of air pollution, protection of the ozone layer, mitigation of climate changes and adaptation to climate changes by the sector of influence with order, deadline and resposible institution for mesaure implementation, an estimation of the funds for its implementation, the order of fund using according to the established priority measures and activities, and with the primary target to protect and improve the air quality. Targets and measures defined within them should be aligned with targets and measures of the Environmental Protection Programme in a part relating to the air component. Programmes for air and ozone layer protection, climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate changes and environmental protection programmes must be aligned with the Plan for air and ozone layer protection and mitigation of climate changes in the Republic of Croatia for the period from 2013 to 2017. This Plan sets targets and priorities in the protection of air and ozone layer and in mitigation of climate changes in the Republic of Croatia in a five year period. Coherence, ie compliance of strategies, plans and programmes with the provision of the Law on Environmental Protectionand the Law on Air Protection is reviewed by strategic studies, ie studies on the significant impact of the strategy, plan or programme on the environment. 40 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Procedure of strategic evaluation of the environmental impacts (SPUO) is implemented on the basis of proivisions of the Environmental Protection Act (Article 63) and the Regulation on strategic evaluation of the environmental impacts (Official gazette, No. 3/17). This procedure evaluates probably significant impacts to the environment and to the health of people that may occur by the implementation of a strategy, plan or programme. However, there is a few Programmes for the air and ozone layer protection, climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate changes, that are obligated to carry out the evaluation procedure for a strategic assessment, since they rarely stipulate measures that would conditioned it. The analysis showed that coherence with the programmes for air and ozone layer protection, climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate changes has mot been entirely realized. Namely, the quality of these action plans is currently lagging behind the quality of plans at the national level. The main drawback for most of the Programmes is a poor analysis of pollutant emissions, all sources of emissions that exist at the area of local community, as well as the indicative correlation of emissions and concentrations of air quality parameters. Currently, in the most of the existing Programmes, emissions are presented by stating the emissions from the Environmetal Pollution Register, which is not sufficient for a complete picture of emissions at the observed area. Since 2018, through the Portal of spatial distribution of emissions, the state has provided a spatial distribution of emissions for entire territory of the Republic of Croatia, 5 zones (HR 1, HR 2, HR 3, HR 4, HR 5), 4 agglomerations (HR ZG, HR OS, HR RI, HR ST) and the city of Slavonski Brod, according to the Regulation on determining the zones and agglomerations by the levels of air pollution in the territory of the Republic of Croatia . The suggestion is to improve the quality of future programmes for air and ozone layer protection, climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate changes in a way that they include a part which is ensuring coherence with the Pollution control programme, ie to include an overview of all existing emissions at the observed area, and which are available at the Portal of spatial distribution of emissions for 2014 and 2015, and which will enable the implementation of a professional analysis of the connection between emission sources, emission values and concentrations of pollution in the air. In a following table, the list of 25 current programmes downloaded from county and city websites is given. No. Document name Period Maker 1. Programme for air and ozone layer protection, 2016 – 2020 Šibensko-kninska county, climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate Administrative department for changes for the territory of Šibensko-kninska county environmental protection and communal affairs 2. Programme for air and ozone layer protection, 2016 – 2020 Osječko-baranjska county, climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate Administrative department for changes in Osječko-baranjska county spatial planning, environment and nature protection 3. Programme for air and ozone layer protection, 2018 – 2020 Šibenik, Administrative climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate department for spatial planning changes for the territory of the city of Šibenik and environmental protection 4. Programme for air and ozone layer protection, 2015 – 2019 Administrative department for climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate spatial planning, construction changes for the territory of Zagrebačka county and environmental protection, Department for environmental protection, Zagrebačka county 5. Programme for air and ozone layer protection, 2017 – 2021 Administrative department for climate change mitigation of Krapinsko-zagorska spatial planning, construction county and environmental protection of Krapinsko-zagorska county 41 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE No. Document name Period Maker 6. Programme for air and ozone layer protection, 2017 – 2020 Administrative body of the City climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate of Koprivnica competent for changes for the territory of the city of Koprivnica drafting of plan documents related to environmental protection 7. Programme for air and ozone layer protection, 2018 – 2021 Administrative department for climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate spatial planning, construction changes of Sisačko-moslavačka county and environmental protection 8. Programme for air and ozone layer protection, 2016 – 2020 Not available climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate changes for the territory of the city of Karlovac 9. Programme for air and ozone layer protection, 2017 – 2021 Zadarska county climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate changes of Zadarska county for a four year period 10. Programme for air and ozone layer protection, 2017 – 2020 Administrative department for climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate environmental and nature changes for the territory of Dubrovačko-neretvanska protection of Dubrovačko – county neretvanska county for the period 2017 - 2020 11. Programme for air and ozone layer protection, 2016 – 2020 Administrative department for climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate agriculture, environmental changes of Bjelovarsko-bilogorska county of the protection and rural development period 2016 - 2020 of Bjelovarsko-bilogorska county 12. Programme for air and ozone layer protection, 2017 – 2020 Not available climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate changes in Splitsko-dalmatinska county for the period 2017 – 2020 13. Programme for air and ozone layer protection, 2017 – 2020 Administrative department for climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate spatial planning, construction changes in Karlovačka coutny for the period 2017 – and environmental protection, 2021 Department for environmental and nature protection of Karlovačka county 14. Programme for air and ozone layer protection, 2016 – 2020 City office for energy, climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate environmental protection and changes in the city of Zagreb sustainable development, City of Zagreb 15. Programme for air and ozone layer protection, 2015 – 2019 Administrative department for climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate island development and changes in the city of Zadar environmental protection, City of Zadar 16. Programme for air and ozone layer protection, 2017 – 2020 Administrative body of the City climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate of Osijek competent for changes in the city of Osijek environmental protection 17. Programme for air and ozone layer protection, 2016 – 2019 Administrative department for climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate spatial planning, construction changes in the city of Varaždin for the period 2016 – and environmental protection, 2019 City of Varaždin 18. Programme for air and ozone layer protection, 2018 – 2022 Department for environmental climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate protection, City of Velika Gorica changes for the territory of the city of Velika Gorica 19. Programme for air and ozone layer protection, 2015 – 2019 Administrative department for climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate Agriculture and environmental changes of Varaždinska county for the period 2015 – protection of Varaždinska county 2019 20. Programme for air and ozone layer protection, 2017 – 2021 City of Kaštela, Administrative climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate department for spatial planning, changes for the territory of the city of Kaštel construction and environmental protection 42 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE No. Document name Period Maker 21. Programme for air and ozone layer protection, 2016 – 2020 Administrative department for climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate communal economy and changes in Brodsko-posavska county for the period environmental protection in 2016 – 2020 Brodsko-posavska county 22. Programme for air and ozone layer protection, 2016 – 2020 Požeško-slavonska county climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate changes for the territory of Požeško-slavonska county 23. Programme for air and ozone layer protection, 2016 – 2020 Međimurska county, climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate Administrative department for changes of Međimurska county spatial planning, construction and environmental protection 24. Programme for air and ozone layer protection, 2017 – 2021 Administrative department for climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate spatial planning, construction, changes in Virovitičko-podravskoj county for the communal affairs and period 2017 – 2021 environmental protection of Virovitičko-podravska county 25. Programme for air and ozone layer protection, 2016 – 2020 Administrative department for climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate construction, environmental and changes in Ličko-senjska county for the period 2016 nature protection and communal – 2020 economy of Ličko-senjska county Coherence with action plans for sustainable energy (and climate) development of the cities by 2020 (Sustainable Energy (and Climate) Action Plan – SECAP) In addition to plans and programmes that have to be prepared due to legal obligation, there are also plans, in the Republic of Croatia, which local self-governments develope voluntary in order to pledge for achieving EU targets on climate changes and energy. One of this plans is the Action plan for sustainable energy (and climate) development of the cities by 2020 which is prepared by the cities after the signing of the Mayor agreement. In this way, the cities voluntarily participate in achieving energy efficiency targets and in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Within the initiative of the Mayor agreement for climate and energy which was initiated in 2008 by the EC, the Sustainable energy and climate action plans (SECAP) were prepared by 62 cities out of total of 70 cities which are signatories of the Agreement. These are plans that are submitted and already accepted or are currently being evaluated by the Joint research center of the European Commission. Signatories to the Agreement by 2015 have stated the emission reduction targets by 2020, which is in line with the climate – energy package of EU by 2020. After that, the emission reduction target is expressed for the period by 2030, since, in the mean time, the climate – energy framework by 2030 was adopted. Along with this, the signatories to the Agreement may extend their commitments to the area of adaptation to climate change, in accordance with the EU Strategy for adaptation to climate changes. The largest number of plans are submitted in the period from 2012 to 2015. So far, 56 Action plans have been accepted. Measures contained in the Action plans are refering exclusivelly to the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions, while, so far, there are no measures for adaptation to climate changes for the time being. As a reference year in comparison to which the emission mitigation target is defined, 2009 or 2010 are most frequently selected. Examples of measures that cities have defined in the Action Plans are as follows: reconstruction of outer shells of buildings and roofs of residential buildings and family houses, thermal insulation of outer shells and roofs, replacement of outdated public lighting with more energy efficient and environmentally friendlier lighting, installation of energy highly efficient windows, modernization of boiler rooms owned by local self-government, encourage the use of renewable sources in family 43 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE houses, energy renewal of public institutions, education of users of buildings owned by the city, co- financing the purchase of A +++ household appliances, subsidizing college and school students transportation, the purchase of new electric vehicles owned by the city, construction of low energy kindergartens, subsidizing the installation of solar collectors and boilers on biomass, installation of photovoltaic systems on roofs, establishment of a system for the use of city bicycles (bike-share), lowering of municipal contributions for the construction of new low-energy and passive buildings, energy inspections and certification of public buildings, installation of dividers in a centralized heat system, transition to natural gas, subsidizing the replacement of carpentry of family houses, installation of thermal solar systems for family houses and residential buildings, city administration and city institutions. Progress in achieving the set targets is evaluated on the basis of the Monitoring reports that are submitted to the Joint research center of the EC every two years after the adoption of Action plan. The emission inventory included in action plan is updated every four years. Until the conclusion of this programme, the Monitoring report was submitted by 15 cities in Croatia. According to the data from submitted Monitoring reports, it can be concluded that the solid progress has been made in the implementation of measures from Action plans, with note that activities for the achievement of certain measures in some cities have not yet started. Since all the cities, except for one, have indicated the emission reduction target by 2020 (one has indicated the target by 2030), in the remain period activities for achieving of planned measures should intensify. Considering that other signatories to the agreement have not yet submitted their Monitoring reports, the achieved progress in remaining cities is unknown, so the pattern from which the conclusions are drawn is limited. Regarding the financial resources for the implementation of measures planned in Action plan, from the data in the Monitoring reports it is apparent that cities have spent slightly over 25% of the total planned funds, so it can be assumed that by 2020 no greater shift will be achieved in securing of financial funds. Assuming that the Action plans are containing realistic estimates of the necessary resources, this data could mean that the targets may not be fully achieved. Voluntary character of the initiative of the Mayor agreement for climate and energy should be taken into account. Regarding the coherence of the Programme with described Action plans, specificity is that the emission reduction measures within the Mayor agreement for climate and energy are defined at the local levels and are starting from the local targets of the cities, while the majority of other plans and programmes, for which the coherence need to be provided, are being developed at the national level. In the following period from 2020 to 2030 it is necessary to strengthen the implementation of action plans for improving the air pollution and climate-energy plans (SEAP / SECAP). It is necessary to strengthen the capacities of local governments in terms of connecting multiple sectors, supporting the development of integral documents and projects. There is a need for education, dissemination of knowledge and informations on the causes of pollution, harmfulness, health impacts, available techniques, costs of the measures and benefits. 3.3. RESPONSIBILITIES ATTRIBUTED TO NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES This chapter provides information on responsibilities of national, regional and local bodies in the area of air quality and air emissions (Annex III, Part 1 (a) (ii)of the NEC Directive). The Ministry of Environmental Protection and Energy is a central body for the implementation of policy for the environmental protection management. 44 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE The Ministry is, inter alia, competent and responsible for the air protection, creating of planned documents, enacting and implementing measures to prevent and reduce air pollution, professional supervision of national network operation for permanent air quality monitoring (national network), reporting on air quality, data exchange and information system of air protection. Under the authority of Ministry is also the administrative supervision and supervision over the expert work of the FZOEU and the Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service (hereinafter: DHMZ). In the management and control system of the use of structural instruments of EU in the Republic of Croatia, the Ministry has a role of level 1 Intermediary body for certain specific targets within the framework of priority axes “Climate change and risk management” and “ Environmental protection and sustainability of resources”. At the national level, in accordance with the new conformation that abolished the Croatian agency for the Environment and Nature (CAEN), the Ministry is obligated to collect and aggregate data and informations on the environment and nature for the purpose of ensuring and monitoring the implementation of environmental and nature protection policy, sustainable development and other professional activities in the area of environmental and nature protection. FZOEU is, as a legal person with public authorities, the central institution for collecting and investing extrabudgetary resources in programmes and projects for environmental and nature protection, energy efficiency and use of renewable energy sources. In the management and control system of the use of structural instruments of EU in the Republic of Croatia, FZOEU has the role of level 2 Intermediary body for certain specific targets from the area of environmental protection and sustainability of resources, climate changes, energy efficiency and renewable enegry sources. Activities of FZOEU include affairs related to the financing of preparation, implementation and development of programmes and projects and similar activities in the area of conservation, sustainable use, protection and improvement of the environment, and the use of renewable energy sources in the area of energy efficiency. In the area of air quality monitoring, the FZOEU secures financing for the implementation of the Programme for the measurement of air pollution level in the national network. The DHMZ manages the operation of national network, secures the construction of new state-owned stations and it is responsible for the implementation of programmes for the measurement of air quality at the national network stations. Monitoring of air quality in the national network is performed by reference laboratories. Monitoring of air quality in national network stations for gaseous pollutants and particulate matter PM10 i PM2,5 (automatic methods) is performed by DHMZ, while the air quality monitoring in the national network stations, in the part that relates to sampling and physico-chemical analysis of PM10 and PM2,5 particles and ther equivalence of non-reference methods for determination of mass concentration of PM10 and PM2,5 particles, is performed by the Institute for medical researches and medicine of work. At the local and regional level, operations from the area of air quality are performed by the city (City of Zagreb and larger cities) or county offices (including the city of Zagreb). The administrative body of a county, city of Zagreb and larger city enacts a programme for air and ozone layer protection, climate change mitigation and adaptation to cliamte changes, which is an integral part of the environmental protection programme for the county, ie the city of Zagreb and the larger city. The administrative body competent for environmental protection (hereinafter: competent administrative body) of the county, city of Zagreb and large city prepares a report on the implementation of this programme for a four year period, which is adopted by the representative body of the county, city of Zagreb and large city. The competent administrative body of local government unit or the city of Zagreb is responsible for the preparation of action plans for air quality improvement, if air pollutant levels exceed any limit or target value. 45 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Monitoring of air quality at the measuring stations established by the County, the city of Zagreb and other cities in their area, and measuring stations established by the polluter according to the solution on acceptability of the procedure on envorinment or the solution on integrated environmental protection conditions (ie environmental permit), is performed by test laboratories. 46 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE The following table showes an overview of responsibilities attributed to national, regional and local authorities 2.3.2. Responsibilities attributed to national, regional and local authorities (M) List the Describe the type of authority (e.g. Describe the attributed responsibilities in the areas of air quality and air pollution (M) relevant environmental inspectorate, regional Select from the following as appropriate: authorities environment agency, municipality) - Policy making roles (M) (M) Where appropriate, name of - Implementation roles authority (e.g. Ministry of XXX, - Enforcement roles (including where relevant inspections and permitting) National Agency for XXX, Regional - Reporting and monitoring roles office for XXX) - Coordinating roles - Other roles, please specify: National Croatian Parliament Policy making role authorities Legislative framework (M) Enacts the Law on environmental protection and the Law on Air protection, Laws on Certification of International Protocols. Croatian Parliament Policy making role National strategies Enacts national strategies by certain areas (eg. Enegry Strategy of the Republic of Croatia, Transport Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia for the period 2014-2030, Industrial strategy of the Republic of Croatia 2014- 2020). Government of the Republic of Croatia Policy making role Strategies by areas, National plans and programmes, Action plans for the implementation of strategies Makes a proposal of strategies, programmes, plans and implementation action plans. Government of the Republic of Croatia Policy making role Implementing regulations Adoption and implementation of regulations according to ZOZZ Government of the Republic of Croatia Policy making role Policy implementation reports Reports on the implementation of national strategies, plans and programmes. 47 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 2.3.2. Responsibilities attributed to national, regional and local authorities (M) List the Describe the type of authority (e.g. Describe the attributed responsibilities in the areas of air quality and air pollution (M) relevant environmental inspectorate, regional Select from the following as appropriate: authorities environment agency, municipality) - Policy making roles (M) (M) Where appropriate, name of - Implementation roles authority (e.g. Ministry of XXX, - Enforcement roles (including where relevant inspections and permitting) National Agency for XXX, Regional - Reporting and monitoring roles office for XXX) - Coordinating roles - Other roles, please specify: Minister Policy making role Implementing regulations Brings the development of implementing regulations from particular sectors. Enacts a decision on establishing the expert committee for the purpose of drafting national plans, national programmes, national reports, draft proposals of implementing regulations and development of implementing regulations. (For example the Minister of environmental protection and energy: prescribes by the Ordinance the way of air quality monitoring and data collecting, norms for the locations of measuring points, norms for determining the minimal number of measuring points, reference methods of measurement, the way of proving equivalence for other measurement methods, method of controlling the quality of measurement and data, as well as the method of processing and displaying results and compliance with Croatian norms, the way of controlling the accuracy and calibration of measuring instruments, method and costs of operation of the reference laboratory, establishment and operating method of the committee for monitoring the work of reference laboratories, method of delivering data for the purpose of information system for air protection, content of the annual report and the way of regularly informing the public. The Ordinance presribes the method of monitoring emissions of pollutants into air from stationary sources, scope and type of measurement, reference methods of measurement, the way of proving equivalence for other measurement methods, the method of controlling the accuracy and calibration of measuring instruments, method of controlling the accuracy of the measuring system for continuous measurement of pollutant emissions into air form stationary sources, procedure of sampling and evaluation of measurement results, method of delivering data for the purpose of information system for air protection on emissions and the way of regularly informing the public on emission monitoring) Minstry Policy making role Regulations Competitive body for the transfer of legal acquis of the EU develops proposals of laws and subordinate acts under its jurisdiction. Ministries Policy making role Strategies, plans and programmes Develops proposals for sectoral strategies, plans and programs. 48 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 2.3.2. Responsibilities attributed to national, regional and local authorities (M) List the Describe the type of authority (e.g. Describe the attributed responsibilities in the areas of air quality and air pollution (M) relevant environmental inspectorate, regional Select from the following as appropriate: authorities environment agency, municipality) - Policy making roles (M) (M) Where appropriate, name of - Implementation roles authority (e.g. Ministry of XXX, - Enforcement roles (including where relevant inspections and permitting) National Agency for XXX, Regional - Reporting and monitoring roles office for XXX) - Coordinating roles - Other roles, please specify: Ministry of environmental protection Policy making role and energy (MZOE) Monitoring and evaluation of air quality – National network Determines zones and agglomerations, locations of the stations, at the proposal of the Ministry, the Government determines the measurement program, conducts professional supervision on the operation of national network, insures the Air quality assessment. Government of the Republic of Croatia Implementation role Commissions for inter-sectoral coordination for PaM Establishing and coordinating the work of inter-sectoral cooridantions for PaM Ministries Implementation role Implementation of the legislative framework Performs the administrative supervision over the application of laws and subordinate acts from its jurisdiction, performs administrative supervision over the bodies in the ministry's jurisdiction, establishment of thematic committees and working groups, drafting proposals of subordinate regulations, budget planning in order to insure funds for the implementation of sectoral policies, cooperation with the EU and international institutions in order to fulfill obligations of the Republic of Croatia, developing reports and exchange of informations in order to fulfill obligations of the Republic of Croatia. Ministry Enforcement role Supervision of regulation implementation Implementation of administrative procedures based on law, issuance of permits and solutions. State Inspectorate Enforcement role Supervision of regulation implementation Supervision of the implementation of certain law provisions and subordinate regulations by conducting the inspection supervision Ministry of environmental protection Enforcement role and energy (MZOE) Environmental permits, solution on the combined environmental protection conditions, solution on the acceptability of a procedure for the environment, Permit for greenhouse gas emissions, solution on free allocation of emission units to plant operators, solution on free allocation of emission units to aircraft operators Agrees, approves, issues, modifies and abolishes. Ministry of environmental protection Enforcement role and energy (MZOE) Issuing a permit to the legal person – test laboratory and legal person – reference laboratory Evaluates the requirements, issues and publishes and, if necessary, terminates them. 49 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 2.3.2. Responsibilities attributed to national, regional and local authorities (M) List the Describe the type of authority (e.g. Describe the attributed responsibilities in the areas of air quality and air pollution (M) relevant environmental inspectorate, regional Select from the following as appropriate: authorities environment agency, municipality) - Policy making roles (M) (M) Where appropriate, name of - Implementation roles authority (e.g. Ministry of XXX, - Enforcement roles (including where relevant inspections and permitting) National Agency for XXX, Regional - Reporting and monitoring roles office for XXX) - Coordinating roles - Other roles, please specify: Ministry of environmental protection Enforcement role and energy (MZOE) Monitoring and reporting plan for greenhouse gas emissions from aircrafts and monitoring and reporting plan on kilometer tonnes data from aircrafts Gives an opinion that the monitoring and reporting plan is drafted in accordance with the Commission Regulation (EU) No. 601/2012, with valid EC guidelines and with the ordinance from Article 90, paragraph 8 of this Law. Ministry of environmental protection Enforcement role and energy (MZOE) Plan praćenja emisija stakleničkih plinova iz postrojenja kao sastavni dio Dozvola za emisije stakleničkih plinova Provides an expert opinion on the compliance of the plan with provisions from the Ordinance. Ministry of environmental protection Enforcement role and energy (MZOE) Free allocation of emission units to plant operators Competent for the implementation of the Commission Decision 2011/278 / EU and the valid guidelines from the European Commission Ministry of environmental protection Reporting and monitoring role and energy (MZOE) Low – Carbon Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia Reprots the status of implementation of Low – Carbon Development Strategy to the European Commission. Ministry of environmental protection Reporting and monitoring role and energy (MZOE) Report on air quality condition, mitigation of greemhouse gas emissions and consumption of substances that damage ozone layer for the territory of the Republic of Croatia (four year period) Report making holder /submits to the Government every four years Ministry of environmental protection Reporting and monitoring role and energy (MZOE) Ordinance on the Environmental pollution register (ROO) Creates and maintains a network database, conducts quality control, processing and analysis of submitted data and deveplos a report on ROO data, and publishes it for the public. Ministry of environmental protection Reporting and monitoring role and energy (MZOE) E-PRTR Regulation Conducts data quality control and compiles the report and delivers data to the EC, and publishes it for the public. Ministry of environmental protection Reporting and monitoring role and energy (MZOE) PRTR Protocol Develops a report and submits it to the UNECE Secretariat and publishes it for the public. 50 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 2.3.2. Responsibilities attributed to national, regional and local authorities (M) List the Describe the type of authority (e.g. Describe the attributed responsibilities in the areas of air quality and air pollution (M) relevant environmental inspectorate, regional Select from the following as appropriate: authorities environment agency, municipality) - Policy making roles (M) (M) Where appropriate, name of - Implementation roles authority (e.g. Ministry of XXX, - Enforcement roles (including where relevant inspections and permitting) National Agency for XXX, Regional - Reporting and monitoring roles office for XXX) - Coordinating roles - Other roles, please specify: Ministry of environmental protection Reporting and monitoring role and energy (MZOE) Action plans for air quality improvement and short-term action plans Data collecting and reporting Ministry of environmental protection Reporting and monitoring role and energy (MZOE) Air quality assessment and reporting Ensures the air quality assessment and reporting Ministry of environmental protection Reporting and monitoring role and energy (MZOE) Air quality assessment Develops the Annual Report on air quality monitoring in the Republic of Croatia. Croatian Meteorological and Reporting and monitoring role Hydrological Service (DHMZ) Air quality assessment, modeling for evaluation purposes Conducts air quality assessment, condutcs modeling for evaluation and reporting purposes Legal entities - test laboratories Reporting and monitoring role Monitoring of air quality, monitoring emissions of pollutants into air from stationary sources, checking the accuracy of measuring system for continuous measurement from stationary sources and monitoring of product quality State Institute for Metrology Reporting and monitoring role Acceptance of the report on equipment testing according to the requirements for efficiency of reference methods issued in other Member States under a condition that the tests were carried out by the test laboratories accredited in accordance with the relevant harmonized standard for test and calibration laboratories, and the list of accepted reports is published on their own web sites. Ministry of environmental protection Reporting and monitoring role and energy (MZOE) Monitoring and assessment of air quality – National network, Local networks, Special purpose measurements Guides the Information system of air protection, exchange of informations and air quality reporting Ministry of environmental protection Reporting and monitoring role and energy (MZOE) Guidance and maintenance of Environmental pollution register database (ROO) Guides the Information system of Industry and energy, integral part of ROO database, maintenance of databases, publication and exchange of information Ministry of environmental protection Reporting and monitoring role and energy (MZOE) Action plan for air quality improvement Delivers the Action plan for air quality improvement to the European Commission. IPR 51 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 2.3.2. Responsibilities attributed to national, regional and local authorities (M) List the Describe the type of authority (e.g. Describe the attributed responsibilities in the areas of air quality and air pollution (M) relevant environmental inspectorate, regional Select from the following as appropriate: authorities environment agency, municipality) - Policy making roles (M) (M) Where appropriate, name of - Implementation roles authority (e.g. Ministry of XXX, - Enforcement roles (including where relevant inspections and permitting) National Agency for XXX, Regional - Reporting and monitoring roles office for XXX) - Coordinating roles - Other roles, please specify: Croatian Meteorological and Reporting and monitoring role Hydrological Service (DHMZ) Monitoring of air quality in the stations from national network Performs monitoring of air quality in the stations from national network for gaseous pollutants and PM10 and PM2,5 particles (automatic methods). Delivers annual, original and validated data and the report on pollution levels and air quality evaluation to the Ministry. Institute for Medical Research and Reporting and monitoring role Occupational Medicine Monitoring of air quality in the stations from national network Performs monitoring of air quality in the stations from national network in a part referred to sampling and physico- chemical analysis of PM10 and PM2.5 particles and the equivalence of non-reference methods for determination of mass concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 particles. Delivers annual, original and validated data and the report on pollution levels and air quality evaluation to the Ministry. Legal entities - test laboratory Reporting and monitoring role Activity of monitoring air quality and emissions to air May perform activities of air quality monitoring in local networks and on stations with special purpose, activity of monitoring emissions of pollutants into air from stationary sources and / or activity of checking the accuracy of the measuring system for continuous measurement of pollutant emissions into air from stationary sources, Develops and submits reports for the conducted measurements. Croatian Meteorological and Enforcement role Hydrological Service (DHMZ) Manages the work of national network Manages the work of national network, provides the construction of new stations in national network, ensures air quality monitoring (measurement, data collecting, quality assurance and checking of measurements and data, tuning and checking the technical characteristics of the measuring equipment in accordance with the reference measurement methods, and processing and display of measurement results) and it is responsible for conducting measurement programmes for air quality at these stations Croatian Meteorological and Enforcement role Hydrological Service (DHMZ) Monitoring of air quality in the stations from national network Performs the monitoring of air quality in the stations from national network for gaseous pollutants and PM10 i PM2,5 particles (automatic methodes) Institute for Medical Research and Enforcement role Occupational Medicine Monitoring of air quality in the stations from national network 52 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 2.3.2. Responsibilities attributed to national, regional and local authorities (M) List the Describe the type of authority (e.g. Describe the attributed responsibilities in the areas of air quality and air pollution (M) relevant environmental inspectorate, regional Select from the following as appropriate: authorities environment agency, municipality) - Policy making roles (M) (M) Where appropriate, name of - Implementation roles authority (e.g. Ministry of XXX, - Enforcement roles (including where relevant inspections and permitting) National Agency for XXX, Regional - Reporting and monitoring roles office for XXX) - Coordinating roles - Other roles, please specify: Performs the monitoring of air quality in the stations from national network in a part referred to sampling and physico- chemical analysis of PM10 and PM2.5 particles and the equivalence of non-referential methods for determination of mass concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 particles. Ministry of environmental protection Enforcement role and energy (MZOE) Expert supervision over the work of national network Expert supervision of work according to the Article 28 of the ZOZZ Legal entities - test laboratory Enforcement role Activity of monitoring air quality and emissions to air To perform activities of air quality monitoring in local networks and on stations with special purpose, activity of monitoring emissions of pollutants into air from stationary sources and / or activity of checking the accuracy of the measuring system for continuous measurement of pollutant emissions into air from stationary sources. Reference laboratories Enforcement role Activity of monitoring air quality Performs the activity of quality assurance of measurement, and air quality data in the Republic of Croatia. Ministry of environmental protection Enforcement role and energy (MZOE) Measures for the prevention and mitigation of air pollution Targeted reduction of exposure to PM2.5 at national level for the protection of human health, Pollution from natural sources, Overstepping that may be attributed to the winter spreading of sand or salt on roads, Short-term action plan for ground-level ozone, Transboundary air pollution. Ministry of environmental protection Financing role and energy (MZOE) Activity of quality assurance of data and measurement Ensures funds for participation of the reference laboratory on international testings of capabilities of reference laboratories and for cooperation with EU Member States and the European Commission to ensure comparability and quality of measurement. Environmental Protection and Energy Financing role Efficiency Fund (FZOEU) Ensures financing of the implementation of the Programme for measurement of pollution level in national network Ensures financing of the implementation of the Programme for measurement of pollution level in national network 53 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 2.3.2. Responsibilities attributed to national, regional and local authorities (M) List the Describe the type of authority (e.g. Describe the attributed responsibilities in the areas of air quality and air pollution (M) relevant environmental inspectorate, regional Select from the following as appropriate: authorities environment agency, municipality) - Policy making roles (M) (M) Where appropriate, name of - Implementation roles authority (e.g. Ministry of XXX, - Enforcement roles (including where relevant inspections and permitting) National Agency for XXX, Regional - Reporting and monitoring roles office for XXX) - Coordinating roles - Other roles, please specify: Regional Regional govenrment unit (JRS)/City of Reporting and monitoring role authorities Zagreb and large cities Report on the implementation of the Programme for air and ozone layer protection, mitigation and adaptation (M) to climate change, an integral part of the Environmental protection program referred to in Article 14 of the Law on Air Protection Creates a report on the implementation of the programme for four year period (made by the authorized person) Regional govenrment unit (JRS)/City of Reporting and monitoring role Zagreb and large cities Monitoring and evaluation of air quality - Local networks Delivers annual, original and validated data on air quality monitoring and the report on pollution levels and air quality evaluation to the Ministry (made by a legal person - a test laboratory). Regional govenrment unit (JRS)/City of Enforcment role Zagreb and large cities Environmental protection programme Enacts and publishes (made by the authorized person) Regional govenrment unit (JRS)/City of Enforcement role Zagreb and large cities Monitoring and evaluation of air quality - Local networks Establishes stations for air quality monitoring in their area, sets the locations of measurement stations for air quality monitoring, develops a programme for pollution level measurement, ensures the conditions for its implementation, performs supervision over the implementation of these activities. Local Competent administrative body of local Reporting and monitoring role authorities government unit (JLS) / City of Zagreb Action plans for air quality improvement and short-term action plans (M) Ensures delivery of action plan or short-term action plan to the Ministry. Local government unit (JLS) Reporting and monitoring role Monitoring and evaluation of air quality - Local networks Delivers annual, original and validated data on air quality monitoring and the report on pollution levels and air quality evaluation to the Ministry (made by a legal person - a test laboratory). Representative body of local Enforcement role government unit (JLS) / City of Zagreb Action plans for air quality improvement and short-term action plans Creates an action plan for air quality improvement and short-term action plan for its administrative territory. Local government unit (JLS) Enforcement role Environmental permits, solution on the combined environmental protection conditions, solution on the acceptability of procedure for the environment. 54 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 2.3.2. Responsibilities attributed to national, regional and local authorities (M) List the Describe the type of authority (e.g. Describe the attributed responsibilities in the areas of air quality and air pollution (M) relevant environmental inspectorate, regional Select from the following as appropriate: authorities environment agency, municipality) - Policy making roles (M) (M) Where appropriate, name of - Implementation roles authority (e.g. Ministry of XXX, - Enforcement roles (including where relevant inspections and permitting) National Agency for XXX, Regional - Reporting and monitoring roles office for XXX) - Coordinating roles - Other roles, please specify: Participate through public discussions Local government unit (JLS) Enforcement role Monitoring and evaluation of air quality - Local networks Establishes stations for air quality monitoring in their area, sets the locations of measurement stations for air quality monitoring, develops a programme for pollution level measurement, ensures the conditions for its implementation, performs supervision over the implementation of these activities and annualy submits original and validated data on air quality monitoring to the Ministery. Local government unit (JLS) and the Enforcement role City of Zagreb Report on data from Environmental pollution register (ROO) Conducts quality control of data submitted to ROO and their verification. Polluter Polluters Enforcement role (M): Monitoring and evaluation of air quality - Special purpose measurements Ensures air quality monitoring according to the solution on the acceptability of a procedure for the environment or the solution on the combined environmental protection conditions, ie environmental permit, in accoradnce with the Law on environmental protection. 55 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 4. PROGRESS MADE BY CURRENT POLICIES AND MEASURES (PaMs) IN REDUCING EMISSIONS AND IMPROVING AIR QUALITY, AND THE DEGREE OF COMPLIANCE WITH NATIONAL AND UNION OBLIGATIONS, COMPARED TO 2005 This chapter through three subchapters provides information showing: "the progress made by the current PAM in reducing emissions and improving air quality and degree of compliance with national and EU obligations" (Annex III, Part 1 (1) (iii) of the Directive). Subchapters are: Progress made by current PaMs in reducing emissions and improving air quality, and the degree of compliance with national and Union obligations, Progress made by current PaMs in improving air quality, and the degree of compliance with national and Union air quality obligations , Current transboundary impact of national emission sources. This chapter corresponds to Format´s Chapter 2.4. "Progress made by current PaMs in reducing emissions and improving air quality, and the degree of compliance with national and Union obligations. 4.1. PROGRESS MADE BY CURRENT PaMs IN REDUCING EMISSIONS, AND THE DEGREE OF COMPLIANCE WITH NATIONAL AND UNION EMISSION REDUCTION OBLIGATIONS For measures intended to contribute to the emission reduction commitments under the NEC Regulation and the NEC Directive, the expected (and realized) effect of the measure should be expressed in terms of emission reductions to be achieved over a given timeframe. As prescribed by the NEC Regulation and the NEC Directives, a good quality emission inventory as well as a spatial distribution of emissions in the EMEP grid should be available at national level. In accordance with the EMEP Reporting guidelines and guidebook (as set out in Annex IV of the Directive), emission maps should be developed by using 0.1 ° x 0.1 ° (long-lat) resolution, which Croatia has provided through the project: "Creating a register of emission of pollutants for small and diffuse sources with spatial distribution in the EMEP high resolution grid"[4]. The project is the implementation of a preventive measure for improve air quality MPR-11 from the Regulation on the adoption of the Plan for the air protection, protection the ozone layer and climate change mitigation in the Republic of Croatia for the period 2013-2017 (Official Gazette 139/13). The results of the measure implementation are available on the web link: https://emep.haop.hr/. The results give a spatial view of pollutant emissions in the territory of the Republic of Croatia and in zones with a resolution of 0.1 ° x 0.1 ° (long lat) and for agglomerations in resolution 500 m x 500 m (long lat). Realizing this measure, detailed data for modeling air quality on a high resolution scale are provided. 56 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE U nastavnoj tablica 2.4.1. daje se pregled napretka u smanjenju emisija postignut postojećim PaM te stupanj usklađenosti s nacionalnim obvezama i obvezama EU (M) 2.4.1. Progress made by current PaMs in reducing emissions, and the degree of compliance with national and Union emission reduction obligations (M) Describe progress SO2 made by current PaMs in reducing The total sulphur dioxide (SO2) emission in 2016 was amounted to 13.3 kt that is 11.1 % emissions, and the lower than in 2015. Moreover, the SO2 emission in 2016 was decrease by 92.2 % compared degree of with 1990. One-half of (47.3 %) the sulphur dioxide emissions in 2016 derive from the compliance with energy sector public electricity and heat production, 19.7% originates from fuel combustion national and in manufacturing industry and construction, 22.5% from fugitive emissions from activities Union emission in the Refining/storage sector, 8.3 % from small combustion (stationary and mobile). The reduction reduction is mainly occurs due to a transfer from fuels with high sulphur content to low- legislation (M) sulphur fuels, for both road transport and stationary combustion. Also, the war for the Croatian independence in the period 1991 – 1995 was the reason for the decline in fuel consumption and overall production in almost all sectors and as consequence the decline in emissions. Great decline in SO2 emission trend can be observed in 2000 due to second coal thermal power plant (TPP) entering into operation in Croatia. Second TPP has a technique for reducing SO2 emission (SO2 scrubbing process) with efficiency higher than 95%. The second TPP on coal has approximately double capacity in comparison to first one. Since 2000, first TPP with no technique for the SO2 emission reduction is in operation only when the electricity needs are higher (mainly in the summer). Since 1990, emissions from the public electricity and heat production sector have declined by 92.8 %, from the manufacturing industry and construction by 91.9 %, from transport sector by 98.3 %, from small combustion by 94.9 %. Sulphur emissions from industrial processes and product use sector, have also decreased, by 86.6 % compared to 1990, and are now around 22 tonnes, due to a stopping of the aluminium production, pulp and paper production (Kraft process) and carbon black production and also due to great reduction in production of sulphuric acid. Increasing trend in SO2 emissions (by 41.1 % since 1990) has sector Refining/storage (NFR 1.B.2.a.iv) due to the installation of sulphur recovery plants, the first one in 1997 and second in 2008 within the refineries. The SO2 emissions in 2016 was lower than the reduction commitment of 70 kt set under the GP and the NEC Directive. NOx The NOx emission in 2016 amounted to 50.4 kt, which is a decline by 50.4 % since 1990 and increase by 1.2 % compare to 2015. Emissions from the energy sector in 2016 were about 49.7 kt and account for about 93.6 % of the total NOx emission. Transport sector (NFR 1.A.3) was the main contributor in energy sector in 2016, with contribution of 48.7 % to the total of NOx emission, and with domination of road transport. In relation to the 1990 the NOx emission in transport sector has declined by 37 %, due to the introduction of catalytic converters in cars and the subsequent successively more strict emission standards. Energy stationary combustion sectors (including off-road mobile sources) also have recorded a great decrease since 1990, mostly due to lower fuel consumption. Also, the war for the Croatian independence in the period 1991 – 1995 was the reason for the decline in fuel consumption and overall production in almost all sectors and as consequence the decline in emissions. Since 2007 the trend of NOx emission has recorded decline due to the economic crisis which still exists in Croatia. About 18.9 % of the NOx emissions in 2016 derive from small combustion sources (NFR 1.A.4 mobile and stationary), 13.2 % originates from fuel combustion in manufacturing industry and construction (NFR 1.A.2) and 12.5 % from the energy sector public electricity and heat production (NFR 1.A.1). All mentioned sectors have recorded a decline since 1990, the sector 1.A.4 by 37 %, 1.A.2 by 70.2 % and 1.A.1 by 63.3 %. In the period between 2016 and 2015, two key sectors have recorded decline of emission: 1.A.1 by 5.5 %, 1.A.2 by 4.7 % while other key sectors recorded an increase: 1.A.3 by 1.6 %, 1.A.4 by 3.5 %, and 3.D by 8.7 %. The crop production and agricultural soils is also source of NOx emissions in Croatia, with 4.3 % of contribution to national NOx total in 2016. Those NO emissions occurs from soil microbial processes, and has decreased by about 18.3 % between 1990 and 2016 mostly due to decrease in N-fertilizer usage in crop production. The industrial processes and product use sector is not a significant source of NOx emission in Croatia. In 2016 it contributed with 2.1 % and in 1990 with 2.8 % to national NOx total. The emission in the sector has declined by about 60.5 % between 1990 and 2016, mostly due to stopping the production of aluminium, paper and pulp (Kraft 57 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE process) and carbon black production and also due to decline in productions. Compare to previous year, this sector has recorded an increase by about 1 % which is an indicator of the economic recovery. The NOx emission in 2016 was lower than the reduction commitment of 87 kt set under the GP and the NEC Directive. NH3 The NH3 emission in 2016 amounted to 35.2 kt. Emission has decrease by 34.4 % since 1990 and decrease since year before by 11.1 %. The overall trend of the NH3 emission from livestock is decreasing and dependent on the number of animals (49% reduction from animal sources in 2016 compared to 1990), and with the numbers of most of the animal categories in continuous decline since 1990. The decline in period 1991 - 1995 is a result of the war for the Croatian independence, while the reason for decline in the years after 2008 is economic recession. NH3 emission from agricultural soils varies in correlation with the total amount of N - mineral fertilizers applied in the period 1990 – 2016 (decrease of ~2 % in 2016 compared to 1990). Most dominant in the total NH3 emission from agricultural soils in Croatia is the N-urea fertilizer (40% in 2016, 29% in 1990), followed by calcium ammonium nitrate (27% in 2016, 29% in 1990) and complex NPK fertilizers (17% in 2016, 27% in 1990). Other types of fertilizers contribute with less than 1% of the total NH3 emission due to fertilizer application in 2016. The increase in the NH3 emission can be also observed in transport sector with domination of the road transport (by about 17 times compared to 1990) due to its formation in vehicles’ catalytic converters. The ammonia emission in 2016 was above the value of 30 kt set under the GP and the NEC Directive. NMVOC The NMVOCs emission in 2016 amounted to 62.6 kt. Emissions of NMVOCs in 2016 have sharply declined, by 58.9 % since 1990, and increase by 2.1 % compared to year before. The decline since 1990 is strong in the industrial processes and product use sector (by 68.8 %) and in transport sector (with road transport domination) (by 80.4 %). The sharply decreasing trend since 1990 has occurred mainly due to reduced emissions from products containing solvent partly as a result of implementation of best available techniques (BAT) in the industrial processes and product use sector, also due to reducing the production activities and continuous decreasing population trend. The road transport sector has also contributed to this decreasing trend of NMVOC emission due to increased use of the energy-efficient cars, the introduction of new exhaust requirements. Fugitive NMVOC emissions from oil and natural gas products have also recorded a decline by 45.2 % since 1990. Also, the war for the Croatian independence in the period 1991 – 1995 was the reason for the decline due to lower fuel consumption and overall reduction of production activities in almost all sectors. The economic crisis has contributed to further reduction of NMVOC emissions since 2007 Also, reduction since 2008 is a partly result of gradual replacement of certain percentage of traditional domestic stoves and manual single hous boilers with advanced/ecolabelled stoves and boilers and pellete stoves and boilersThe NMVOC emission in 2016 was below the value of 90 kt set under the GP and the NEC Directive. PM2,5 Total PM2.5 emission in 2016 has amounted to 20.5 kt. The emissions have decreased by 45.8 % since 1990 and stay at the same level compared to 2015. The energy sector is the largest source of PM10 emission and accounts for about 91.6 % of the national total in 2016. Small combustion and mainly biomass combustion in residential sector are key sources of PM2.5 emission and account with 78.8 % to total emission in 2016. This sector has also recorded an increase of 4.4 % comparing to 2015. Transport sector have contributed with smaller extent with 8.8 % and has recorded an increase by 12.5 % since 1990. Road transport has domination in PM2.5 emissions within the transport sector, with equal participation of emissions that originate from fuel combustion and fugitive emissions from road wear and tire and brake wear. The industrial processes and solvent use sector is also large source in PM2.5 emissions (6.8 % in 2016), which has recorded a decrease by 6.6 % since 1990. Combustion in industry and construction contributes to total national emissions with 2.3 % in 2016 and in the period of 1990 this sector has significantly reduced the emission of PM2.5 (up to 84.6 %) due to reduced consumption of solid fuels and biomass and the simultaneous increase in consumption and gaseous and liquid fuels. The trend of PM2.5 emissions has several dips and peak between 1990 and 2016. Great decline in the period from 1991 to 1994 was a result of the war for the Croatian independence (1991 – 1995), due to lower fuel consumption and overall reduction of production activities in almost all sectors. In 1994 began the reconstruction of areas devastated by war so the emissions from the sectors of 58 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE mineral products increased, and increasing trend lasted until 1999. Second increasing trend started in 2002 mostly due to increase in road paving with asphalt, and with small influence due to increasing of quarrying and mining, construction and demolition, cement production, and inorganic chemicals production (such as carbon black, ammonium phosphate, urea and NPK fertilizers). Road paving with asphalt has recorded great increase in 2002 mainly due to the longest highway in Croatia “A1” (Dalmatians) was started to build from Zagreb to Dubrovnik (total length 456 km). The economic crisis which most hit construction sector in Croatia has contributed to reduction of PM2.5 emissions since 2008. A significant reduction since 2005 is a result of gradual replacement of certain percentage of traditional domestic stoves and manual single hous boilers with advanced/ecolabelled stoves and boilers and pellete stoves and boilers. PM10 Total PM10 emission in 2016 has amounted to 27.8 kt. The emissions have decreased by 45.8 % since 1990 and have increased by 0.2 % compared to 2015. The energy sector is the largest source of PM10 emission and accounts for about 72.9 % of the national total in 2016. Small combustion and mainly biomass combustion in residential sector are key sources of PM10 emission and account with 60.7 % to total emission in 2016. Transport sector which contributed with smaller extent (8 % in 2016) has recorded an increase by 17.3 % since 1990. Road transport has domination in PM10 emissions within the transport sector, with equal participation of emissions that originate from fuel combustion and fugitive emissions from road wear and tire and brake wear. The industrial processes and solvent use sector is the second largest source in PM10 emissions (18.6 % in national PM10 total emission). This sector is recorded a great increase (by 26.7 %) since 1990. The agriculture is also source of PM10 emissions in Croatia, with 8.5 % of contribution to national total in 2016. The manure management has contributed with 4.5 % to total PM10 emission in 2016, and the crop production and agricultural soils with 4 %. Emissions from agriculture sector have decrease since 1990 (for about 50 %), due to decline in number of animals and decline in crop production. Combustion in Industry and construction contributes to total national emissions by 1.8 % in 2016 and in the period since 1990 this sector has significantly reduced PM10 emission by 84.8 %, due to reduced consumption of solid fuels and biomass and the simultaneous increase in consumption of gaseous and liquid fuels. The trend of PM10 emissions has several dips and peak between 1990 and 2016. Great decline in the period from 1991 to 1994 was a result of the war for the Croatian independence (1991 – 1995), due to lower fuel consumption and overall reduction of production activities in almost all sectors. In 1994 began the reconstruction of areas devastated by war so the emissions from the sectors of mineral products increased, and increasing trend lasted until 1999. Second increasing trend started in 2002 mostly due to increase in road paving with asphalt, and with small influence due to increasing of quarrying and mining, construction and demolition, cement production, and inorganic chemicals production (such as carbon black, ammonium phosphate, urea and NPK fertilizers). Road paving with asphalt has recorded great increase in 2002 mainly due to the longest highway in Croatia “A1” (Dalmatians) was started to build from Zagreb to Dubrovnik (total length 456 km). The economic crisis which most hit construction sector in Croatia has contributed to reduction of PM10 emissions since 2008. A significant reduction since 2005 is a result of gradual replacement of certain percentage of traditional domestic stoves and manual single hous boilers with advanced/ecolabelled stoves and boilers and pellete stoves and boiler. Provide complete REPUBLIC OF CROATIA 2018 INFORMATIVE INVENTORY REPORT (1990-2016), references Chapter III Emission trends by pollutant (p. 80–104) (chapter and page) Link HAOP: http://www.haop.hr/hr/emisije-oneciscujucih-tvari-u-zrak-na-podrucju- to publically republike-hrvatske/emisije-oneciscujucih-tvari-u available supporting Link CEIP: datasets (e.g. http://www.ceip.at/ms/ceip_home1/ceip_home/status_reporting/2018_submissions historic emission Portal of Spatial disaggegated emissions inventory - Emission register for small and diffuse sources, as well as all other (present) mobile reporting) (M) and stationary sources by zones (whole territory of Croatia) and agglomerations (Zagreb, Rijeka, Split and Osijek) and separately for city of Slavonski Brod.. - Spatially disaggregated emission inventory in the EMEP grid 0,1x0,1 ° long- lat (approximately 10x10 km) for the entire territory of the Republic of Croatia and for agglomerations on a resolution 0.5 km x 0.5 km, including the city of Slavonski Brod. 59 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Link CAEN: https://emep.haop.hr/ Include graphics The charts below illustrate the annual emissions of six major air pollutants in Croatia illustrating the inperiod 1990 - 2016. SOx emissions have the greatest downward trend, followed by NOx, emission reductions non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and ammonia (NH3), all of which are per pollutant and/or O3 precursors. The most serious pollutants in Europe in terms of human health threats are per main sectors PM, NO2 and ground level O3. The most important effects of air pollution on national (O) ecosystems are eutrophication, acidification and vegetation damage due to O3 exposure. Since sulfur emissions have been reduced, NH3 emissions from agricultural activity and NOx from the combustion processes have become dominant in terms of acidification and eutrophication of the ecosystem. The SO2 emissions (kt/yr) and percentage share by sector and variation in SO2 emissions 1990 1 B 2 2 2016 2 1.4% 0.7% 1.6% 1 A 4 1 A 3 14.5% 1 B 2 1 A 1 TOTAL 3.3% 2 25.7% 41.0% 1 A 1 1 B 2 1 A 2 58.3% 1 A 4 1 A 4 21.7% 9.5% 1 A 3 1 A 2 1 A 2 21.5% 1 A 1 1 A 3 0.7% -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 (Source: Republic of Croatia 2018 Informative Inventory Report (1990-2016)) The NOX emissions (kt/yr) and percentage share by sector and variation in NOX emissions 2 3 D 19902.6% 2016 3 D 2.6% 2 4.6% 1 B 2 1.9% 0.3% 1 B 2 1 A 1 0.3% 1 A 1 1 A 4 12.8% TOTAL 17.0% 1 A 2 16.2% 1 A 4 3 D 18.5% 13.1% 2 1 A 2 1 B 2 22.2% 1 A 4 1 A 3 1 A 3 1 A 3 38.8% 1 A 2 48.6% 1 A 1 -100 -50 0 (Source: Republic of Croatia 2018 Informative Inventory Report (1990-2016)) 60 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE The NH3 emissions (kt/yr) and percentage share by sector and variation in NH3 emissions 1 A 2 1 A 3 1 A 4 1 A 2 5 1 A 3 1990 0.3% 0.1% 5.6% 2016 1 A 1 0.1% 1 A 4 1.3% 1.4% 1 A 1 0.03% 6.9% 1 B 2 5 0.02% 0.4% 1 B 2 3 D 2 1.7% 2 0.2% 15.5% 6.6% 3 D 6.2% TOTAL 23.5% 5 3 B 3 D 2 3 B 3 B 1 A 4 70.2% 59.8% 1 A 2 1 A 1 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 (Source: Republic of Croatia 2018 Informative Inventory Report (1990-2016)) The NMVOCs emissions (kt/yr) and percentage share by sector and variation in NMVOCs 3 D 5 1 A 1 1990 1 A 2 5 0.7% 0.6%0.7% 2016 1 A 1 3.4% 1 A 2 3.0% 3 D 0.6% 3 B 2.2% 3 B 1.0% 12.4% 7.9% 1 A 3 1 A 3 10.6% TOTAL 5 23.1% 3 D 2 1 A 4 2 2 1 B 2 29.4% 43.3% 1 A 4 35.0% 1 A 4 1 A 3 16.5% 1 A 2 1 A 1 1 B 2 1 B 2 4.1% 5.5% -100 -50 0 50 100 150 (Source: Republic of Croatia 2018 Informative Inventory Report (1990-2016)) The PM2.5 emissions (kt/yr) and percentage share by sector and variation in PM2.5 emissions 61 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 3 B 3 D 1 A 1 2 3 D 1 A 1 1990 2.0% 0.2% 2.4% 2016 3 B 0.2% 2.2% 1 B 2 3.9% 1 A 2 1 A 2 1.8% 0.9% 1 B 2 2.2% 7.8% 0.9% 2 1 A 3 1 A 3 6.8% 8.4% TOTAL 4.1% 3 B 3 D 2 1 A 4 1 A 3 1 A 4 1 A 4 1 A 2 77.8% 76.8% 1 A 1 -100 -50 0 50 (Source: Republic of Croatia 2018 Informative Inventory Report (1990-2016)) The PM10 emissions (kt/yr) and percentage share by sector and variation in PM10 emissions 1990 3 D 1 A 1 1 A 1 1 A 2 2016 3 D 1 A 2 4.1% 3.1% 2.2% 6.5% 4.1% 1.8% 3 B 1 A 3 3 B 7.8% 3.8% 6.6% 1 A 3 2 7.6% TOTAL 2 3 B 1 B 2 8.4% 1 B 2 1.6% 17.7% 3 D 2 1 A 4 1 A 4 1 B 2 1 A 4 1 A 3 1.4% 58.2% 1 A 2 64.0% 1 A 1 -100 -50 0 50 (Source: Republic of Croatia 2018 Informative Inventory Report (1990-2016)) 62 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 4.2. PROGRESS MADE BY CURRENT PaMs IN IMPROVING AIR QUALITY, AND THE DEGREE OF COMPLIANCE WITH NATIONAL AND UNION AIR QUALITY OBLIGATIONS According to the EC report: „The First Clean Air Outlook“ 11 air pollution remains a major environmental and health problem in the EU. Many European cities suffer from poor air quality and exceed the EU standards set out in the Ambient Air Quality Directive 2008/50/EC12, and still more exceed the guidelines recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The European Environment Agency has estimated that around 400 000 people died prematurely in the EU in 2015 as a result of air pollution13. The EU review of air policy in 2011-2013 culminated in the Clean Air Policy Package of December 2013 14 . This comprised a communication – a Clean Air Programme for Europe 15 - and three legislative proposals, to control emissions from Medium Combustion Plants, adopted as Directive (EU) 2015/2193 ('the MCPD')16; to ratify the amendment of the 2012 Gothenburg Protocol setting emission reductions for 2020, adopted as Council Decision 2017/1757/EU17; and to set new national reduction commitments for 2030 in a new Directive on the reduction of emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, adopted as Directive (EU) 2016/2284 (the 'NECD')18. The 2013 Clean Air Programme, among others proposed that there should be a regular report on the air quality situation in Europe, covering the prospects for emission reduction and progress towards the EU's objectives.With the adoption of the NECD in December 2016, the analytical basis has been updated, and this first edition of the 'Clean Air Outlook' aims to fulfil that brief, and to provide context for Member States' work in developing the National Air Pollution Control Programmes due under the NECD by 1 April 2019. The First Clean Air Outlook provides an overview of current air emissions and air quality. It is reported that in the 21st century the positive trend in reduction of the main air pollutants in the EU has continued, as has the decoupling from economic growth. Overall, during the 2000-2015 period, the EU's combined GDP grew by 32% while emissions of the main air pollutants decreased by between 10% (for ammonia - NH3) and 70% (for sulphur oxides - SOx). However, there are still major problems with exceedence of the EU's air quality limit values. For 2015, up to 20% of the EU- 28 urban population was exposed to levels above the EU daily limit value for particulate matter (PM10). For fine particulate matter (PM2.5), up to 8 % of the urban population was exposed to concentrations above the EU limit value of 25 μg/m3, and more than 82% to levels above the much stricter WHO guideline value of 10 μg/m3. For nitrogen dioxide (NO2) the annual limit value continues to be widely exceeded across Europe, with concentrations above the identical EU and WHO limit in 22 Member States, to which up to 9% of the urban population are exposed. For ozone, 18 Member States registered concentrations above the EU target value, and up to 30% of the EU urban population lived in areas in which the target value was exceeded, with more than 95% living in areas where the stricter WHO guideline was exceeded 19 . It also states that there are currently 30 infringement procedures open against Member States concerning Directive 2008/50/EC, 16 for exceedance of PM10 limit values, 13 for exceedance of NO2 limit values, and one for exceedance of SO2 limit values. 11 COM(2018) 446 final 12 OJ L 152, 11.06.2008, p. 1 – 44 13 European Enviroment Agency (EEA), October 2017, ‘Air quality in Europe - 2017 report’ 14 eng. Clean Air Policy Package (vidjeti: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/clean_air/review.htm) 15 COM(2013)918 final (eng. Clean Air Programme for Europe) 16 Directive (EU) 2015/2193 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from medium combustion plants 17 OJ L 248, 27.9.2017, p. 3 - 75 18 OJ L 344 of 17.12.2016, p. 1 19 European Environment Agency (EEA), October 2017, ‘Air quality in Europe - 2017 report’ 63 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Although the emissions of all pollutants have been reduced at the source, observing the historic trend since 1990, concentrations of air pollutants have not been sufficiently reduced over the last few years. As in most European cities, as well as in Croatia, the largest population lives in cities where the air quality standards have been exceeded. The most common exceedances are for ground level ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and small particles (PM), but also for benzo(a)pyrene in the floating particles PM10 (BaP in PM10). Emissions that affect environmental pollution, but at the same time record a decline in the historical trend, even in the part since the air quality in Croatia is being monitored, do not, however, cause a linear decrease in local pollution concentration. EU Direktive on air quality ie CAFE Direktive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe, came into force on 11 June 2008. [Oj L 152, 11.6.2008.]. In Croatian legislation it has been applied through the Air Protection Low, The Regulation on levels of pollutants in ambient air (Official Gazette 117/12) and the Ordinance on monitoring air quality (Official Gazette 79/17). The CAFE Directive includes the following pollutants for which the assessment of ambient air quality is carried out (Article 4, Chapter II, Section 1 and Section 2): - sulphur dioxide, - nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, - particulate matter (PM10 i PM2,5), - lead, - benzene, - carbon monoxide and - ozone. In addition to the CAFE Directive, Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council i sin force, concerning: - arsenic, - cadmium, - mercury, - nickel and - benzo(a)pyrene (as an indicator of pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). According to Article 19, paragraph 1, the ZOZZ assessment of air quality in zones and agglomerations shall be carried out for the following pollutants: - sulphur dioxide, - nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, - particulate matter (PM10 i PM2,5), - lead, - benzene, - carbon monoxide and - ozone, - arsenic, - cadmium, - mercury, - nickel and - benzo(a)pyrene Air quality assessment and modeling for the purpose of assessment referred to in Article 19-22 and reporting from Article 120 to the territory of the Republic of Croatia pursuant to Article 6, paragraph 3, ZOZZ shall be implemented by the DHMZ and provided by the Ministry. Air quality monitoring, monitoring of air pollutant emissions from stationary sources, approval of measurement systems for continuous measurement of emissions from stationary sources and 64 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE monitoring of product quality in accordance with Article 6 paragraph 4 are performed by legal entities - test laboratories. Some of the legal requirements for conducting air quality monitoring activities are: - have measuring equipment for performing air quality monitoring activities according to the reference measurement methods prescribed by the Regualtion on Air Quality Monitoring and has been accredited according to the requirements of the harmonized standards for test and calibration laboratories for each reference measurement method, separately, that is, to have a certificate from a reference laboratory for the measurement quality assurance and air quality data assurance for each reference measurement method (Article 55, paragraph 1, sub- paragraph 4, ZOZZ). - that, if it uses other measurement methods for which reference methods are prescribed by the Regulation on Air Quality Monitoring, the legal entity must be accredited on the request of the harmonized standard for test and calibration laboratories or have a reference laboratory certified to ensure the measurement and data quality for each measurement method have the certificate of equivalence of other methods of measurement with reference methods carried out in accordance with the standards of the European Commission (Article 55, paragraph 2, ZOZZ). - if it uses other measurement methods for which no reference methods are prescribed by the Regulation on Air Quality Monitoring, the legal entity must be accredited according to the requirements of the harmonized standard for test and calibration laboratories for these methods (Article 55, paragraph 3, ZOZZ). The activity for ensuring quality of measurement and air quality data on the territory of the Republic of Croatia is performed by a reference laboratory (Article 60, paragraph 1 of the ZOZZ. The reference laboratory shall issue certification to the testing laboratories to ensure the quality of measurement and air quality data for each measurement method, in particular on the basis of the measurement of traceability (Article 60, paragraph 3). Funding for the participation of a reference laboratory on international testing of the capacity of reference laboratories and for cooperation with EU Member States and the European Commission to ensure comparability and quality of measurement is provided by the Ministry (Article 62, paragraph 1). One of the conditions for a legal entity to perform quality assurance of measurement activities and air quality data is: – accredited on the request of harmonized standards for test and calibration laboratories for one or more reference measurement methods prescribed by the Regulation on Air Quality Monitoring. Pursuant to Article 23 of the CAFE Directive and Article 46 of the ZOZZ, where, in given zones or agglomerations, the levels of pollutants in ambient air exceed any limit value or target value, plus any relevant margin of tolerance in each case, Member States shall ensure that air quality plans are established for those zones and agglomerations in order to achieve the related limit value or target value specified in Annexes XI and XIV of CAFE Direktive. In the event of exceedances of those limit values for which the attainment deadline is already expired, the air quality plans shall set out appropriate measures, so that the exceedance period can be kept as short as possible. The air quality plans may additionally include specific measures aiming at the protection of sensitive population groups, including children. Those air quality plans shall incorporate at least the information listed in Section A of Annex XV of the CAFE Directive and Article 46(3) of the ZOZZ and may include measures pursuant to Article 24 of the CAFE Directive and Article 47(4) of the ZOZZ. Those plans shall be communicated to the Commission without delay, but no later than two years after the end of the year the first exceedance was observed. Where air quality plans must be prepared or implemented in respect of several pollutants, Member States shall, where appropriate, prepare and implement integrated air quality plans covering all pollutants concerned. Member States shall, to the extent feasible, ensure consistency with other plans required under Directive 2001/80/EC, Directive 2001/81/EC or Directive 2002/49/EC in order to achieve the relevant environmental objectives. 65 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE According to CAFE directives, Member States shell reduce population exposure to fine particulate matter PM2.5, targets are set at national level and are based on an average exposure indicator (AEI). AEI is determined on the basis of measurements lasting the three-calendar year running annual mean PM2,5 concentration averaged over all measurement points at urban background locations throughout the territory of a Member State and which reflects population exposure. In 2010, the Document on Assessment of ambient air quality in the territory of the State and application of Annex XIV of the new Air Quality Directive and the Clean Air for Europe 2008/50/EC20, which was the basis for negotiations on the base year for the AEI calculation (http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/datoteka?id=30810) was prepared. For the Republic of Croatia, the EU Accession Treaty defined 2015 as the base year for the calculation of AEI, which means that the AEI 3 is defined as the average measured values of the PM2,5 and is 20.6 μg/m . The document provides a proposal for a PM2,5 concentration measurement program with a aim of reducing exposure at the national level in four urban background locations in Zagreb, Rijeka, Split and Osijek and one rural background location. The proposed measurement program was implemented through the Regulation establishing the list of measurement points for monitoring over the concentration of certain pollutants in the air and location of monitoring stations in the national network for permanent air quality monitoring (Official Gazette 65/16). Four locations mentined above in agglomerations required for the calculation of AEI are: – Aglomeration HR ZG: location Zagreb, Ksaverska cesta for AEI PM2,5, – Aglomeration HR RI: location Rijeka-2 for AEI PM2,5, – Aglomeration HR ST: location Split for AEI PM2,5, – Aglomeration HR OS: location Osijek for AEI PM2,5. At location ZAGREB AEI PM2,5 - Ksaverska cesta PM2,5 measurements are caried out since 2005 while measurements at Rijeka-2 for AEI PM2,5 began on May 13, 2015. According to the Air Pollution Standards Measurement Program for Continuous Air Quality Monitoring (Official Gazette 73/16) measurements at the stations Split and Osijek must begin no later than 31 December 2019. In 2016, the document on the potential for achieving national exposure reduction target, was prepared 21 on the basis of the average exposure indicator for PM2.5 for 2015 (http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/datoteka?id=30809) in which the exposure analysis analysis based on then available measurements at the stations: " Ksaverska cesta for AEI PM2.5" (urban area) and "Plitvice Lakes" (rural area - National Park) is presented. 3 According to the Elaborate, the prediction of AEI PM2.5 for 2020 is 16.4 μg/m . If prevision is achieved, this would mean that the national exposure reduction target of 20% will not be achieved. Based on measurements at ZAGREB AEI PM2.5 - Ksaverska cesta, a marked seasonal dependency of the concentration was determined with higher values during cold and low values during the hot part of the year. Measurement results at the rural background location Plitvice Lakes show that there is no seasonal PM2.5 concentration trend. The analysis of the PM2.5 chemical composition shows that the variability of anion, cation and organic and inorganic carbon concentrations can be due to the contribution of multiple sources of pollution, long- range transport, physical and chemical properties of measured pollutants and of meteorological parameters. The most important sources can be the processes of combustion of fossil fuels and 20 Procjena kakvoće zraka na teritoriju države i primjena dodatka xiv. nove direktive o kakvoći zraka i čišćem zraku za Europu 2008/50/EZ, naručitelj Ministarstvo, autor: K. Šega, Zagreb, veljača 2010. 21 Elaborate on the possibilities of achieving targeted exposure reduction at national level based on the average exposure indicator for PM2.5 for 2015, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, October 2016. 66 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE biomass, transport, particle resuspension from the surface, secondary aerosols and long-range transport. In following Table 2.4.2. an overview of the progress made in improving the air quality achieved by the existing PAM and the degree of compliance with the national obligations and obligations of the EU is presented (M) 2.4.2. Progress made by current PaMs in improving air quality, and the degree of compliance with national and Union air quality obligations (M): Describe progress Locations and measurement programme in the national network for air quality monitoring made by current are prescribed by the Regulation on the establishment of a list of measurement points for PaMs in improving the concentration of certain air pollutants and the location of the measurement stations in air quality, and the the national network for permanent monitoring (Official Gazette, No. 65/16) and the Air degree of compliance pollution measurement programme in national network for continuous air quality with national and monitoring (Official Gazette, No. 73/16). Union air quality obligations by, as a Previously in force were the Regulation on the establishment of a list of measurement minimum, specifying points for the monitoring of concentrations of certain air pollutants and the location of the number of air measurement stations in the national network for continuous air quality monitoring quality zones, out of (Official Gazette, No. 22/14) and the Air pollution measurement programme in national the total air quality network for continuous air quality monitoring (Official Gazette 103/14, corr. 117/14). zones, that are (non)compliant with The progress made by the current PAM in improving air quality and degree of alignment EU air quality with national legislation and EU legislation is displayed by reviewing air quality objectives for NO2, monitoring in 2013 (when the Republic of Croatia joined the EU) and in 2016 (the latest PM10, PM2,5 and O3, available annual report). and any other pollutant(s) for which there are List of measurement points for assessment of pollution (compliance) for zones and exceedances (M) agglomeration (color is indicated if data coverage was met in 2013): 67 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE (Source: Annual Report on Air Quality Monitoring in the Republic of Croatia for 2013, CAEN, December 2014) 68 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE List of measurement points for assessment of pollution (compliance) for zones and agglomeration (colors are indicated to indicate whether data coverage was met in 2016): (Source: Annual Report on Air Quality Monitoring in the Republic of Croatia for 2016, CAEN, November 2017) Below is a overview of exceedances for the period 2013-2016 based on the data published in the annual reports on air quality monitoring in the Republic of Croatia available on: http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/godizvrpt.htm?pid=0&t=0. Exceedances in zones / aglomerations determined on the basis of a combination of analysis of measurement results and objective estimates for the period 2013-2016 are next: 69 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Compliant NO2 benzene O3 PM10 PM2.5 BaP in PM10 2013 0 0 1 3 1 0 2014 0 0 2 3 0 2 2015 1 1 6 3 1 2 2016 1 0 5 3 2 2 Excedances of NO2 were recorded only in the agglomeration Zagreb (HR ZG). Excedances of benzene only in the Industrial zone (HR 2). Excedances of benzo(a)pyrene were recorded only in the agglomeration Zagreb (HR ZG) and in the Industrial zone (HR 2). Following table presents number of compliant zones / aglomerations: Compliant NO2 benzene O3 PM10 PM2.5 BaP in PM10 2013 8 8 2 1 1 6 2014 9 8 4 3 3 4 2015 8 8 2 6 8 4 2016 8 8 3 6 6 4 The compliance for zones / agglomerations was not evaluated if there were no measurements or the coverage of data was less than 85%. Moreover, modeling data could not be used to assess compliance for PM10 and PM2.5 because the levels of contamination in all zones and agglomerations were higher than lower assessment threshold (LAT). Also, modeling data could not be used to evaluate compliance for ground-level ozone in zones and agglomerations since pollution levels in all zones and agglomerations are higher than long-term objective (LTO). Following table shows the number of unrated zones / agglomerations:: Unrated NO2 benzene O3 PM10 PM2.5 BaP in PM10 2013 1 1 6 5 7 3 2014 0 1 3 3 6 3 2015 0 0 1 0 0 3 2016 0 1 1 0 1 3 Compliance assessment for each zone / aglomeration for ground-level ozone in the period 2013-2016 is shown in following table: 2013 2014 2015 2016 HR ZG HR RI HR ST HR OS HR 1 HR 2 HR 3 HR 4 HR 5 Oznake: compliance non-cpmpliance unrated The difference in the number of excedances for ground-level ozone in 2013 and 2016 is the result of the availability of dana and not the change in the level of pollution. Ground-level ozone pollution is a subject to natural interannual variability as seen from thecondition in agglomerations Zagreb (HR ZG) and Rijeka (HR RI). As can be expected, in the rural areas of coastal and mountainous regions of Croatia, ie zones HR 3, HR 4 and HR 5, the problem of pollution with ground-level ozone is more expressed than in agglomerations. 70 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE A more detailed overview of the exceedance of the measurement stations in the zones / agglomerations in the period 2013-2016 is showed in the following table: Measurement BaP in Zone/aglomeration NO2 benzene O3 PM10 PM2.5 station PM10 2013 2013NP 2014 Zagreb-1 2015 2015 2015 2016 2016 2016 2016 HR ZG 2013 2014 2014 Zagreb-3 2015 2015 2016 2016 Velika Gorica* 2015 2016 2013 2014 HR OS Osijek-1 2015 2016 2013 HR RI Rijeka-2 2015 2015 HR 1 Desinić 2016 2013 Slavonski Brod- 2014 1 2015 2016 2013 2014 2014 HR 2 Sisak-1 2015 2015 2015 2016 2016 2013NP 2014 Kutina-1 2015 2016 2014 HR 3 Parg 2015 2016 2015 HR 4 Pula Fižela* 2016 2013NP 2014 Hum (islad Vis) 2015 HR 5 2016 2013NP Žarkovica 2015 (Dubrovnik) 2016 Remark * measurement stations that are not part of the national network but are used for the purposes of data exchange until the establishment of new national network stations NP the data coverage was not satisfied Provide complete All information related to air quality monitoring and air quality improvement action plans references (chapter are publicly available on the CAEN web site: http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/index.html and page) to publically available AIR QUALITY REPORTING supporting datasets (e.g. air quality By accession to the EU, the Republic of Croatia is overtaken the obligation to provide plans, source information / data on air quality to the European Commission. For this reason, CAEN apportionment) (M) developed the portal "Air Quality in the Republic of Croatia" in 2014 and through the portal since 2014 (data for 2013), the Republic of Croatia submits air quality data to the European Commission and thus fulfills all reporting air quality obligations required by the Implementation Decision IPR. In this way, all relevant information / air quality information is provided: – Data on zones and agglomerations (B), – Data on assessment system (C), – Data on networks and measurement stations (metadata) (D), – Original and validated data (E), – Pollution assessment with exceedances of limit and taregt values (G), – Information on air quality improvement plans (H), – Information on source appointment (I), – Information on scenario for the year of achievement (J), 71 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE – Information on measures to improve air quality (K). Within the framework of the IPA 2013 Project "Strengthening environmental protection inspection for the effective control of air quality monitoring and emissions trading system, in order to achieve better air quality in the Republic of Croatia", an analysis of air quality reporting was conducted and it was concluded that data exchange according to the EC, it proceeds satisfactorily and according to the planned schedule. Information on Action Plans submitted to the European Commission: In 2015, for the exceedances in 2013, information from the following action plans was submitted to the EC: Action plan for the improvement of air quality in the City of Zagreb – for exceedances of GV for particulate matter PM10 Action plan for reduction of concentration levels for particulate matter PM10 in the City of Sisak - for exceedances of GV for particulate matter PM10 Action plan for PM10 emission reduction in the City of Kutina – for exceedances of GV for particulate matter PM10 Action plan for pollution reduction with particulate matter (PM10) for the City of Osijek - for exceedances of GV for particulate matter PM10 For exceedance of CV of ground-level ozone in the City of Rijeka, ground-level ozone pollution reduction measures from the Action Plan for the Reduction of ground-level ozone pollution in the City of Rijeka have been submitted (ZOZZ for exceedances of CV sets out the drafting and adoption of the Action Plan and in accordance with Directive 2008/50/EU for exceedance of CV is only mandatory to submit only measures). In 2016, information on the implementation of the action plans for exceedances in 2014 was submitted. The implementation of the action plans shall be reported in such a way that the information already sent is updated on an annual basis if necessary. In 2016, for the exceedances in 2014, information was provided from: – Action Plan for improvement of air quality in the City of Zagreb - For CV exceedances for BaP in PM10. All prepared current action plans can be found on the air quality portal in CRO on the HAOP web site link: http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/godizvrpt.htm?pid=0&t=4. All information on the action plans submitted to the EC are publicly available and is also available on the Croatian Air Quality portal at the HAOP pages at the links (for years of data delivery): – Information on air quality improvement plans (H): http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/hPlan.htm, – Information on source appointment (I): http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/iSourceAppointment.htm, – Information on scenario for the year of achievement (J): http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/jEvaluation.htm, – Information on measures to improve air (K): http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/kMeasure.htm. In 2017 information was submitted for the Action Plan for the City of Slavonski Brod for the PM2.5 exceedances in 2013, which was adopted in 2016, – Action Plan for improvement of air quality in the City of Slavonski Brod Maps or histograms Maps for SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2,5, O3, heavy methals and B(a)P concentrations for period illustrating the 2001-2015 are provide din document: Objective assessment of ambient air quality in current ambient air zones of the Republic of Croatia for 2016 (DHMZ, Zagreb, September 2017) available at concentrations (for link: http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/datoteka?id=69590. at least NO2, PM10, Objective assessment of ambient air quality are performed, measurements are carried out PM2,5 and O3, and for all areas (zones) where air quality measurements are not carried out, where any other measurements are carried out by some non - standardized methods or where the pollutant(s) that measurements are carried out by a standardized method for which no equivalence tests present(s) a with the reference method have not been performed, but only where the levels of pollutant problem) and which concentrations in the area considered are less than the lower assessment threshold (LAT) 72 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE show, for instance, or long-term objective (LTO) in accordance with Articles 6 and 9 of Directive the number of zones, 2008/50/EC. out of the total air The results were obtained using the latest version of the EMEP model from 2016. A 50 quality zones, that km x 50 km spatial model was used, which is intended primarily for assessing the are (non)compliant influence of regional and longe-range transmissions of air pollutants. The model in the base year and resolution was not fine enough to estimate concentration levels in cases where local in the reporting year sources of local pollution dominate. Modeling in fine resolution (0,1⁰ x 0,1⁰) at national (O) level and at the level of AQ zones and agglomerations has not yet been carried out. Below are the maps for 2015. SO2 3 The modeled values of annual SO2 concentrations are less than 2 μg/m in the larger Croatian area. Values ranging from 2-10 μg/m3 are for areas bordering Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) (Republika Srpska) and Republic of Serbia (RS), which is expected due to large point emissions sources in those countries. On the whole territory of the Republic of Croatia the annual SO2 concentrations are below the lower assessment threshold (50 μg/m3) with respect to human health as well as the lower assessment threshold (8 μg/m3) with respect to the protection of vegetation. NO2 Annual concentrations of NO2 are the highest near to industrial sources ie in 3 agglomerations. Calculated values of NO2 concentrations range from 2 to 10 μg/m below the lower assessment threshold considering human health (26 μg/m3) as well as the lower assessment threshold of critical level for nitrogen oxide with respect to the protection of vegetation and natural ecosystems (19.5 μg/m3). Although the dominant sources of nitrogen oxides are included in emission data, the large spatial scale of the model does not allow precise determination of concentrations in areas, 73 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE where there are key individual or isolated sources of nitrogen oxides emissions (cement industry, power plants, refineries etc.). PM10 3 Annual concentrations of PM10 move around 8-18 μg/m . Calculated concentrations are below the lower assessment threshold considering human health (20 μg/m3). Spatial distribution of annual concentrations for PM10 changes from year to year which largely depend on meteorological conditions. It can be noticed that the maximum load considering particulate matter PM10 is in zones HR01, HR04 and HR05 while in the zone HR02 concentration is a bit lower. The modeled values of the PM10 concentrations are comparable only to the values measured at rural stations and can be considered as reliable within the prescribed limits of uncertainty of measurement / modeling for particulate matter PM10 (uncertainty limit is 50%). Some deviations in relation to the measured values were obtained at the Kopački rit measurement station, where the mean annual concentrations are 20.6 μg/m3, while the results of the calculation are about 18 μg/m3, which is within the limits of the model's eligibility. PM2.5 3 Modeled PM2.5 concentrations range from 6-16 μg/m and throughout the all CRO area are below the upper assessment threshold (16 μg/m3). At measurement station Kopački rit, measured values of PM2.5 concentrations are higher than the modeled values and indicate the influence of the potential natural source of emission. 74 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Ozone The results of the calculation of the concentration for ground-level ozone indicate that the average daily values of ground-level ozone are high and there is a gradient of increasing concentrations going from the continental part of Croatia to the Adriatic. The mean daily concentrations are in the range of 60-100 μg/m3, which is comparable to the values obtained by the measurements. Although there is a slight decrease in the mean concentration values (primarily in the coastal area), the values do not change significantly from year to year. Heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg) and persistent organic compaunds (BaP) The modeled values of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations are compared with the measured values, while values for benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) are significantly underestimated. However, measurements are carried out in areas with a high impact of local sources so it is not possible to give a final judgment whether the modeled values are really underestimated in the areas of the zones where the measurements were not performed. Spatial distribution of mean annual values of concentrations for heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg) and persistent organic compounds (BaP). The resolution of spatial distribution model represents the biggest obstacle to the final assessment. However, taking into account the fact that B(a P is the highest in cities, agglomerations and industrial centers, it is estimated that rural areas (HR01, HR03, HR04 and HR05) do not exceed the target value of 1 ng/m3 for BaP. 75 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Where problems are Graphs show the change of the pollutant parameters in the period 2013-2016 based on the identified in (an) air data submitted to EC. quality zone(s), describe how Concentration of PM10 progress was made Exceedance of GV occurs only in the lowland continental Croatia. On the measurement in reducing the stations that record exceedances of GV, the daily concentration is significantly higher than maximum allowed. Only one measurement location (Kutina-1) has an average annual concentration concentrations greater than GV. Measurements do not indicate a decrease in annual PM concentrations reported (O) 10 or the number of GV exceedance for daily PM10 concentrations, but in most cases the data indicate year-to-year variability as shown in the following figures. At measurement station Zagreb-1 data indicates year-to-year variability of annual concentration and number of exceedances at the site. At Zagreb-3 measurement station there is no significant year-to-year variability of exceedances. At this location for 2013 and 2014 the corrected data for measurements by non-reference automatic method are displayed, while for 2015 and 2016 the results of corrected gravimetric measurements are displayed. Corrected measurement data by the non-reference automatic method at the Zagreb-3 measurement station in a four-year period show significant year-to-year variability which is not the same sign, as in Zagreb- 1. At the location Osijek-1, the annual concentration changes very little and the number of exceedances has year-to-year variability. On Sisak-1 all data relates to gravimetric measurements. For the period 2013 - 2016 measurement data performed by non-reference automatic method at Osijek-1 and Kutina- 1 samling locations are corrected with correction functions. Correction functions from Zagreb-1 station were used for Osijek-1, and correction functions from Sisak-1 station were used for Kutina-1. At Sisak-1 location data show year-to-year variability, ie there is no clear trend. At location Kutina-1 data show a significant increase in GV daily concentrations, and in 2015 and 2016 the exceedence of GV for annual PM10 concentrations were noted. 76 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Concentrations of PM2.5 At the location Slavonski Brod-1 measurements indicates point on exceedance of the PM2.5 limit value. Corrected measurement data by automatic non-reference method give slightly higher values than the gravimetric measurements in 2015 and 2016 as shown in the figure below. The PM2.5 measurements at the location Velika Gorica started in May 2015 and showed exceedance of GV in 2016, and an action plan is yet to be created for that location. Concentrations of B(a)P in PM10 The annual concentrations of B(a)P at Zagreb-1 and Sisak-1 locations are increasing from 2013 to 2015 and then falling in 2016. At the location Zagreb-3 measurements began in June 2014, and the concentrations also show a fall in 2016. At locations Zagreb-1 and Sisak-1 changes in annual concentration of B(a)P in PM10 do not follow changes in annual PM10 concentrations. Concentrations of NO2 NO2 has been exceeded only at one of stations that are used for reporting to EC. Annual NO2 concentration was higher than the limit value at Zagreb-1 station in 2015 and 2016, while in 2014 it was at the border of it (40 g/m3). Due to the insufficient data coverage for 2015, no annual average NO2 concentration has been reported. Concentration values in the graph shown a small variability around the limit value. Benzene (C6H6) Benzene has only been exceeded at one of the stations used for reporting to EC ie at station Sisak-1. In all years the data coverage was less than 90%. In 2016 due to too little data coverage (20%), no mean annual concentration was reported. In 2013 and 2015, data 77 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE coverage was 86% and in 2014 81%. The average annual benzene concentrations increased significantly in 2015 and this is the first and only year for which the exceedance for benzene was submitted. Ozone (O3) In the period from 2013 to 2016, the number of measurement stations for which there are data on excedance of target value for ground-level ozone, has increased. The largest data coverage during the observed four-year period have measurement stations in the agglomerations Rijeka and Zagreb, showing a high year-to-year variability of exceedances for ground-level ozone. At rural stations (Desinić, Parg, Hum, Žarkovica), despite the coverage of less than 90% in some years, the number of exceeded CV is higher than the allowed number. As can be seen in the figure, the number of exceedances for the ground-level has a significant year-to-year variability. On the annually determined number of exceedances is also affected by the coverage of data which was at some stations less than 90% in the summer period when all exceed the target values. On values of the three-year averages of the number of days exceedances of CV, also affects the data coverage. The coverage of data on rural stations also affects the value of the three-year average because there is a possibility that some of exceedances have not been noted. However, the level of ground-level ozone in summer in rural areas of continental Croatia (HR 1), and in particular coastal Croatia (HR 3, HR 4, HR 5) is so high that even in cases where data coverage in summer is less than 90% there are more than 25 exceedances of CV. 78 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 4.3. CURRENT TRANSBOUNDARY IMPACT OF NATIONAL EMISSION SOURCES This section provides information on the overall transboundary impact of national emissions on other EU Member States and vice versa. Table 2.4.3 below gives the current cross-border impact of domestic emission sources. 2.4.3. Current transboundary impact of national emission sources (M where relevant) Where Each country contributes to cross-border pollution, with the greatest impact on neighbouring relevant, countries. Specific reports for each individual country, produced by the Norwegian Meteorological describe the Institute, provide an overview of cross-border pollution of major pollutants, ground-level ozone and current particles and form an integral part of the EMEP "Status Report". Quantification of the contribution transboundar of individual countries to cross-border pollution is based on the source-receptor calculations carried y impact of out using the EMEP's uniformed model. Input data for the model are emission data and domestic meteorological data, and modelling results are presented, among other things, for SO , NOx and emission 2 NH . sources (M) 3 Numerous countries contribute to pollution in Croatia. In the transboundary transfer of sulphur compounds and their final deposition on the territory of the Republic of Croatia, the biggest contribution is the neighbouring Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, while Italy contributes most to pollution caused by nitrogen compounds (NOx, NH3). The share of cross-border precipitation in total sedimentation suggests that almost all of the precipitated NOx in the entire area is outside the borders of Croatia. With regard to SOx, the largest share of cross-border precipitation was recorded in the area of eastern Croatia and Dalmatia. Gorski kotar and Dalmatia areas where a large cross-border contribution (more than 90 percent) was established in total NH3 deposition. The graph of cross-border precipitation of SO2 and NOx (as oxide N, red N and sumed) is given in the figures below. In case SO2-S quantitative data is used to describe the results of the assessment, 51 kt/god specify data and 288 methodologies kt/god 66% used to conduct 34% the above assessment (O) 77 kt/god 314 kt/god From the total amount of sulfur compounds, 66% is exported by the Republic of Croatia, of which 50% comes from combustion in thermal power plants, 24% from the manufacturing process sector, 17% from industrial combustion, 7% from combustion in non-industrial combustion plants, while the remaining 2% refers to other mobile sources. 79 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Looking at the balance of exports and imports of sulfur compounds, in the year 2014, the Republic of Croatia was large importer of emissions (the imported emission was 5.6 times higher than the exported). In the transboundary transmission of sulfur compounds and their final deposition on the territory of the Republic of Croatia, the biggest contribution is the neighboring Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia with 23%. Oxid N 218 kt/god 218 kt/god 91% 9% 240 kg/god 240 kt/god From the total amount of nitrogen compounds (shown as oxide N), the Republic of Croatia exports 91% overseas, of which 44% comes from road traffic, 19% from other mobile sources, 14% from combustion in thermal power plants, 12% from combustion in non-industrial combustion while the remaining 11% refers to combustion in industry. Looking at the balance of exports and imports of nitrogen compounds, the Republic of Croatia in 2014 exported the same amount of nitrogen compounds (oxide N) as it was imported. In the transboundary transfer of nitrogen compounds (depicted as oxide N) and their final deposition on the territory of the Republic of Croatia, the largest contribution has the neighbouring Italy with 22%. 80 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Red N 136 kt/god 204 kt/god 67% 33% 204 kt/god 272 kt/god From the total amount of nitrogen compounds (shown in red N), the Republic of Croatia exports 67% overseas, of which 61% comes from the agricultural sector and the remaining 39% from the production process sector. Considering the balance of exports and imports of nitrogen compounds (red N), in the year 2014, the Republic of Croatia was large importer of emissions (the imported emission was 1.5 times higher than the exported). In the transboundary transfer of nitrogen compounds (shown as red N) and their final deposition on the territory of the Republic of Croatia, the largest contribution has the neighboring Italy with 17%.. Oxid+Red N 81 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE From the total amount of nitrogen compounds (shown as sum of oxides and red N), the Republic of Croatia exports 80% overseas, of which 44% comes from the road transport sector, 18% from other mobile sources, 13% from thermal power plants, 12% from non- industrial combustion, 3% from the agricultural sector and the remaining 2% from the manufacturing process sector. Looking at the balance of exports and imports of nitrogen compounds (shown as sum of oxide and red N), Croatia was large importer of emissions in 2014 (the imported emission was 1.2 times higher than exported). In the transboundary transfer of nitrogen compounds (shown as the sum of oxides N and red N) and their final deposition on the territory of the Republic of Croatia, the largest contribution is the neighboring Italy with 19%. Report: ''Norweigan Meteorological Institute: Transboundary air pollution by main pollutants (S, N, O3) and PM, Croatia, 2014.'' was used for the quantitative analysis. 5. PROJECTED FURTHER EVOLUTION ASSUMING NO CHANGE TO ALREADY ADOPTED POLICIES AND MEASURES This Chapter corresponds to the chapter of the Format 2.5. „Projected further evolution assuming no change to already adopted policies and measures“. An overview of further level of ambition that Croatia can achieve with the aim of improving air pollution mitigation is given. The list and descriptions of measures are based on the Report on implementation of PaM for emission mitigations and increasing outflow of greenhouse gases (HAOP, 2017) with the addition of measures that refer only to pollutant emissions and to the removal of measures that refer only to greenhouse gas emissions. PaM are presented by the following sectors: energy, transport, industrial processes and product use, waste management, agriculture, other (inter-sectoral) PaM. EU Emission Trading System (EU ETS), as a common EU, transnational, inter-sectoral measure, is listed with other (inter-sectoral) PaM. Table 4-1 gives an overview, and in Annex 1 of the Programme descriptions of currently applied and adopted PaMs, whose impact is integrated into the scenario with the existing measures (WM scenario). According to definition (Paragraph 11, UNFCCC, 2016, cited in EMEP GB 2016): - applied measures are those for which applies: a) the national legal framework was adopted; b) OR one or more voluntary agreements have been established; c) OR the financial resources are allocated; d) OR human resources are mobilized; - adopted measures are those for which there are official national decisions and there is a clear commitment for the continuation of implementation. 82 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Table 4-1: Overview of adopted and applied PaMs whose impact is integrated into the scenario with existing measures (WM scenario) Which pollutant(s) is Body(s) responsible for application: Primary and, affected: Refer to those listed in Table 2.3.2. if necessary Name and short where SO2, NOx, NMVOC, Status Start of description (below the Targets of a particular PaM Type(s) of appropriate, the NH3, PM2.5, BC as a (Applied / applicatio table) of a particular PaM or PaM package: PaM: secondary component of PM2.5, Adopted): n: Type Name or PaM package: sector(s) under other (eg. Hg, dioxins, influence: GHG): MEN-1: National plan for improvement of building regulatory, energy National Ministry of construction and physical the increase of the number of All pollutants, CO efficiency, increase of economic, consumption, applied 2014 2 authorities planning nearly-zero energy buildings renewable energy planned energy supply Ministry of construction and physical MEN-2: Program for energy improvement of building energy National planning, renovation of the apartment All pollutants, CO efficiency, increase of economic consumption, applied 2014 2 authorities Environmental protection and energy buildings renewable energy energy supply efficiency fund Ministry of environmental protection and MEN-3: Program for the energy, increase of energy efficiency improvement of building energy National Ministry of construction and physical and use of renewable energy All pollutants, CO efficiency, increase of economic consumption, applied 2017 2 authorities planning, sources in commercial non- renewable energy energy supply Environmental protection and energy residential buildings efficiency fund Ministry of construction and physical planning, MEN-4: Program for the improvement of building energy National Ministry of regional development and energy renovation of family All pollutants, CO efficiency, increase of economic consumption, applied 2014 2 authorities EU funds, dwellings renewable energy energy supply Environmental protection and energy efficiency fund Ministry of construction and physical planning, MEN-5: Program for the improvement of building potrošnja energije, National Environmental protection and energy energy renovation of public All pollutants, CO efficiency, increase of economic applied 2014 2 opskrba energijom authorities efficiency fund, buildings renewable energy Agency for legal transport and real estate intermediation Agency for legal transport and real MEN-6: Energy improving efficiency in services energy National estate intermediation, management in the public All pollutants, CO / tertiary sector, demand regulatory applied 2014 2 consumption authorities National coordinating body for energy sector management / decrease efficiency MEN-7: Measurement and Ministry of environmental protection regulatory, energy National informative calculation of All pollutants, CO demand management / decrease applied 2014 and energy, 2 informative consumption authorities energy consumption energy distributors MEN-8: Labelling the regulatory, energy National Ministry of environmental protection energy efficiency of All pollutants, CO improving efficiency of devices applied 2014 2 informative consumption authorities and energy household appliances MEN-9: Eco-design of regulatory, energy National Ministry of environmental protection All pollutants, CO improving efficiency of devices applied 2013 energy-using products 2 informative consumption authorities and energy 83 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Which pollutant(s) is Body(s) responsible for application: Primary and, affected: Refer to those listed in Table 2.3.2. if necessary Name and short where SO2, NOx, NMVOC, Status Start of description (below the Targets of a particular PaM Type(s) of appropriate, the NH3, PM2.5, BC as a (Applied / applicatio table) of a particular PaM or PaM package: PaM: secondary component of PM2.5, Adopted): n: Type Name or PaM package: sector(s) under other (eg. Hg, dioxins, influence: GHG): improvement of building MEN-10: Promotion of efficiency; energy efficiency and National coordinating body for energy improving efficiency in services energy National implementation of measures All pollutants, CO informative applied 2007 efficiency, 2 / tertiary sector; consumption authorities through energy services ESCO companies improving efficiency in end use model industrial branches Ministry of environmental protection improvement of building and energy, MEN-11 Program for the efficiency, economic, energy National Ministry for demography, family, youth All pollutants, CO adopted 2017 reduction of energy poverty 2 improving efficiency of devices, regulatory consumption authorities and social policy, demand management / decrease Environmental protection and energy efficiency fund Croatian employment service, MEN-12: Education in the energy National All pollutants, CO demand management / decrease educational applied 2012 Agency for vocational education and area of energy efficiency 2 consumption authorities adult education Ministry of environmental protection and energy, MEN-13: National program improving efficiency in services energy National National coordinating body for energy for the energy efficiency in All pollutants, CO economic applied 2014 2 / tertiary sector consumption authorities efficiency, public lighting Environmental protection and energy efficiency fund and EU funds Ministry of environmental protection improving efficiency in services and energy, / tertiary sector, energy Ministry of economy, entrepreneurship MEN-14: Green public All pollutants, CO , CH , improving efficiency of devices, consumption, National and crafts, 2 4 regulatory applied 2014 procurement N2O increase of renewable energy, energy supply, authorities Central state bureau for central public improvement of vehicle transport procurement, efficiency National coordinating body for energy efficiency Ministry of environmental protection and energy, improving efficiency in end use energy MEN-15: Energy audits in All pollutants, CO , CH , regulatory, National Ministry of economy, entrepreneurship 2 4 industrial branches, consumption, applied 2014 industry N O informative authorities and crafts, 2 demand management / decrease energy supply Environmental protection and energy efficiency fund Croatian chamber of economy, improving efficiency in end use energy National coordinating body for energy MEN-16: Industrial Energy All pollutants, CO , CH , National 2 4 industrial branches, voluntary consumption, applied 2008 efficiency, Efficiency Network (MIEE) N O authorities 2 demand management / decrease energy supply Environmental protection and energy efficiency fund 84 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Which pollutant(s) is Body(s) responsible for application: Primary and, affected: Refer to those listed in Table 2.3.2. if necessary Name and short where SO2, NOx, NMVOC, Status Start of description (below the Targets of a particular PaM Type(s) of appropriate, the NH3, PM2.5, BC as a (Applied / applicatio table) of a particular PaM or PaM package: PaM: secondary component of PM2.5, Adopted): n: Type Name or PaM package: sector(s) under other (eg. Hg, dioxins, influence: GHG): Ministry of environmental protection MEN-17: Increase of the use improving efficiency in and energy, energy of renewable energy sources All pollutants, CO , CH , industrial branches of end use, National National coordinating body for energy 2 4 economic consumption, applied 2017 and energy efficiency in N O demand management / decrease, authorities efficiency, 2 energy supply industry sector increase of renewable energy Environmental protection and energy efficiency fund MEN-18: Feed-in tariffs and premium system for the Ministry of environmental protection support of the use of economic, National All pollutants, CO increase of renewable energy energy supply applied 2007 and energy, renewable energy sources in 2 regulatory authorities Croatian energy market operator electricity generation and for the efficient cogeneration improvement of building Ministry of environmental protection MEN-19: Program for the efficiency, economic, energy National and energy, energy efficiency in heating All pollutants, CO reducing losses, improving regulatory, consumption, adopted 2016 2 authorities Ministry of construction and physical and cooling efficiency in the sector of informative energy supply planning energy and transformation MEN-20: Promotion of the increase of renewable energy, energy use of renewable energy All pollutants, CO , CH , National Croatian bank for reconstruction and 2 4 improving efficiency in end use economic consumption, applied 2009 sources and energy N O authorities development 2 industrial branches energy supply efficiency by HBOR increase of renewable energy, improvement of building efficiency, improving efficiency in services / tertiary sector, MEN-21: Promotion of the improving efficiency of devices, use of renewable energy improving efficiency in end use energy Ministry of environmental protection sources and energy industrial branches, All pollutants, CO , CH , economic, consumption, National and energy, efficiency by FZOEU (The 2 4 demand management / decrease, applied 2004 N O regulatory energy supply, authorities Environmental protection and energy Environmental Protection 2 improvement of vehicle transport efficiency fund and Energy Efficiency Fund) efficiency, resources modal shift to public transport or non-motorized transport, alternative fuels / electric automobiles, demand management / decrease, improved behavior 85 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Which pollutant(s) is Body(s) responsible for application: Primary and, affected: Refer to those listed in Table 2.3.2. if necessary Name and short where SO2, NOx, NMVOC, Status Start of description (below the Targets of a particular PaM Type(s) of appropriate, the NH3, PM2.5, BC as a (Applied / applicatio table) of a particular PaM or PaM package: PaM: secondary component of PM2.5, Adopted): n: Type Name or PaM package: sector(s) under other (eg. Hg, dioxins, influence: GHG): Ministry of environmental protection MEN-22: CO2 emission tax increase of renewable energy, energy and energy, National for the non-ETS stationary All pollutants, CO transfer to less carbon-intensive Taxation consumption, applied 2013 Ministry of finance, 2 authorities sources fuels energy supply Environmental protection and energy efficiency fund increase of renewable energy, reducing losses, MEN-23: Revitalization and improving efficiency in the energy efficiency in existing voluntary, All pollutants, CO sector of energy and energy supply applied 2014 Other HEP-Proizvodnja d.o.o. thermal and hydro power 2 regulatory transformation, plants installation of pollution reduction techniques reducing losses, MEN-24: Reconstruction improving efficiency in the regulatory, and renovation of the heating All pollutants, CO energy supply applied 2014 Other HEP-Toplinarstvo d.o.o. 2 sector of energy and economic and steam network transformation MEN-25: Operation of increase of renewable energy, power system and reducing losses, economic, Croatian transmission system operator, development of the All pollutants, CO improving efficiency in the energy supply applied 2014 Other 2 regulatory HEP-Distribution System Operator transmission and distribution sector of energy and network transformation MEN-26: Reduction of volatile organic compounds reducing losses, energy, fugitive emissions occurring during economic, National Ministry of environmental protection NMVOC, CO installation of pollution emissions, road applied 2012 the loading of motor vehicles 2 regulatory authorities and energy reduction techniques transport with gasoline at service stations MEN-27: Reduction of volatile organic compounds reducing losses, economic, energy, fugitive National Ministry of environmental protection emissions occurring during NMVOC, CO installation of pollution applied 2007 2 regulatory emissions authorities and energy the storage and distribution reduction techniques of gasoline MEN-28: Quality control of economic, National Ministry of environmental protection SO , NMVOC alternative energy supply energy applied 2002 liquid petroleum fuels 2 regulatory authorities and energy MEN-29: Limiting CO, VOC, NOx, PM , installation of pollution National emissions of pollutants for 2,5 regulatory transport applied 2008 State office for metrology PM reduction techniques authorities non-road mobile machinery 10 86 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Which pollutant(s) is Body(s) responsible for application: Primary and, affected: Refer to those listed in Table 2.3.2. if necessary Name and short where SO2, NOx, NMVOC, Status Start of description (below the Targets of a particular PaM Type(s) of appropriate, the NH3, PM2.5, BC as a (Applied / applicatio table) of a particular PaM or PaM package: PaM: secondary component of PM2.5, Adopted): n: Type Name or PaM package: sector(s) under other (eg. Hg, dioxins, influence: GHG): MTR-1 Providing improvement of vehicle information to consumers on efficiency, alternative fuels / National Ministry of environmental protection fuel economy and CO2 All pollutants, CO informative transport applied 2007 2 electric automobiles, authorities and energy emission of new passenger improved behavior cars Ministry of the interior, Ministry of environmental protection MTR-2: Training for drivers and energy, National of road vehicles for eco- All pollutants, CO improved behavior educational transport applied 2011 Environmental protection and energy 2 authorities driving efficiency fund, National coordinating body for energy efficiency regulatory, MTR-3: Obligation for the alternative fuels / electric National Ministry of environmental protection All pollutants, CO economic, transport applied 2010 use of biofuels in transport 2 automobiles authorities and energy taxation Ministry of environmental protection improvement of vehicle MTR-4: Special fee for and nature, efficiency, alternative fuels / taxation, National environment on the motor All pollutants, CO transport applied 2014 Ministry of finance, 2 electric automobiles, economic authorities vehicles Environmental protection and energy improved behavior efficiency fund improvement of vehicle Ministry of environmental protection MTR-5: Special tax on efficiency, alternative fuels / Taxation, National All pollutants, CO transport applied 2015 and nature, motor vehicles 2 electric automobiles, economic authorities Ministry of finance improved behavior Ministry of environmental protection MTR-6: Financial incentives improvement of vehicle National and nature, for the purchase of plug-in All pollutants, CO efficiency, alternative fuels / economic transport applied 2014 2 authorities Environmental protection and energy hybrid and electric vehicles electric automobiles efficiency fund Ministry of the sea, transport and infrastructure, Ministry of environmental protection National and nature, authorities, MTR-7: Development of Ministry of construction and physical alternative fuels / electric regulatory, Regional infrastructure for alternative All pollutants, CO transport applied 2014 planning, 2 automobiles economic authorities, fuels Ministry of finance, Local Ministry of the interior, Authorities Local and regional government units, Environmental protection and energy efficiency fund 87 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Which pollutant(s) is Body(s) responsible for application: Primary and, affected: Refer to those listed in Table 2.3.2. if necessary Name and short where SO2, NOx, NMVOC, Status Start of description (below the Targets of a particular PaM Type(s) of appropriate, the NH3, PM2.5, BC as a (Applied / applicatio table) of a particular PaM or PaM package: PaM: secondary component of PM2.5, Adopted): n: Type Name or PaM package: sector(s) under other (eg. Hg, dioxins, influence: GHG): National MTR-8: Promotion of alternative fuels / electric Ministry of environmental protection authorities, integrated and intelligent automobiles, and nature, Regional transport systems and All pollutants, CO improved traffic infrastructure, planned transport applied 2014 Local and regional government units, 2 authorities, alternatives fuels in urban modal shift to public transport Environmental protection and energy Local areas or non-motorized transport efficiency fund Authorities MTR-9: Monitoring, Ministry of environmental protection reporting and verification of National and energy, All pollutants, CO alternative fuels / electric regulatory transport applied 2012 greenhouse gas emissions in 2 authorities Croatian agency for the environmental the lifetime of liquid fuels protection and nature Ministry of the sea, transport and MTR-10: Prevention and SOx, NOx, VOC, National infrastructure control of the ship emissions substances that damage alternative transport regulatory transport applied 2005 authorities Ministry of environmental protection to air the ozone and nature implementation of technologies MTR-11: Limiting emission CO, VOC, NOx, PM , for emission reduction of National of pollutants from road 2,5 regulatory transport applied 2008 State office for metrology PM vehicles, improved vehicle authorities vehicles 10 efficiency MIP-1: Reducing emissions industrial of volatile organic economic, National Ministry of environmental protection NMVOC, CO emission mitigation processes and applied 2014 compounds in solvent use 2 regulatory authorities and energy product use sector other activities that improve the MAG-0: Implementation of Ministry of agriculture, management of agricultural regulatory, National the Rural Development CH , N O agriculture applied 2018 Paying Agency for Agriculture, 4 2 land, activities for improvement economic authorities Programme 2014-2020 Fisheries and Rural Development of grazing, other agriculture source-based pollution Nacionalne control, Ministry of environmental protection vlasti, MWM-1: Preventing the economic waste and energy NMVOC, PM , demand management / decrease, Regionalne generation and reducing the 2,5 instruments, management / applied 2013 Regional government unit (JRS) / City CH reduction of waste disposal vlasti, amount of municipal waste 4 regulatory waste of Zagreb and large cities Lokalne instruments, Local government unit (JLS) vlasti education, planning 88 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Which pollutant(s) is Body(s) responsible for application: Primary and, affected: Refer to those listed in Table 2.3.2. if necessary Name and short where SO2, NOx, NMVOC, Status Start of description (below the Targets of a particular PaM Type(s) of appropriate, the NH3, PM2.5, BC as a (Applied / applicatio table) of a particular PaM or PaM package: PaM: secondary component of PM2.5, Adopted): n: Type Name or PaM package: sector(s) under other (eg. Hg, dioxins, influence: GHG): source-based National pollution Ministry of environmental protection MWM-2: Increasing the authorities, demand management / decrease, control, and energy amount of separately NMVOC, PM , waste management Regional 2,5 increased recycling, reduction of economic applied 2013 Regional government unit (JRS) / City collected and recycled CH / waste authorities, 4 waste disposal instruments, of Zagreb and large cities municipal waste Local regulatory Local government unit (JLS) Authorities instruments National Ministry of environmental protection economic authorities, improvement of processing and energy MWM-3 Methane and instruments, waste management Regional NMVOC i CH technology, applied 2013 Regional government unit (JRS) / City NMVOC flaring 4 regulatory / waste authorities, improved landfill management of Zagreb and large cities instruments Local Local government unit (JLS) Authorities National source-based Ministry of environmental protection MWM-4: Reducing the increased recycling, authorities, pollution and energy amount of disposed NMVOC, PM , NH , improvement of processing waste management Regional 2,5 3 control, applied 2013 Regional government unit (JRS) / City biodegradable municipal CH technology, reduction of waste / waste authorities, 4 regulatory of Zagreb and large cities waste disposal Local instruments Local government unit (JLS) Authorities National Ministry of environmental protection economic authorities, MWM-5: Use of biogas for and energy improvement of processing instruments, waste management Regional electricity and heat CO , CH applied 2013 Regional govenrment unit (JRS) / City 2 4 technology regulatory / waste authorities, generation of Zagreb and large cities, instruments Local Local government unit (JLS) Authorities MCC-1: Committee for inter-sectoral coordination of National Ministry of environmental protection policies and measures for All greenhouse gases multi-sectoral policy regulatory inter-sectoral applied 2014 authorities and energy, competent ministries mitigation and adaptation to climate change MCC-2: System for the energy consumption, measurement and informative, National National coordinating body for energy CO , pollutants transport, inter-sectoral applied 2015 verification of energy 2 regulatory authorities efficiency energy production savings Ministry of environmental protection MCC-3: Promotion of the and energy, Ministry of economy, use of innovative entrepreneurship and crafts, information and National CO , pollutants multi-sectoral policy informative inter-sectoral applied 2014 Ministry of construction and physical communication technologies 2 authorities planning, (ICT) to reduce greenhouse Croatian agency for the environmental gas emissions protection and nature 89 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Which pollutant(s) is Body(s) responsible for application: Primary and, affected: Refer to those listed in Table 2.3.2. if necessary Name and short where SO2, NOx, NMVOC, Status Start of description (below the Targets of a particular PaM Type(s) of appropriate, the NH3, PM2.5, BC as a (Applied / applicatio table) of a particular PaM or PaM package: PaM: secondary component of PM2.5, Adopted): n: Type Name or PaM package: sector(s) under other (eg. Hg, dioxins, influence: GHG): European Commission, energy production, Ministry of environmental protection MCC-4: European Emission National CO , N2O, pollutants energy consumption, economic inter-sectoral applied 2013 and energy, Trading System 2 authorities industrial processes Croatian agency for the environment and nature MCC-5 Use of funds inter-sectoral obtained from the sales of Ministry of environmental protection EU ETS emission All greenhouse gases, National and energy, multi-sectoral policy economic applied 2013 allowances through auctions pollutants authorities Environmental protection and energy for the GHG emission efficiency fund reduction measures MCC-6: Preparation of National Feasibility Study National Ministry of environmental protection with the action plan for the CO multi-sectoral policy planned inter-sectoral planed 2018 2 authorities and energy preparatory activities for CCS projects in Croatia MCC-7: Energy efficiency energy consumption, energy National Ministry of environmental protection CO , all pollutants economic inter-sectoral adopted 2018 obligation scheme 2 production, transport authorities and energy energy, industrial installation of pollution processes and MCC-8: Environmental reduction techniques, multi- economic, National Ministry of environmental protection All pollutants product use, applied 2014 permit sectoral policy regulatory authorities and energy agriculture (farms), waste (landfills) energy, MCC-9: Tax on SO2 and economic, Industrial National Ministry of environmental protection NOx emissions for SO , NOx multi-sectoral policy applied 2014 2 regulatory processes and authorities and energy individual sources product use source-based MCC-10: Determination and energy, pollution control of emission limit Industrial National Ministry of environmental protection All pollutants multi-sectoral policy control, applied 2012 values of pollutants in air processes and authorities and energy economic, from stationary sources product use regulatory 90 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 5.1. PROJECTED EMISSIONS AND EMISSION REDUCTIONS (WM SCENARIO) In this chapter, an overview of the emission projections for 2020, 2025 and 2030, with existing measures (WM scenario) for SO2, NOx, NMVOC, NH3 and PM2,5. Existing PaMs included in the WM scenario are listed in Chapter 4 in Table 4-1, and their description is given in Appendix 1 of the this Professional background. In the following Table 2.5.1. emission projection and reduction for the WM scenario are presented 2.5.1. Projected emissions and emission reductions (WM scenario) Pollutants Total emissions (kt), consistent Projected % emission National National (M) with inventories for year x-2 or reduction achieved emission emission x-3 (year to be specified) (M) compared with 2005 (M) reduction reduction commitme commitment nt for 2020- from 2030 2029 (%) (%) (M) (M) : : : : : 2005 base year 2020 2025 2030 2020 2025 2030 SO2 58.72 10.08 9.71 9.38 82.83 83.47 84.02 55 83 NOx 84.46 41.09 36.58 33.58 51.35 56.69 60.24 31 57 NMVOC 117.02 51.68 49.09 47.62 55.84 58.05 59.30 34 48 NH3 42.21 33.53 34.08 35.59 20.57 19.26 15.68 1 25 PM2,5 40.85 18.53 16.95 15.55 54.63 58.49 61.94 18 55 Outline the associated uncertainties for the WM The uncertainty of the WM emission projection is related to projections to meet the emission reduction GDP growth, the Influence of change in temperature on commitments for 2020, 2025 and 2030 onwards (O) heating and cooling energy demand, Hydrology in the production of hydroelectric power and the development of agriculture22 as outlined below. GDP growth The increase of GDP is assumed by 2050 in all analysed scenarios in average of 1.66% by 2050 which makes a nominal increase of 78% compared to 2010. In an optimistic macroeconomic scenario, Croatian economy is expected to grow at an average annual rate of 2.15% by 2050 (demographic projection remains the same as in the main scenario). The resulting increase in real GDP per capita by 2050 is about 138% in comparison with 2012. A faster closure of the development gap than the EU average can be expected. Therefore, Croatia reaches 91% of the EU average development level by 2050 in an optimistic scenario. However, according to the pessimistic macroeconomic scenario, an average annual growth rate of 0.8% and a cumulative rise in real GDP per capita of only 44% is expected by 2050. The assumption is that growth would be slower than the growth of the total EU, thus real per capita income in Croatia could drop to 55% in comparison to current EU average level of about 60%. 22 Stručne podloge za izradu Strategije niskougljičnog razvoja Republike Hrvatske za razdoblje do 2030. s pogledom na 2050. godinu, Zelena knjiga, 2015. /2017.(MZOE) i Stručne podloge za izradu Strategije niskougljičnog razvoja Republike Hrvatske za razdoblje do 2030. s pogledom na 2050. godinu, Bijela knjiga, 2015./2017 (MZOE) 91 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Influence of change in temperature on heating and cooling energy demand Change in temperature will affect the decrease in heating energy demand, but on the other side, it will increase the cooling energy demand. The goal of climate policy is to keep the global temperature rise within 2°C. The temperature increase has been determined in Croatia since the measurements have been carried out. An increase of about 1°C is assumed by 2050. Heating requirements. The indoor temperature in buildings is mainly 20°C but the temperature of the heated rooms is usually maintained at the level up to 24°C. In addition to these assumptions, the reduction in heat required for heating could be between 7.7 and 11.3% in the continental part of Croatia and between 12.7 and 24.2% in the coastal part of Croatia. Cooling requirements. Unlike heating requirements, there is no such dependence between the need for comfortable cooling and the outdoor air temperature, since in the influence of heat gains due to solar radiation is dominant in this case. At the moment it is not possible to estimate the influence of external temperature change on cooling requirements due to data availability. The only possible estimation suggests that the impact will be less expressed comparing to heating requirements. Other impacts on energy. Changes in temperature, precipitation and wind energy will affect the production of renewable energy sources. These impacts need to be quantified and embedded in operational planning, especially at the regional and local level where large variations are possible. Hydrology in the production of hydroelectric power Generation from large hydropower plants varies from 4 TWh to 8 TWh, depending on hydrology. This represents 20% or 40% of the total electricity generation in Croatia. Emissions from the electroenergy sector can vary considerably based on the cycles of dry and humid years that can last for several years. The lack of generation from hydropower plants is supplemented by increased production from thermal power plants or by increased imports. Development of agriculture The characteristics of agriculture in Croatia are extremely small estates. The average family farm has only 2 hectares. According to the 2003 Agriculture Census, only 20% of the processed land is in private ownership with an average of 159 hectares. The similar situation is in the field of cattle breeding. Thus, for example, 96% of all diary producers own only 15 cows while 90% of pork production is handled by 200,000 small farms where 170,000 farms have less than 10 pigs. Such fragmentation and predominantly old populations prevent faster development. Agriculture will change slowly thus Croatia will have a big challenge in emissions. 92 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Below are figures with graphs that present emission projections and emission reductions for WM scenario. SO2 180,00 160,00 140,00 120,00 2 100,00 80,00 ktSO 60,00 40,00 20,00 0,00 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Povijesni trend Kvota, od 2010. Scenarij s mjerama (WM) Obveza, od 2020. do 2029. Obveza, od 2030. Figure 4-1: Trend and projections of SO2 emissions for WM scenario Projections show that it is expected to meet the emission quota and emission reduction commitments SO2 for both predicted periods. Emissions in 2016 are 44.3% below the emission reduction commitment for 2020, and a further decrease is expected to continue with the implementation of measures, although significantly lower than in the period from 2005 to 2016. In the period from 2020 to 2030, an additional SO2 emission reduction of 6.9% in the WM scenario is expected, which would reduce emissions in 2030 by 6% below the 2030 emission reduction commitment in the WM scenario. The main impact on emission reductions is fuel replacement measures and the application of desulphurisation technology in the energy transformation sector. NOx 120,00 100,00 80,00 60,00 ktNOx 40,00 20,00 0,00 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Povijesni trend Kvota, od 2010. Scenarij s mjerama (WM) Obveza, od 2020. do 2029. Obveza, od 2030. Figure 4-2: Trend and projections of NOX emissions for WM scenario Projections show that it is expected to meet the emission quota and and emission reduction commitment for NOx. Emissions in 2016 are already 6.6% below the emission reduction commitment for 2020, and with the continuation of measures, primarily in the transport sector, an added reduczion is expected. In the period from 2020 to 2030, an additional emission reduction of 18.3% is expected in the WM scenario, which would lead to a reduction of emissions in 2030 by 3.9% below the 2030 emission reduction commitment in the WM scenario. The main impact on emission reductions is the 93 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE application of measures for reduction of emission limits from vehicles, the use of alternative fuels in the transport sector, the greater use of public transport and bicycles, and the intermodal transport. NH3 60,00 50,00 40,00 3 30,00 ktNH 20,00 10,00 0,00 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Povijesni trend Kvota, od 2010. Scenarij s mjerama (WM) Obveza, od 2020. do 2029. Obveza, od 2030. Figure 4-3: Trend and projections of NH3 emissions for WM scenario In the historical period, the trend is above the emission quota of 30 kt but the emission in 2016 is by 16.2% below the emission reduction commitment for 2020. Projections in the WM scenario show that it is expected to meet the NH3 emission reduction commitment for 2020. However, given that the key source of NH3 emissions is the agriculture sector, which is expected to increase the number of livestock, there is no significant further decline in emission in the WM scenario. In the period from 2020 to 2030 it is expected that emissions will increase by 6%, which would lead to an increase in emissions in 2030 by 12% compared to the emission reduction commitment for 2030. NMHOS 200,00 180,00 160,00 140,00 120,00 100,00 80,00 60,00 ktNMHOS 40,00 20,00 0,00 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Povijesni trend Kvota, od 2010. Scenarij s mjerama (WM) Obveza, od 2020. do 2029. Obveza, od 2030. Figure 4-4: Trend and projections of NMVOC emissions for WM scenario Projections show that the NMVOC emission quota and and the emission reduction commitment are expected to meet. Emissions in 2016 are already 9.5% below the level of emission reduction commitments for 2020, and the continuation of measures implementation, primarily in the residential sector, an additional reduction is expected. In the period 2020 - 2030, an additional emission reduction of 7.8% in the WM scenario is expected, which would lead to the emission reduction in 2030 by 21.7% below the emission reduction commitment for 2030 in the WM scenario. The main impact on 94 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE emission reductions is the implementation of measures of energy renovation of houses, that reduce the use of wood for heating, and the replacement of inefficient furnaces. It is expected that the Industrial process and product use sector will be the dominant source of NMVOC emissions, in which only a small reduction will occur. PM2,5 45,00 40,00 35,00 30,00 25,00 2,5 20,00 ktPM 15,00 10,00 5,00 0,00 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Povijesni trend Kvota, od 2010. Scenarij s mjerama (WM) Obveza, od 2020. do 2029. Obveza, od 2030. Figure 4-5: Trend and projections of PM2,5 emissions for WM scenario Projections show that it is expected to meet the emission quota and the emission reduction commitment for PM2.5. Emissions in 2016 are already 45% below the 2020 the emission reduction commitment and further reductions are expected to continue with the implementation of measures, primarily in the residential sector. In the period from 2020 to 2030, an additional emission reduction of 16.1% in the WM scenario is expected, which would in 2030 lead to emission reduction by 15.4% below the emission reduction commitment for 2030 in the WM scenario. The main impact on emission reductions is the implementation of measures of energy renovation of houses, that reduce the use of wood for heating, and the replacement of inefficient furnaces. PM10 60,00 50,00 40,00 10 30,00 ktPM 20,00 10,00 0,00 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Povijesni trend Scenarij s mjerama (WM) Figure 4-6: Trend and projections of PM10 emissions for WM scenario No emission reduction levels have been established for PM10 emissions, and the trend and causes of emissions correspond to those for PM2.5 emissions. 95 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 5.1.1. METHODOLOGY AND MODELS AND KEY ASSUMPTIONS AND PARAMETERS FOR PREPARATION OF PROJECTIONS (WM SCENARIO) This chapter describes the projection methodology used for WM and WAM scenarios. The key assumptions and associated uncertainties of WM scenarios are given in Tables P 2-1 to P 2-12 of Annex 2 of the Programme. Details of the methodology/ model(s) used In preparing the projections, a software package LEAP (eng. Long- to determine impacts range Energy Alternatives Planning System). In the LEAP software package for energy and traffic projections, a model for the energy sector in Croatia was developed, using specific methodologies and additional tools for specific categories in the energy sector. Thus, for the needs of a detailed modeling of the development and optimization of the power system, a more advanced model has been used, whose results are integrated into the energy sector model. For the production of projections for the Industrial Processes and Product Use sector, Waste sector and Agriculture Sector, bottom-up engineered simulation models of sectoral data and individual emission sources have been developed, and greenhouse gas emissions and emissions of air pollutants are calculated. The standard methods, procedures and structures used are in accordance with emission inventories under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution. Technical bases used are: "2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories" and "2016 EMEP / EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook: Technical Guidance To Prepare National Emission Inventories". Some sectoral models are also integrated into the NUSPCRO model. The Integrated Model NUSPCRO enables the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions and emissions of air pollutants and techno- economic indicators that include all sectors, and model output data are structured in accordance with the structure of emission inventories under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution. Projections were made by 2030, indicative by 2050, with a step of one year. Outline key assumptions and associated Appendix 2 of the Programme: uncertainties Table 5-1: Assumptions for projections – Energy and transport; Table 5-2: Assumptions for projections – Industrial processes and Product use Table 5-3: Assumptions for projections – Agriculture Table 5-4: Assumptions for projections – Waste Table 5-5 Parameters for projections - general economic parameters Table 5-6: Parameters for projections – energy sector: total energy consumption, total electricity generation, ‘with measures’ scenario Table 5-7: Parameters for projections – energy sector: final energy consumption Table 5-8: Parameters for projections – weather parameters Table 5-9: Parameters for projections – industry Table 5-10: Parameters for projections – transport Table 5-11: Parameters for projections – agriculture Table 5-12: Parameters for projections – waste The related uncertainties are shown below. 96 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 5.1.2. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF PROJECTIONS In addition to the sensitivity analysis depending on the hydrological conditions, sensitivity analysis for other parameters crucial for the power system were carried out. The sensitivity was analyzed depending on the change of the following parameters: for WM scenario: o constant prices of Emission Units at the level of 15 EUR / EUA, instead of the price increase as in the EU 2016 Reference scenario; o o constant prices of emission units at the level of 15 EUR / EUA, instead of the price increase as in the EU 2016 Reference scenario, with net imports up to 30% of electricity instead of scenario without net imports (except nuclear power plant Krško); An overview of the analysis is shown in Table 4-2 and in Figure 4-7. Table 4-2: Sensitivity analysis overview Scenario in relation to which the projection Changed Influence on pollutant emissions sensitivity was parameters analyzed The constant Keeping the price of the EU ETS at a constant level of EUR 15 / prices of emission EUA leads to higher emissions of pollutants due to increased units at the level work of power plants on fossil fuel. SO emissions are by 4.7% of 15 EUR / EUA 2 higher than emissions in the WM scenario in 2030. In 2040 and WM instead of the 2050, this difference is below 0.3%. With SO , NOx emissions price increase as 2 increased by 0.5% in 2030, by 2.9% in 2040 and by 6.7% in 2050 in the EU compared to WM scenarios. Also, emissions of NMVOC are Reference higher by 0.2% in 2030 and 2040 and by 1.0% in 2050. scenario 2016 Figure 4-7: Emission Sensitivity Analysis for WM Scenario 97 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 5.2. PROJECTED IMPACT ON IMPROVING AIR QUALITY (WM SCENARIO), INCLUDING THE PROJECTED DEGREE OF COMPLIANCE In the following table 2.5.2. the Projected improvement in air quality (WM) and the projected degree of compliance (M) are presented. Additionally, as part of the table, in the section 2.5.2.1, a qualitative description of the projected improvement of air quality is given. 2.5.2. Projected impact on improving air quality (WM scenario), including the projected degree of compliance 2.5.2.1. Qualitative description of projected improvement in air quality (M) Informations on scenarios for implementation of measures from action plans (J form of Provide a e-reporting system) are provided for each of the action plans in the following tables. qualitative description of the Action Plan for the PM emissions reduction in the City of Kutina projected 10 Pollutant Year of reporting: improvements in air quality and 2015 2016 2017 No data projected further By analyzing ie By analyzing ie evolution of degree calculating the data, it calculating the data, it of compliance (WM was concluded that the was concluded that the scenario) with EU implementation of implementation of air quality measures aimed at measures aimed at objectives for NO2, reducing energy reducing energy consumption would consumption would PM10, PM2,5 and decrease PM10 decrease PM10 O3 values, and any emissions by 2020, by emissions by 2020, by other pollutant(s) 50 t/yr. Industry and 50 t/yr. Industry and that present(s) a service sectors are service sectors are problem by 2020, expected to expected to 2025 and 2030 (M) increasingly undertake increasingly undertake energy efficiency energy efficiency Provide complete measures due to measures due to references (chapter commercial interests. commercial interests. and page) to Comment: The data for Comment: The data for publically available the projection scenario the projection scenario supporting datasets were obtained from the were obtained from the (e.g. air quality Programme for Programme for plans, source PM10 gradual emission gradual emission apportionment) reduction of certain reduction of certain describing the pollutants in the pollutants in the projected Republic of Croatia for Republic of Croatia for improvements and the period until the end the period until the end further evolution of of 2010, with emission of 2010, with emission projections for the projections for the degree of period 2010-2020, and period 2010-2020, and compliance (M) the Energy renewal the Energy renewal program for family program for family houses for the period houses for the period 2014-2020. For a more 2014-2020. For a more detailed calculation of detailed calculation of emissions reductions in emissions reductions in residential, a detailed residential, a detailed survey needs to be survey needs to be conducted in order to conducted in order to determine actual determine actual energy consumption energy consumption (gas, wood) in (gas, wood) in residential sector. residential sector. 98 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Action Plan for the emissions reduction of particulate matter (PM10) in the City of Osijek Pollutant Year of reporting: 2015 2016 2017 The emission in WM The emission in WM No data scenario is higher in all scenario is higher in all observed years than in observed years than in the BAU scenario. In the BAU scenario. In 2020 this difference is 2020 this difference is 48%. This is due to 48%. This is due to increase of biomass increase of biomass share in the final share in the final energy consumption. It energy consumption. It is planned that the is planned that the share of biomass in the share of biomass in the PM10 Industry and Industry and Construction sector Construction sector (only key subsectors) (only key subsectors) increased by 9.6 in increased by 9.6 in 2020 and in the 2020 and in the Residential sector by Residential sector by 4.8 times, which 4.8 times, which significantly increases significantly increases the emission of the emission of particles from the particles from the mentioned sectors. mentioned sectors. Action plan for reducing concentrations of particulate matter PM10 in the City of Sisak Pollutant Year of reporting: 2015 2016 2017 No scenarios. The No scenarios. The No data efficiency of the efficiency of the implementation of the implementation of the measures selected for measures selected for reducing the reducing the concentration of concentration of particulate matter particulate matter PM10 will be PM10 will be monitored at automatic monitored at automatic PM 10 measuring stations measuring stations located in the City of located in the City of Sisak. The action plan Sisak. The action plan will be in place, until will be in place, until first air quality first air quality category is achieved category is achieved considering the considering the concentration of concentration of PM10. PM10. Air Quality Improvement Action Plan for the City of Slavonski Brod Pollutant Year of reporting: 2017 The basic scenario for reducing emissions of particulate matter is the energetic renovation of residential houses. By applying energy efficiency measures and using low-emission wood-firing devices, efforts are made to reduce emissions during the heating season. This scenario is based on applying energy efficiency measures to households PM2.5 using conventional wood-burning stoves and boilers. By switching from conventional to an energy efficient stoves and boilers, it is possible to reduce the emission by 50%. By switching from conventional to "eco-label" stoves and boilers it is possible to reduce emission by 87%. This calculation is based on EMEP / EEA emission factors. 99 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Assuming that energy recovery will cover 20% of houses using wood, it can be expected to reduce the sector's emissions by 10 to 17%, which will, in the 3 end, reduce the PM2.5 concentration by about 1.5 μg / m . Pollution with particulate matter in the area of Slavonski Brod is significantly affected by regional and transboundary air pollution. High levels of background concentrations mean that it is necessary to achieve a large reduction in local emissions, primarily wood combustion emissions in residential stoves and boilers, to achieve a limit value for PM2.5. With the measures of this action plan, the aim is to cost-effectively direct energetic renovation in the Slavonski Brod area, ie. to stimulate those energy efficiency measures that give the biggest "savings" of the particulate emissions. The implementation dynamic of energetic renovation is determined by available funding and models for their use. At the national level, the Energetic renovation Program for Family Houses is being implemented for the period 2014-2020 with a detailed plan for the period 2014-2016 (Official Gazette No. 43/14 and 36/15). As part of the implementation of this program, the FZOEU co-finances energy recovery measures for family houses, which achieve better thermal protection of housing, increases the energy efficiency of heating systems and encourages the use of renewable energy sources. The existing model of co-financing of energetic renovation of family houses implemented by FZOEU refers to phisical persons, while the earlier model of financing included local self- government units as intermediaries between the FZOEU and the citizens. Within the framework of the Operational Programme Competitiveness and Cohesion 2014-2020, money is provided to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy sources, as well as environmental protection and resource sustainability. The means of using these funds do not allow for direct financing of specific measures behind the action plans, but it is necessary, in cooperation with the competent Ministry, to find the possibility of financing energy renewal measures aimed at reducing emissions of particulate matter in the heating season. Action Plan for Improving Air Quality in the City of Zagreb Pollutant Year of reporting: 2015 2016 2017 The PM10 pollution The PM10 pollution The required emissions level analysis shows level analysis shows reduction was that "local particles that "local particles determined on the pollution" needs to be pollution" needs to be basis of daily PM10 reduced by 30-50% to reduced by 30-50% to concentration analysis meet the limit value for meet the limit value for at all measuring daily PM10 daily PM10 stations in the City of concentrations in the concentrations in the Zagreb. Withdrawing area of the City of area of the City of the background Zagreb. "Local particle Zagreb. "Local pollution (Iskrba, pollution" means the particle pollution" Slovenia) for each PM level of particle means the level of measuring station, the 10 concentration affected particle concentration contribution of local by the direct emission of affected by the direct sources was particles from energy emission of particles determined. Linear and industrial plants, from energy and extrapolation is used to residential sources and industrial plants, determine how much road transport at the residential sources percentage the local City of Zagreb. and road transport at concentration should the City of Zagreb. be reduced in order to By reducing of achieve the permitted particulate emission at number of exceedances sources, pollution (35). considering PM2.5 will It is expected that the BaP(PM10) No be reduced to a reduction of PM10 reporting obligations sufficient extent to emissions by at least achieve the limit 30% in the heating values and pollution season in the City of considering B(a)P Zagreb can be sufficiently to achieve achieved through the the target value. implementation of all measures directed at the residetial, services 100 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE and transport sectors. By reducing of PM10 emissions at source, pollutantion with B(a)P in PM10 will be reduced to a sufficient extent to achieve the target value. Comment: Projections were not based on emissions, but analyzes of the number of exceedances for daily PM10 concentrations. NO2 No No The proposed reporting obligations reporting measures are aimed at obligations achieving the following goals: - reducing NOx emissions by at least 5% annually in the City of Zagreb, - reducing NOx emissions by approximately 20% in the city center. Due to the expected renewal of the vehicle fleet, ie. the replacement of about 2% of old vehicles (EURO 3 and older) with new vehicles (EURO 5, EURO 6) is expected to reduce emissions from transport which will result in the reduction of urban background concentrations. Assuming that the total number of passenger cars will not increase, renewal of the fleet, practically financed by the citizens themselves, the limit values for the average annual NOx concentration outside the „narrow“ city center can be achieved in 2 to 5 years. In the city center for the achievement of the NO2 limit value will not be achieved without additional restrictions on road traffic and the implementation of measures from the action plan. Apart from the emissions, a significant influence on the exceedances of the city limits (measuring station Đorđićeva) has a deterioration of the pollution inside the canyon and traffic congestion. 101 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Table 2.5.2.2. The quantitative description of the projected improvement of air quality is optional and the Republic of Croatia has no available data to serve to fulfill the same. 2.5.2.2. Quantitative description of projected improvement of air quality (O) AAQD value Projected number of non- Projected number of Total number of air quality compliant air quality zones compliant air quality zones zones : : : : : : : : : Specify year base 2020 2025 2030 Specify year base 2020 2025 2030 Specify year base 2020 2025 2030 PM2,5 (1 yr) ------NO2 (1 yr) ------PM10 (1 yr) ------O3 (max. 8 hr ------mean) Other (please ------specify) 102 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 6. POLICY OPTIONS CONSIDERED TO COMPLY WITH THE EMISSION REDUCTION COMMITMENTS FOR 2020, AND 2030, INTERMEDIATE EMISSION LEVELS FOR 2025, AND STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION This Chapter corresponds to the chapter of the Format 2.6. Policy options considered to comply with the emission reduction commitments for 2020, and 2030, intermediate emission levels for 2025, and stakeholder consultation. 6.1. DETAILS CONCERNING THE PaMS CONSIDERED IN ORDER TO COMPLY WITH THE EMISSION REDUCTION (REPORTING AT PaM LEVEL) (2.6.1) This section contains details about PaM options that are considered in order to meet the emission mitigation commitments (reporting on the PaM level). Following table 2.6.1. gives an overview of the details on PaM options that are considered in order to meet emission mitigation commitments (reporting on the PaM level) (M). Recognized main needs when determining additional PaMs to meet emission mitigation commitments and to improve air quality are: - it is necessary to ensure the continued implementation of measures in the period after 2020 with improvements, where it is necessary, considering that the existing PaM is largely determined for the period by the end of 2020; - stronger synergy when planning PaM for pollutant emission mitigation and improving air quality with PaM for the mitigation of GHG emissions, increase of shares of renewable energy sources and increase of energy efficiency; - the measures should be adapted and specially planned for the area where the air quality is disturbed. Details of the considered PaM are listed below. 103 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 2.6.1. Details concerning the PaMs considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments (reporting at PaM level) (M): Name and brief Affected Objectives of individual Type(s) of Primary, Implementation Authorit(y)(ies) Details of Quantified expected emission reductions Qualitative description of pollutant(s), PaM or package of PaMs PaM(s) (^) and where period (M for responsible for the (for individual PaM or for packages of description of individual PaM or select as (*) (M) (M) appropriate, measures selected implementation (M for methodologi PaMs, as appropriate) (kt, per annum uncertainties package of PaMs appropriate: additional for measures selected for es used for or as a range, compared to WM (M, where (M)23: SO2, NOx, sector(s) implementation implementation) Refer analysis scenario) (M) available) NMVOC, affected (†) to those listed in table (e.g. specific NH3, PM2,5, (M) 2.3.2 as appropriate. models or (M); BC as a Start Finish Type Name methods, 2020 2025 2030 component of underlying PM2,5, other data) (M) (e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG) (O) please specify NOx: 0,48 NOx: 0,92 kt, kt, MEN-P-1: Integration PM10: 1,17 PM10: 2,04 of measures for economic, kt, kt, pollutant emission NOx, PM10, improved efficiency of fiscal, 2019, national PM2,5: 1,14 PM2,5: 1,99 mitigation into PM2,5, CH4, buildings, loss reduction, information, energy planned, authorities, MZOE, Chapter 2030 - kt, kt, Chapter 4.1.1 planning documents SO2, NMVOC, improvement of device regulatory, consumption from 2021 regional MGIPU 4.1.1. and projects for the NH3, CO2 efficiency education, impacts authorities SO2: 0,08 kt, SO2: 0,15 kt, energy renewal of planning buildings NMVOC: NMVOC: 1,98 kt , 3,27 kt, NH3: 0,28 kt NH3: 0,45 kt implementation of NOx: 0,81 NOx: 0,48 technology to reduce kt, kt, vehicle emissions, PM : 0,05 improved vehicle 10 PM : 0,09 kt, 10 MTR-P-1 Integration efficiency, modal shift to kt, economic, of measures for public transport or non- NOx, PM , fiscal, 2019, national PM : 0,03 pollutant emission 10 motorized transport, 2,5 PM : 0,05 PM , CH , information, planned, authorities, MZOE, Chapter kt, 2,5 mitigation into 2,5 4 alternative fuels / electric transport 2030 - kt, Chapter 4.1.1 SO , NMVOC, regulatory, from 2021. regional MPPI 4.1.1 planning documents 2 automobiles, demand NH , CO education, impacts authorities SO : 0,01 kt, and projects from 3 2 management / 2 SO : 0,01 kt, planning 2 road transport reduction, improved NMVOC: behavior, improved NMVOC: 0,15 kt, transport infrastructure, 0,30 kt, promoting the use of NH3: 0,02 kt bicycles NH3: 0,03 kt 23 Descriptions are listed below, after the overview table 104 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 2.6.1. Details concerning the PaMs considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments (reporting at PaM level) (M): Name and brief Affected Objectives of individual Type(s) of Primary, Implementation Authorit(y)(ies) Details of Quantified expected emission reductions Qualitative description of pollutant(s), PaM or package of PaMs PaM(s) (^) and where period (M for responsible for the (for individual PaM or for packages of description of individual PaM or select as (*) (M) (M) appropriate, measures selected implementation (M for methodologi PaMs, as appropriate) (kt, per annum uncertainties package of PaMs appropriate: additional for measures selected for es used for or as a range, compared to WM (M, where (M)23: SO2, NOx, sector(s) implementation implementation) Refer analysis scenario) (M) available) NMVOC, affected (†) to those listed in table (e.g. specific NH3, PM2,5, (M) 2.3.2 as appropriate. models or (M); BC as a Start Finish Type Name methods, 2020 2025 2030 component of underlying PM2,5, other data) (M) (e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG) (O) please specify MAG-1: Change in NH3, NOx, improved livestock the diet of cattle and PM , PM , management, improved national Ministry of Chapter 10 2,5 economic agriculture 2018 Chapter 4.1.1 pigs and animal feed NMVOC, CH4, animal waste management authorities Agriculture 4.1.1 quality N2O systems; Ministry MAG-2: Anaerobic of national decomposition of NH , CH improved animal waste Agricultu Chapter 3 4, economic agriculture 2018 authoritie Chapter 4.1.1 manure and biogas N O, CO management systems re, 4.1.1 2 2 s production Advisory services NOx: 0,01 NOx: 0,01 Ministry kt, kt, NH , NOx, MAG-3: Improving 3 improved livestock of PM , PM , national cattle facilities and 10 2,5 management, improved Agricultu Chapter PM : 0,01 PM : 0,02 NMVOC, economic agriculture 2018 authoritie 10 10 Chapter 4.1.1 system of animal animal waste re, 4.1.1 kt, kt, CH N O, s - waste management 4, 2 management systems Advisory CO2 services PM2,5: 0,00 PM2,5: 0,01 Ministry kt, kt, MAG-4: of NH3, NOx, reduction of mineral economic, national Improvement of Agricultu Chapter NH3: 4,40 kt NH3: 8,55 kt PM , PM , fertilizers on agricultural information, agriculture 2020 authoritie Chapter 4.1.1 mineral fertilizers 10 2,5 re, 4.1.1 N O land planning s application methods 2 Advisory services MAG-5: reduction of mineral Ministry Hydromeliorative fertilizers and manure on of NH , NOx, national interventions and 3 agricultural land, Agricultu Chapter PM , PM , economic agriculture 2018 authoritie Chapter 4.1.1 systems of 10 2,5 other activities that re, 4.1.1 N O, CO s protection against 2 2 improve the management Advisory natural disasters of agricultural land services 105 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 2.6.1. Details concerning the PaMs considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments (reporting at PaM level) (M): Name and brief Affected Objectives of individual Type(s) of Primary, Implementation Authorit(y)(ies) Details of Quantified expected emission reductions Qualitative description of pollutant(s), PaM or package of PaMs PaM(s) (^) and where period (M for responsible for the (for individual PaM or for packages of description of individual PaM or select as (*) (M) (M) appropriate, measures selected implementation (M for methodologi PaMs, as appropriate) (kt, per annum uncertainties package of PaMs appropriate: additional for measures selected for es used for or as a range, compared to WM (M, where (M)23: SO2, NOx, sector(s) implementation implementation) Refer analysis scenario) (M) available) NMVOC, affected (†) to those listed in table (e.g. specific NH3, PM2,5, (M) 2.3.2 as appropriate. models or (M); BC as a Start Finish Type Name methods, 2020 2025 2030 component of underlying PM2,5, other data) (M) (e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG) (O) please specify reduction of mineral fertilizers and manure on MAG-6: Ministry NH , NOx, agricultural land, national Introduction of new 3 information, of Chapter PM , PM , other activities that agriculture 2020 authoritie Chapter 4.1.1 cultivars, varieties 10 2,5 planning agricultur 4.1.1 N O improve the management s and cultures 2 e of agricultural land, other agriculture MAG-7: Preparation of the National advisory principles of good improved livestock agricultural practice management, improved in accordance with NH , NOx, 3 animal waste Ministry the Framework PM , PM , national 10 2,5 management systems, of Chapter principles of good NMVOC, planning agriculture 2019 authoritie Chapter 4.1.1 reduction of mineral agricultur 4.1.1 agricultural practice CH N O, s 4, 2 fertilizers and manure on e for mitigation of CO 2 agricultural land, ammonia emissions education of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe from 2014 MCC-1: Support for the increase of NOx, PM10, administrative, PM2,5, SO2, Support project for local multi- national technical and NMVOC, communities funded by planning sectoral 2019 2030 authoritie MZOE - - - - - managerial NH3, CO2, the LIFE programme policy s capacities of local CH4 communities 106 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 2.6.1. Details concerning the PaMs considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments (reporting at PaM level) (M): Name and brief Affected Objectives of individual Type(s) of Primary, Implementation Authorit(y)(ies) Details of Quantified expected emission reductions Qualitative description of pollutant(s), PaM or package of PaMs PaM(s) (^) and where period (M for responsible for the (for individual PaM or for packages of description of individual PaM or select as (*) (M) (M) appropriate, measures selected implementation (M for methodologi PaMs, as appropriate) (kt, per annum uncertainties package of PaMs appropriate: additional for measures selected for es used for or as a range, compared to WM (M, where (M)23: SO2, NOx, sector(s) implementation implementation) Refer analysis scenario) (M) available) NMVOC, affected (†) to those listed in table (e.g. specific NH3, PM2,5, (M) 2.3.2 as appropriate. models or (M); BC as a Start Finish Type Name methods, 2020 2025 2030 component of underlying PM2,5, other data) (M) (e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG) (O) please specify MCC-2: Support for preparation of the documents for NOx, PM , providing additional 10 preparation of the project PM , SO , multi- national financial resources 2,5 2 proposal for using NMVOC, planning sectoral 2019 2030 authoritie MZOE - - - - - for more effective resources from the EU NH , CO , policy s implementation of 3 2 Structural Funds CH action plans for air 4 quality improvement MCC-3: Support Establishing cost- to researches MZOE, effective measures, and Models, related to PaMs NOx, PM , Ministrie Ministry 10 quantitative monitoring methods, planning and PM , SO , planning, s, of 2,5 2 of emission mitigation, All sectors 2019 2025 databases, - - - - NMVOC, research authorize science monitoring their improvements of air informatio NH , d entities and effects on 3 quality and n platforms education emissions and air environmental impacts quality The responses to the field indicated with (*), (^) and (†) shall be filled in by using pre-defined reply options which are consistent with the reporting obligations under Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 on a mechanism for monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions and Implementing Regulation (EU) No 749/2014. 107 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE The responses to the field indicated with (*) shall be filled in by using the following pre-defined reply options, to be selected as appropriate (more than one objective can be selected, additional objectives could be added and specified under ‘other’) (M): 1. Energy supply: increase in renewable energy; switch to less carbon-intensive fuels; enhanced non-renewable low carbon generation (nuclear); reduction of losses; efficiency improvement in the energy and transformation sector; installation of abatement technologies; other energy supply. 2. Energy consumption: efficiency improvements of buildings; efficiency improvement of appliances; efficiency improvement in services/tertiary sector; efficiency improvement in industrial end-use sectors; demand management/reduction; other energy consumption. 3. Transport: deployment of pollution abatement technologies on vehicles, vessels and aircraft; efficiency improvements of vehicles, vessels and aircraft; modal shift to public transport or non-motorised transport; alternative fuels for vehicles, vessels and aircraft (including electric); demand management/reduction; improved behaviour; improved transport infrastructure; other transport. 4. Industrial processes: installation of abatement technologies; improved control of fugitive emissions from industrial processes; other industrial processes. 5. Waste management/waste: demand management/reduction; enhanced recycling; improved treatment technologies; improved landfill management; waste incineration with energy use; improved wastewater management systems; reduced landfilling; other waste. 6. Agriculture: low-emission application of fertilizer/manure on cropland and grassland; other activities improving cropland management; improved livestock management and rearing installations; improved animal waste management systems; other agriculture. 7. Cross-cutting: framework policy; multi-sectoral policy; 108 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 2.6.1. Details concerning the PaMs considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments (reporting at PaM level) (M): Name and brief Affected Objectives of individual Type(s) of Primary, Implementation Authorit(y)(ies) Details of Quantified expected emission reductions Qualitative description of pollutant(s), PaM or package of PaMs PaM(s) (^) and where period (M for responsible for the (for individual PaM or for packages of description of individual PaM or select as (*) (M) (M) appropriate, measures selected implementation (M for methodologi PaMs, as appropriate) (kt, per annum uncertainties package of PaMs appropriate: additional for measures selected for es used for or as a range, compared to WM (M, where (M)23: SO2, NOx, sector(s) implementation implementation) Refer analysis scenario) (M) available) NMVOC, affected (†) to those listed in table (e.g. specific NH3, PM2,5, (M) 2.3.2 as appropriate. models or (M); BC as a Start Finish Type Name methods, 2020 2025 2030 component of underlying PM2,5, other data) (M) (e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG) (O) please specify other cross-cutting. 8. Other: Member States must provide a brief description of the objective. The responses to the field indicated with (^) shall be filled in by using the following pre-defined reply options, to be selected as appropriate (more than one type of PaMs can be selected, additional types of PaMs could be added and specified under ‘other’) (M): Source-based pollution control; Economic instruments; Fiscal instruments; Voluntary/negotiated agreements; Information; Regulatory; Education; Research; Planning; Other, please specify. The responses to the field indicated with (†) shall be filled in by using the following pre-defined reply options, to be selected as appropriate (more than one sector can be selected, additional sectors could be added and specified under ‘other’) (M): energy supply (comprising extraction, transmission, distribution and storage of fuels as well as energy and electricity production); energy consumption (comprising consumption of fuels and electricity by end users such as households, services, industry and agriculture); transport; industrial processes (comprising industrial activities that chemically or physically transform materials leading to greenhouse gas emissions, use of greenhouse gases in products and non-energy uses of fossil fuel carbon); agriculture; waste management/waste; cross-cutting; other sectors; please specify. 109 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Energy MEN-P-1: Integration of measures for pollutant emission mitigation into planning documents and projects for the energy renewal of buildings Emission of pollutants from the household and service sector has been recognized as one of the main causes of air quality deterioration in many areas. The key cause of pollutant emissions (especially PM2.5 and PM10 particles) is the use of firewood in conventional furnaces. Therefore, in areas where air quality is deteriorated, it is necessary to accelerate the implementation of renovation measures of outer shells of buildings and replacement of the conventional firewood furnaces. At the national level, energy renewal of buildings (including renovation of building shells and replacement of thermotechnical systems), solar energy application, heat pumps, are planned on the basis of several strategic and planning documents outlined in the descriptions of existing sectoral measures: - MEN-1: National plan for the increase of the number of nearly-zero energy buildings, - MEN-2: Program for energy renovation of the apartment buildings, - MEN-3: Program for the increase of energy efficiency and use of renewable energy sources in commercial non-residential buildings, - MEN-4: Program for the energy renovation of the family dwellings, - MEN-5: Program for the energy renovation of public buildings, - MEN-11: Program for the reduction of energy poverty, - MEN-19: Program for the energy efficiency in heating and cooling, - MEN-21: Promotion of the use of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency by FZOEU (The Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund) resources, and in coordination with the intersectoral PaMs, such as: - MCC-5: Use of funds obtained from the sales of EU ETS emission allowances through auctions for the GHG emission reduction measures, - MCC-7: Energy efficiency obligation scheme - financing for many measures is provided through the EU SIF [5]. Simultaneously, JLP(R)S are developing and implementing local (regional) plans and programmes for energy efficiency, renewable sources, air protection, mitigation and adaptation to climate change. The aim of this measure is to integrate activities for reducing pollutant emissions in areas where air quality is deteriorated into national, regional and local plans and programmes and projects for energy renewal of buildings. It is necessary to ensure the support instruments, primarily to physical persons and family house owners, for investing into: - improvement of thermal insulation of envelope elements (walls, roofs, basements); - replacement of exterior carpentry, especially windows; - replacement of existing heating systems with new, more energy efficient and with lower pollutant emissions. Therefore, when designing new planning documents for energy renewal of buildings, it is necessary to strengthen the intersectoral coordination and to foresee the instruments that will stimulate energy renewal of buildings (with the focus on family houses) in areas where air quality is deteriorated. In financial terms, the support can be largely provided through EU structural funds. Transport MTR-P-1: Integration of measures for pollutant emission mitigation into planning documents and projects from road transport Transport and the need for mobility are one of the biggest loads on environment in urban areas. Increase of the number of personal vehicles, the way they are used, intensity of traffic and 110 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE unstructured expansion of urban areas are sources of pollutant emissions which are one of the main causes of air quality deterioration in many areas. Therefore, in areas where the air quality is deteriorated, it is necessary to accelerate the implementation of measures for reducing emissions of pollutants from road transport. At the national level, a series of measures to reduce emissions from the transport sector, described in the existing ones, are being implemented: - MTR-1: Providing information to consumers on fuel economy and CO2 emission of new passenger cars; - MTR-2: Training for drivers of road vehicles for eco-driving; - MTR-3: Obligation for the use of biofuels in transport; - MTR-4: Special fee for environment on the motor vehicles; - MTR-5: Special tax on motor vehicles; - MTR-6: Financial incentives for the purchase of plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles; - MTR-7: Development of infrastructure for alternative fuels; - MTR-8: Promotion of integrated and intelligent transport systems and alternatives fuels in urban areas; - MTR-9: Monitoring, reporting and verification of greenhouse gas emissions in the lifetime of liquid fuels; - MTR-11: Limiting emission of pollutants from road vehicles. and in coordination with the intersectoral PaMs, such as: - MCC-5: Use of funds obtained from the sales of EU ETS emission allowances through auctions for the GHG emission reduction measures, - MCC-7: Energy efficiency obligation scheme - financing for many measures is provided through the EU SIF [5]. Simultaneously, JLP(R)S are developing and implementing local (regional) plans and programs for energy efficiency, renewable sources, air protection, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, as well as master plans for sustainable transport development. The aim of this measure is to integrate activities for reducing pollutant emissions in areas where air quality is deteriorated into national, regional and local plans and programmes and projects that affect emissions in the road transport sector. This measure includes various ways to promote reduction of the number of vehicles in urban areas that do not have category I. of air quality, and the key source of emissions is the road transport, such as: - ban on entering certain urban areas depending on the ecological standard of the vehicle, - optimization of transport of merchandise, - integrated transport of citizens, - intelligent transport management, - promotion of car sharing schemes, - promotion of public bicycles, - measures to support the development of infrastructure for alternative fuels in urban area - introduction of fees for the traffic pollution in cities - redirecting traffic from the city center; - encouraging the use of public transport; - development of infrastructure and encouraging the use of bicycle transport; - introduction of systematic energy management in vehicles owned by the city, etc.. Therefore, when designing new planning documents for energy efficiency, renewable sources, air protection and mitigation and adaptation to climate change, as well as for transport development, it is necessary to strengthen the intersectoral coordination and to foresee the instruments that will 111 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE encourage the measures for mitigation of pollutant emissions from the road transport sector in areas where air quality is deteriorated. In doing so, measures should be adapted to the circumstances of the area in which they are prescribed. Agriculture MAG-1: Change in diet of cattle and pigs and animal feed quality Specific sub-measures within this group of measures which relate to improvement of livestock breeding system, level of production as well as the diet of animals: the change of ratios of certain types of forage in the diet and the use of supplements (fats, amino silicate compounds, biological additives), improving the quality of voluminous forage and improving grazing systems. These measures refer to the potential reduction of methane (CH4) and nitrogen compounds emissions from enteric fermentation and animal waste management. The professional literature suggests a possible reduction of ammonia emissions from the liquid manure component of pigs up to 40% [7]. Considering the proportion of pigs on management systems suitable for the implementation of this measure [8], conservative expert assessment is possible mitigation of ammonia emissions from swine manure management system up to 15% by 2030. MAG-2: Anaerobic decomposition of manure and biogas production With the introduction of biogas plants, emission reductions is achieved through elimination of methane emissions due to the disposal of used litter and receiving electricity from renewable sources. The measure is linked to the measures in Renewable sources in the production of electricity and heat and Construction of cogeneration plants from the Energy sector. Anaerobic decomposition helps biogas plants to reduce the source of easily degradable carbon in the manure that is applied to agricultural land, but it also potentially reduces the process of nitrification and N2O emissions. Conservative expert assessment of ammonia emission reduction (based on the potential to reduce N2O emissions) is 5% from the manure management system for dairy cows, swine, laying hens and broilers. MAG-3: Improving cattle facilities, systems of animal manure management and ways of applying organic fertilizer Covering (liquid) manure storage places - creating a natural layer (cortex) with a natural (straw) or artificial material (porous). This measure reduces direct methane and ammonia emissions, although to a lesser degree they enhance the process of nitrification (porous material) and cause a slight increase in nitrogen oxide emissions. Professional literature indicates a possible mitigation of ammonia emissions from manure in the range from 78% to 94% (swine), and 71% to 86% (cattle) [7]. Considering the proportion of cattle and pigs on management systems suitable for the implementation of this measure [8], conservative expert assessment is possible reduction of sectoral ammonia emission up to 30% for cattle, and 35% for swine by 2030. Further emission reduction is possible by injecting an organic fertilizer instead of spraying it, thus achieving the mitigation of ammonia emissions due to application of organic fertilizer up to 90% [9]. Professional assessment is the mitigation of sectoral emissions of ammonia from manure management (for cattle and swine) for an additional 10%, and particle emissions for ~5% by applying organic fertilizers to agricultural lands. MAG-4: Improvement of mineral fertilizer application methods Application of new slow-release fertilizers suitable for growing corn and wheat (fertilizers coated with polymers), enables the reduced need for fertilizer application per hectare (due to lower nitrogen losses) with unchanged or increased revenues. Additional mitigation of NH3 emissions is possible by reducing the urea application in favor of other types of mineral fertilizers. MAG-5: Hydromeliorative interventions and systems of protection against natural disasters 112 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE construction of drainage and irrigation systems and flood, droughts and other natural disasters protection systems, Apart from the direct benefits of reducing production costs and increasing the quality of yield, it can also affect the loss of nutrients due to drainage and leaching, resulting in a reduced need for nitrogen, and thus the application of mineral fertilizers. Professional assessment is the total reduction of ammonia emissions from the sector at the level of 1%. MAG-6: Introduction of new cultivars, varieties and cultures Encouraging development, education and implementation of technologies at a national and regional level, encouraging the transition and adaptation of the entire production chain to produce new crops or enabling and encouraging the implementation of cultivars and varieties that are more resistant to drought and disease and have a lower overall carbon footprint. This, among other benefits, is aimed at reducing the need for the introduction of nitrogen into the soil through fertilizers, and thus the ammonia emissions. Professional assessment is the lower emission of ammonia at the sectoral level, up to 1%. MAG -7: Preparation of the National advisory principles of good agricultural practice in accordance with the Framework principles of good agricultural practice for mitigation of ammonia emissions of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe from 2014 The measure refers to the education and encouraging agricultural producers for the implementation of measures, ie adhering to good principles of soil, water and air protection in accordance with the Framework principles of good agricultural practice for mitigation of ammonia emissions of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe from 2014, and the associated requirements for managing and maintaining good agricultural and environmental condition. In addition to the principles of good practice, direct air protection measures relating to the reduction of ammonia emissions (and accompanying unpleasant odorsdue to the manure application, by storage of manure and technological waste waters, animal breeding system, also relate to the indirect mitigation of emissions through the principles of soil and water protection, ie rational topdressing, compliance with the fertilization plan, soil analysis and similar. Monitoring of recommendations from the principles will also mean an increase of the family agricultural holdings (OPG) capacity for application of all other proposed sectoral measures. Cross-cutting MCC-P-1: Support for the increase of administrative, technical and managerial capacities of local communities It is necessary to ensure the support for increasing the administrative, technical and managing capacities of local communities in the implementation of air quality improvement action plans. This can be achieved through the LIFE project which will help cities to implement more effective measures and to follow progress, and to strengthen the coordination of national and local action. It is also necessary for the public and stakeholders to get to know more about air pollution problems and possible emissions mitigation measures and examples of good practice. In order to actively include local policy and to facilitate financing, it is necessary to express the positive effects through financial savings in healthcare, namely, it is necessary to raise awareness that with the air quality improvement, significant financial resources in healthcare could be saved. The problem in cities are coordinated actions of several sectors, namely, closeness and financial rigidity are present and there are usually no funding sources for a holistic approach. Progress in air quality that is achieved by reducing emissions at the European and national level, is relatively small at the local levels, when it is observed in perspective for several years. Decision- 113 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE makers and the local public consider that achieving the target should be achieved by the equal efforts of all those contributing to the pollution, this is partly a reason that the allocation of financial resources of local governments are not sufficient for the necessary emission reductions. Coordinated activity and financial contribution from different levels, European funds, national co-financing and the local component are extremely important. MCC-P-2: Support for preparation of the documents for providing additional financial resources for more effective implementation of action plans for air quality improvement The NEC Directive anticipates that assistance in the planning and implementation of air quality improvement action plans should be achieved by co-financing through the LIFE programme and EU Structural Funds. Consequently, the implementation of necessary technical analysis and drafting of project documentation to apply for financing from the structural funds for the cycle (envelope) of financing period 2021-2027 is proposed. The project would serve to encourage the replacement of traditional (inefficient) firewood combustion appliances with efficient combustion devices with ECO standards, pellet systems or technologies on fuels with lower emissions of pollutants, especially in zones / agglomerations with exceedances of PM 2,5. MCC-3: Support to researches related to PaMs planning and monitoring their effects on emissions and air quality Researches should help to determine cost-effective measures, measures that have a positive impact on the development of the economy, employment, researches that help to transfer knowledge about the best available techniques and the application of good practice. Tools, models for the emission and air pollution assessment, techniques for determining contribution of certain sources of air pollution, IT support, and databases for quantitative monitoring of progress and reporting are needed. It is necessary to synergize with measures from various sectors and to encourage a holistic approach. 6.2. IMPACTS ON AIR QUALITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT OF INDIVIDUAL PAMS OR PACKAGES OF PAMS CONSIDERED IN ORDER TO COMPLY WITH THE EMISSION REDUCTION COMMITMENTS (2.6.2) Following table 2.6.2. is referring to impacts on air quality and the environment of individual PaMs or packages of PaMs considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments. The Republic of Croatia has no available data to support the assessment of impacts on air quality and the environment of idividual PaMs considered in oredr to comply with the emission reduction commitments. 2.6.2. Impacts on air quality and the environment of individual PaMs or packages of PaMs considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments (M, where available) Where available, impacts on air quality (reference can also be made to Not available. recommended air quality objectives by the WHO) and environment Further research is needed. 6.3. ESTIMATION OF COSTS AND BENEFITS OF THE INDIVIDUAL PAM OR PACKAGE OF PAMS CONSIDERED IN ORDER TO COMPLY WITH THE EMISSION REDUCTION COMMITMENTS Member States are encouraged to report projected cost benefit estimates. This should be in line with reporting under the MRR to support climate mitigation, as follows: 114 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Costs in EUR per tonne of abated pollutant Absolute costs and benefits per year in EUR Qualitative description, and ratio, of the cost and benefit estimates Price year for the costs reported Year for which the estimates have been calculated In following table 2.6.3. only the framework costs for the individual measures for which an evaluation was made based on the available data was given. 2.6.3. Estimation of costs and benefits of the individual PaM or package of PaMs considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments (O) Name and brief Costs in EUR Absolute costs Absolute Cost/bene Price year Qualitative description of the cost description of per tonne of per year in benefits per fit ratio and benefit estimates individual PaM or abated EUR year (EUR) package of PaMs pollutant At the national level, it is about MEN-P-1: coordinated forming of Integration of measures and allocation of measures for resources which are expected pollutant emission on the basis of PaM arising mitigation into NE NE NE NE NE from other obligations. planning documents and At the project and regional projects for the level, costs and benefits need to energy renewal of be assessed depending on the buildings measures chosen for individual area. At the national level, it is about MTR-P-1: coordinated forming of Integration of measures and allocation of measures for resources which are expected pollutant emission on the basis of PaM arising mitigation into NE NE NE NE NE from other obligations. planning At the project and regional documents and level, costs and benefits need to projects from road be assessed depending on the transport measures chosen for individual area. Expert assessment of the experts from the Faculty of MAG-1: Change in Agriculture. The absolute cost diet of cattle and arises from the application of all NE 5.300.000 13.000.000 0,4 NE pigs and animal sub-measures to all relevant feed quality groups of animals, the benefit is increased competitiveness and production. MAG-2: Anaerobic decomposition of NE NE NE NE NE Not known. manure and biogas production MAG-3: Improving Expert assessment of the cattle facilities, experts from the Faculty of systems of animal Agriculture. The cost refers to manure NE 120.000.000 13.000.000 9,2 NE the whole period up to management and 2050, investing in objects and ways of applying equipment that are used more organic fertilizer than one year. Benefit is 115 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 2.6.3. Estimation of costs and benefits of the individual PaM or package of PaMs considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments (O) Name and brief Costs in EUR Absolute costs Absolute Cost/bene Price year Qualitative description of the cost description of per tonne of per year in benefits per fit ratio and benefit estimates individual PaM or abated EUR year (EUR) package of PaMs pollutant increased competitiveness and production. Expert assessment of the MAG-4: experts from the Faculty of Improvement of Agriculture. Calculation is NE NE 10.000.000 NE NE mineral fertilizer based on savings of the total application methods amount of mineral fertilizer applied. Cost is an expert assessment of MAG-5: experts based on the default Hydromeliorative starting points and targets interventions and (surface) of the NAPNAV24 NE 1.000.000.000 4.500.000 222,2 NE systems of plan. Benefits are reduced protection against damages in production, natural disasters consumption of plant protection product and fertilizers. Expert assessment with the use of assumptions of negligible MAG-6: input costs (which relate only to Introduction of education, without the new cultivars, NE NE 10.000.000 NE NE incentives for production) with varieties and an increase of competitiveness, cultures production and spreading to the currently poorly suitable soils. MAG-7: Preparation of the National advisory principles of good agricultural practice in accordance with the Framework Estimation of printing costs, principles of good NE 30.000 NE NE NE distribution of brochures and agricultural presentation / workshops practice for mitigation of ammonia emissions of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe from 2014 MCC-1: Support for the increase of administrative, Assessment of administrative technical and NE 5.000.000 NE NE NE costs of development managerial capacities of local communities MCC-2: Support for preparation of Assessment of administrative the documents for NE 1.000.000 NE NE NE providing costs of development additional financial 116 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 2.6.3. Estimation of costs and benefits of the individual PaM or package of PaMs considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments (O) Name and brief Costs in EUR Absolute costs Absolute Cost/bene Price year Qualitative description of the cost description of per tonne of per year in benefits per fit ratio and benefit estimates individual PaM or abated EUR year (EUR) package of PaMs pollutant resources for more effective implementation of action plans for air quality improvement Benefits from this measure will be many times larger than the MCC-3: Support investment because it will to researches enable the selection of cost- related to PaMs effective measures and monitor planning and NE 1.000.000 NE NE NE their actual effect. Financial monitoring their funds will not be invested in effects on costly measures, and the emissions and air application will be of optimal quality scale, as much as it is necessary to achieve the targets. 6.4. ADDITIONAL DETAILS CONCERNING THE MEASURES FROM ANNEX III PART 2 TO DIRECTIVE (EU) 2016/2284 TARGETING THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR TO COMPLY WITH THE EMISSION REDUCTION COMMITMENTS For the measures from Annex II Part 2 of the NEC Directive, Specific reporting is required, whether the mandatory measures have been implemented, which of the non-mandatory measures are included in the Programme and whether some modifications were made to them. Measures to reduce ammonia emissions are prescribed by Article 22 of the NEC Regulation. In following table 2.6.4. Additional details concerning the measures from Annex III Part 2 of the NEC Directive targeting the agricultural sector to comply with the emission reduction commitments (M) are given. 2.6.4. Additional details concerning the measures from Annex III Part 2 to Directive (EU) 2016/2284 targeting the agricultural sector to comply with the emission reduction commitments (M): Measures listed in Annex III, Part 2 Is the PaM If yes, Has the PaM been applied exactly? included in the - indicate Yes/No (M) national air section/page pollution control number in If no, describe the modifications programme? programme: that have been made (M) Yes/No (M) (M) A. Measures to control ammonia emissions 1. Member States shall establish a No Yes (measures national advisory code of good agricultural practice to control MAG-1, Ministry of agriculture, on the basis ammonia emissions, taking into account MAG-2, of Article 22 of the Regulation on the UNECE Framework Code for Good MAG-3, national obligations to reduce Agricultural Practice for Reducing MAG-4 emissions of certain pollutants in Ammonia Emissions of 2014, covering air in the Republic of Croatia MAG-7) at least the following items: (Official Gazette, No. 76/18) is in (a) nitrogen management, taking into the development process of account the whole nitrogen cycle; National advisory principles of (b) livestock feeding strategies; good agricultural practice in accordance with the Framework of 117 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 2.6.4. Additional details concerning the measures from Annex III Part 2 to Directive (EU) 2016/2284 targeting the agricultural sector to comply with the emission reduction commitments (M): Measures listed in Annex III, Part 2 Is the PaM If yes, Has the PaM been applied exactly? included in the - indicate Yes/No (M) national air section/page pollution control number in If no, describe the modifications programme? programme: that have been made (M) Yes/No (M) (M) (c) low-emission manure spreading good agricultural practice for techniques; ammonia emission mitigation of the (d) low-emission manure storage United Nations Economic systems; Commission of Europe 2014, which (e) low-emission animal housing include: systems; – nitrogen management, taking into (f) possibilities for limiting ammonia account the whole nitrogen cycle emissions from the use of mineral – livestock feeding strategies fertilisers. – low-emission manure spreading techniques – low-emission manure storage systems – low-emission animal housing systems – possibilities for limiting ammonia emissions from the use of mineral fertilisers. 2. Member States may establish a No - No national nitrogen budget to monitor the changes in overall losses of reactive nitrogen from agriculture, including ammonia, nitrous oxide, ammonium, nitrates and nitrites, based on the principles set out in the UNECE Guidance Document on Nitrogen Budgets 3. Member States shall prohibit the use Yes - Yes of ammonium carbonate fertilisers Prohibition to use ammonium and may reduce ammonia emissions carbonate fertilizers is prescribed in from inorganic fertilisers by using the Article 22, paragraph 2 of the following approaches: Regulation on national obligations (a) replacing urea-based fertilisers by to reduce emissions of certain ammonium nitrate-based fertilisers; pollutants in air in the Republic of (b) where urea-based fertilisers Croatia (Official Gazette, No. continue to be applied, using methods 76/18). that have been shown to reduce ammonia emissions by at least 30 % The possibility of reducing compared with the use of the reference ammonia emissions from inorganic method, as specified in the Ammonia fertilizers by using approaches a) to Guidance Document; c) is not taken into Croatian (c) promoting the replacement of legislation and not applicable in this inorganic fertilisers by organic context. fertilisers and, where inorganic fertilisers continue to be applied, spreading them in line with the foreseeable requirements of the receiving crop or grassland with respect to nitrogen and phosphorus, also taking into account the existing nutrient content in the soil and nutrients from other fertilisers. 118 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 2.6.4. Additional details concerning the measures from Annex III Part 2 to Directive (EU) 2016/2284 targeting the agricultural sector to comply with the emission reduction commitments (M): Measures listed in Annex III, Part 2 Is the PaM If yes, Has the PaM been applied exactly? included in the - indicate Yes/No (M) national air section/page pollution control number in If no, describe the modifications programme? programme: that have been made (M) Yes/No (M) (M) 4. Member States may reduce ammonia No - No emissions from livestock manure by using the following approaches: The possibility of reducing (a) reducing emissions from slurry and ammonia emissions from animal solid manure application to arable land manure by using approaches a) to and grassland, by using methods that d) Will be an integral part of the reduce emissions by at least 30 % National advisory principles of compared with the reference method good agricultural practice which are described in the Ammonia Guidance in the adoption process. Document and on the following conditions: (i)only spreading manures and slurries in line with the foreseeable nutrient requirement of the receiving crop or grassland with respect to nitrogen and phosphorous, also taking into account the existing nutrient content in the soil and the nutrients from other fertilisers; (ii) not spreading manures and slurries when the receiving land is water saturated, flooded, frozen or snow covered; (iii) applying slurries spread to grassland using a trailing hose, trailing shoe or through shallow or deep injection; (iv) incorporating manures and slurries spread to arable land within the soil within four hours of spreading. (b) reducing emissions from manure storage outside of animal houses, by using the following approaches: (i) for slurry stores constructed after 1 January 2022, using low emission storage systems or techniques which have been shown to reduce ammonia emissions by at least 60 % compared with the reference method described in the Ammonia Guidance Document, and for existing slurry stores at least 40 %; (ii) covering stores for solid manure; (iii) ensuring farms have sufficient manure storage capacity to spread manure only during periods that are suitable for crop growth. (c) reducing emissions from animal housing, by using systems which have been shown to reduce ammonia emissions by at least 20 % compared 119 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 2.6.4. Additional details concerning the measures from Annex III Part 2 to Directive (EU) 2016/2284 targeting the agricultural sector to comply with the emission reduction commitments (M): Measures listed in Annex III, Part 2 Is the PaM If yes, Has the PaM been applied exactly? included in the - indicate Yes/No (M) national air section/page pollution control number in If no, describe the modifications programme? programme: that have been made (M) Yes/No (M) (M) with the reference method described in the Ammonia Guidance Document; (d) reducing emissions from manure, by using low protein feeding strategies which have been shown to reduce ammonia emissions by at least 10 % compared with the reference method described in the Ammonia Guidance Document. B. Emission reduction measures to control emissions of fine particulate matter (PM2,5) and black carbon (M) 1. Without prejudice to Annex II on No - No cross-compliance of Regulation (EU) Good agricultural and No 1306/2013 of the European environmental condition GAEC 6 Parliament and of the Council(1), of the Ordinance on multiple Member States may ban open field conformity, (Official gazette, No. burning of agricultural harvest residue 32/15, 45/16, 26/18, 84/18), it is and waste and forest residue. Member prescribed the management of States shall monitor and enforce the harvest residues and the prevention implementation of any ban of overgrowth of agricultural implemented in accordance with the surfaces with unwanted vegetation first subparagraph. Any exemptions to in order to preserve the soil and such a ban shall be limited to carbon content in soil. preventive programmes to avoid uncontrolled wildfires, to control pest Burning of harvest residues from or to protect biodiversity. agricultural surfaces is prohibited. Harvest residues are not considered to be residues resulting from the pruning of permanent crops. Burning of harvest residues is allowed only in order to prevent spreading or to suppress organisms harmful to plants, about what there is an official ordered measure. Fulfillment of this condition maintains a favorable level of organic matter in the soil that is necessary for the implementation of agricultural production, prevents the risk of fire, prevents pollution of the environment with smoke and ashes, prevents the destruction of micro and macro fauna by fire, improves the physico-chemical properties of the soil and stimulates biological activity in the surface layer of soil sloju. For the purpose of fulfilling this condition, burning of harvest residues on agricultural areas is prohibited. 2. Member States may establish a national No - No advisory code of good agricultural 120 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 2.6.4. Additional details concerning the measures from Annex III Part 2 to Directive (EU) 2016/2284 targeting the agricultural sector to comply with the emission reduction commitments (M): Measures listed in Annex III, Part 2 Is the PaM If yes, Has the PaM been applied exactly? included in the - indicate Yes/No (M) national air section/page pollution control number in If no, describe the modifications programme? programme: that have been made (M) Yes/No (M) (M) practices for the proper management of On May 26, 2015, the European harvest residue, on the basis of the Commission approved the Rural following approaches: development programme of the (a) improvement of soil structure Republic of Croatia for the period through incorporation of harvest 2014 – 2020 developed by the residue; Ministry of agriculture and Paying (b) improved techniques for agency for agriculture, fisheries and incorporation of harvest residue; rural development. (c) alternative use of harvest residue; The programme defines 18 (d) improvement of the nutrient status measures targeted at increasing the and soil structure through competitiveness of Croatian incorporation of manure as required for agriculture, forestry and optimal plant growth, thereby avoiding manufacturing industry, but also the burning of manure (farmyard manure, improvement of living and working deep- straw bedding). conditions in rural areas in general. Programme also includes measure M2: Advisory services, service for the management and assistance of agricultural holdings, whose implementation is regulated by Ordinance on the implementation of measure 02: Advisory services, service for the management and assistance of agricultural holdings from the Rural development programme of the Republic of Croatia for the period 2014 – 2020 (Official gazette, No. 123/15) C. Preventing impacts on small farms (M) In taking the measures outlined in No - No Sections A and B, Member States shall ensure that impacts on small and micro farms are fully taken into account. Member States may, for instance, exempt small and micro farms from those measures where possible and appropriate in view of the applicable reduction commitments (M) 7. STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION Pursuant to Article 19 paragraph 7, the Ministry on the proposal of the Air Pollution Control Program and all relevant amendments, before its completion and adoption by the Government of the Republic of Croatia, conducts public consultation in accordance with national regulations governing public participation in environmental matters and consultation with the competent authorities for which, due to their special environmental competencies in the field of air pollution, quality and management at the national level, the implementation of the NAPCP, refers to them. That is also provided in Article 121 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 5 (5) of the NEC Directive. Transboundary consultations (Article 19, paragraph 8 of the NEC Regulation and Article 5, paragraph 6 of the NEC Directives) are also carried out where appropriate. In following table 2.7.1. results from consultations are presented – which were carried out before the end of the program – with public and the competent authorities which, due to their specific environmental responsibility in the field of air pollution, quality and management at all levels, likely to be interested in the results of the implementation of the national air pollution control program and, where possible, transboundary consultations. Stakeholder consultations were carried out during the preparation of the expert backgrounds for the Low-Carbon Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia until 2030 with an outlook to 2050 and are mentioned in the following table. 2.7.1. The results of consultations - prior to the end of the programme - the public, the competent authorities which, due to their specific responsibility for the environment in the field of air pollution, air quality and management at all levels, will likely be interested in the results of the implementation of the national air pollution control program, and where is possible, transboundary consultations Consultation Procedure for Time of Summary of the outcome with Link to the with: consultation: consultation respect to the selection of PaMs: consultation period: documents: National Workshops Sectoral Sector workshops were held by sector http://www. competent during the workshops were energy and transport (14.9.2012), mzoip.hr/doc authorities, project held in the period agriculture (20.9.2012), energy and /tranzicija_pr Public in "Support to the 14.9.2012. until industry (24.9.2012), waste ema_niskoug accordance Republic of 14.11. 2012 management (2.10.2012), LULUCF ljicnom_razv with Directive Croatia in the (19.10.2012), buildings (26.10.2012) oju_hrvatske. 2003/35 Development and tourism (14.11.2012). At the pdf of the Low- workshops there were representatives Carbon of national competent authorities, Development sector experts, representatives of Strategy industrial associations, non- (LEDS)" governmental organizations and interested public. Discussion was about measures for long-term low- carbon development. The key sector measures identified are available on the link. National Workshops Sector Workshops Sector workshops were held by http://www. competent during the in the period from sectors: power plants and industry mzoip.hr/hr/k authorities, preparation of May 13 to July 3, (13.5.2015), transport (22.5.2015), lima/strategij Public in expert 2015. Final buildings (29.5.2015), agriculture and e-planovi-i- accordance backgrounds Conference on forestry (9.6.2015), waste programi.htm with Directive for the Low- December 18, management (3.7.2015. ). l 2003/35 Carbon 2015 At workshops there were Development representatives of national competent Strategy of the authorities, sectoral experts, Republic of representatives of industrial Croatia until associations, non-governmental 2030 with an organizations and interested public. outlook to Analysis of state and needs were 2050 presented and discussions on measures for long-term low-carbon development were discussed. Presentations are available at link. National Public The Ministry of A total of 12 physical person and https://esavjet competent consultation Environment legal authorities submitted comments ovanja.gov.hr authorities, on the draft Protection and on the draft Low-Carbon /ECon/MainS Public in Low-Carbon Energy has set up Development Strategy, of which six creen?entityI accordance Development the draft Low- physical persons, two public d=5575 with Directive Strategy of the Carbon institutions, one public company, two 2003/35, Republic of Development 122 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 2.7.1. The results of consultations - prior to the end of the programme - the public, the competent authorities which, due to their specific responsibility for the environment in the field of air pollution, air quality and management at all levels, will likely be interested in the results of the implementation of the national air pollution control program, and where is possible, transboundary consultations Consultation Procedure for Time of Summary of the outcome with Link to the with: consultation: consultation respect to the selection of PaMs: consultation period: documents: Local Croatia until Strategy of the non-governmental organizations and competent 2030 with an Republic of one public limited company. authorities, outlook o Croatia until 2030 Among the questions and comments Regional 2050 and the with an outlook o that have been repeated, most competent Strategic 2050 on e-Advice important ones are following: authorities Environmental in the period from Low-Carbon development strategy Impact Study 16 June 2017 to should prepare after the Energy 16 July 2017. On Strategy is being developed. July 14, 2017, a Will the indicative targets for REN public become binding for the Republic of presentation and Croatia? What if it can not be discussion of the realized? Draft Strategy The increase in demand for was held in the electricity is overestimated. Croatian chamber The statistical corrections in the of economy. energy balance related to the use of biomass for heating in the residential sector affect the change in overall RES share, uncertainty and the consequences of changes in data should be further examined. The strategy is too detailed, the document should be shortened. The strategy is not sufficiently detailed - additional clarifications are needed regarding methodology, models, inputs, implementation measures. How will the planned increase in the share of central heating systems for heat supply be achieved? Evaluation question of hydroelectric power plants as multi-purpose projects? Consistency in application of the circular economy, regarding energy utilisation of waste. Most of the questiones refer to energy, there were several questiones related to waste management, agriculture and the Land use and Land-Use Change and Forestry sector (LULUCF). The Ministry of Environmental Protection has decided to postpone the adoption of the Low Carbon Strategy, as long as the Energy Strategy is not drafted. The Draft Low Carbon Strategy and the New Energy Strategy will serve to produce the National Integrated Energy Climate Plan, a document that will help the Republic of Croatia establish its binding goals within the 123 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 2.7.1. The results of consultations - prior to the end of the programme - the public, the competent authorities which, due to their specific responsibility for the environment in the field of air pollution, air quality and management at all levels, will likely be interested in the results of the implementation of the national air pollution control program, and where is possible, transboundary consultations Consultation Procedure for Time of Summary of the outcome with Link to the with: consultation: consultation respect to the selection of PaMs: consultation period: documents: framework of a common EU policy towards fulfilling its obligations under the Paris agreement by 2030. National Consultations 2014 and 2015, The purpose of the project was The results of competent and with workshops in capacity building and technical the project authorities, workshops Croatia 16.-17. assistance to prepare national itself are not transboundary within the December 2014 greenhouse gas emission projections available consultation project and 25 February to be submitted in 2015 under publicly, but "Assistance to 2015 Regulation 525/2013 on the reports are MS in the mechanism for monitoring and available at implementatio reporting on greenhouse gas http://www.h n of GHG emissions and for reporting on other aop.hr/hr/tem projections information related to climate change atska- guidelines". at the national and EU level (MMR). podrucja/zrak The During 18 months the project team -klima- consortium initiated a series of bilateral tlo/klimatske- consisted of consultations and workshops. The promjene/izvj companies action plan consisted of 14 points, esca TNO, Aether, among which the part related to Uba Vienna, technical and general questions about Amec, Öko- designing and submitting projections Institut, ICCS (projections of macroeconomic data, (E3MLab), models used, projection, PaMs CITEPA and influence modeling, sensitivity VITO. analysis etc.), part of projection in energy (methodology, emission distribution, input assumptions) and a section on projections in non-energy sectors. The project's result was to improve the system and strengthen its capacity to prepare greenhouse gas emissions projections. National Consultations 2016 and 2017, The purpose of the project was The results of competent and with workshops in capacity building and technical the project authorities, workshops Croatia 16.-17. assistance to prepare national itself are not transboundary within the December 2014 greenhouse gas emission projections available consultation project and 25 February to be submitted in 2015 under publicly, but "Assistance to 2015 Regulation 525/2013 on the reports are MS in the mechanism for monitoring and available at implementatio reporting on greenhouse gas http://www.h n of GHG emissions and for reporting on other aop.hr/hr/tem projections". information related to climate change atska- The at the national and EU level (MMR). podrucja/zrak consortium The project team initiated a series of -klima- was composed bilateral consultations and tlo/klimatske- of companies workshops. The action plan consisted promjene/izvj ICF, Aether, of 6 points, four of which concerned esca E4SMA and the LULUCF sector, one on the IIASA. general issues of integrity and transparency, and the last point on energy projections. During the project two workshops were held on the LULUCF sector in Croatia and Croatian representatives participated 124 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 2.7.1. The results of consultations - prior to the end of the programme - the public, the competent authorities which, due to their specific responsibility for the environment in the field of air pollution, air quality and management at all levels, will likely be interested in the results of the implementation of the national air pollution control program, and where is possible, transboundary consultations Consultation Procedure for Time of Summary of the outcome with Link to the with: consultation: consultation respect to the selection of PaMs: consultation period: documents: in two workshops in Brussels. The project's result was to improve the system and strengthen its capacity to prepare greenhouse gas emissions projections. National Workshops Harmonization with rural competent and development program and authorities consultations consideration of potential additional with the measures thet are not subject to Croatian AECM and other measures; Agricultural discussion on the adoption of and Forestry recommendations from the Advisory regulations and guidelines of good Service agricultural practice in the form of mandatory measures. National Communicatio Not publicly The draft TDU The submitted Draft of National Air competent n via E-mail available (Ministry of Pollution Control Programme, the authorities: and a technical Agriculture, Ministry of Foreign and European Ministry of meeting with Ministry of the Affairs and the Ministry of Economy Agriculture, the Ministry of Sea, Transport did not have any objections. Ministry of Agriculture, and Infrastructure, the Sea, portal for e- Comments from the Ministry of the Ministry of the Transport and Counseling Sea, Transport and Infrastructure, the Economy, Infrastructure, Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Ministry of Administration at the Ministry of Foreign and the Economy, Environmental Protection and Energy European Affairs Ministry of - ex CAEN have been accepted and and the Foreign and included in the Programme Proposal. Administration at European the Ministry of Affairs, the In addition, with the Ministry of Environmental Agriculture on March 12, 2019, a Administratio Protection and meeting was held on which all the n at Ministry Energy - ex comments and suggestions were of CAEN) was Environmental included in the Programme Proposal. submitted from Protection and February 5 to Energy - ex March 12, 2019. CAEN, e- Counseling with the interested E- Counseling public. with the interested public was held within a period of 30 days after the opinions of all TDUs were received. 125 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 8. THE POLICIES SELECTED FOR ADOPTION BY SECTOR, INCLUDING A TIMETABLE FOR THEIR ADOPTION, IMPLEMENTATION AND REVIEW AND THE COMPETENT AUTHORITIES RESPONSIBLE This chapter corresponds to chapter 2.8. of the Formate: “ The policies selected for adoption by sector, including a timetable for their adoption, implementation and review and the competent authorities responsible“. 8.1. INDIVIDUAL PAMs OR PACKAGE OF PAMS SELECTED FOR ADOPTION AND THE COMPETENT AUTHORITIES RESPONSIBLE The Member States' obligation is to select the most promising PaMs and to include them in the NAPCP. Based on the outcome of the analysis undertaken previously, Member States are required to report further information on the additional PaMs selected for inclusion in the NAPCP, as follows: (see table 2.8.1 of the Formate): - Planned year for adoption and timetable for implementation (year(s)) - Planned timetable for review (year) - Competent authorities responsible for implementing and regulating the PaM In the following table 2.8.1. PaMs selected for adoption and responsible competent authorities are presented. 2.8.1. Individual PaMs or package of PaMs selected for adoption and the competent authorities responsible (M) Name and brief Currentl Relevant Currently planned Interim targets and indicators Currently Competent description of y comments timetable for selected to monitor progress in planned authorities individual PaM or planned arising implementation (M) implementation of the selected timetable responsible for package of PaMs year of from PaMs (O) for review the individual (M) adoption consultati Start End Interim Indicators (in case PaM or (M) on(s) in year (M): year Targets different package of relation to (M): from PaMs (M): the general individual update of PaM or the package national of PaMs air (O) pollution control programm e every four years) (M) MEN-P-1: Integration of measures for The number of pollutants Adopt energy-renovated emissions MZOE, 2019 - 2021 2030 the houses in areas 2023 reduction into MGIPU measure where the air plan documents quality is ruin and projects for energy renovation of buildings 126 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 2.8.1. Individual PaMs or package of PaMs selected for adoption and the competent authorities responsible (M) Name and brief Currentl Relevant Currently planned Interim targets and indicators Currently Competent description of y comments timetable for selected to monitor progress in planned authorities individual PaM or planned arising implementation (M) implementation of the selected timetable responsible for package of PaMs year of from PaMs (O) for review the individual (M) adoption consultati Start End Interim Indicators (in case PaM or (M) on(s) in year (M): year Targets different package of relation to (M): from PaMs (M): the general individual update of PaM or the package national of PaMs air (O) pollution control programm e every four years) (M) MTR-P-1: Integration of measures for Number of electric pollutants Adopt vehicles in areas emissions 2019 - 2021 2030 the 2023 MZOE, MPPI where air quality is reduction into measure ruin plan documents and road transport prijects MAG-1: Change Analysis of the in livestock quality of livestock feeding and 2019 - 2021 2030 - 2023 MPS feed and livestock quality of feed supplements livestock feed MAG-2: Anaerobic Share of livestock decomposition of 2019 - 2021 2030 - 2023 MPS on digestors manure and biogas production The share of animal MAG-3: (pigs, cattle, Improvement of poultry) on farms livestock plant, with biofilters, animal waste covered lagoons management 2019 - 2021 2030 - 2023 MPS and within animal system and hausing system application with appropriate methods of microclimatic organic fertilizer conditions MAG-4: Amount of applied Improvement of urea and mineral mineral fertilizer 2019 - 2021 2030 - 2023 MPS fertilizers with slow application release of nitrogen methods MAG-5: Area of treated land Hydrotechnical under systems with interventions and irrigation, drainage 2019 - 2021 2030 - 2023 MPS systems for and protection protection against against natural natural disasters disasters 127 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 2.8.1. Individual PaMs or package of PaMs selected for adoption and the competent authorities responsible (M) Name and brief Currentl Relevant Currently planned Interim targets and indicators Currently Competent description of y comments timetable for selected to monitor progress in planned authorities individual PaM or planned arising implementation (M) implementation of the selected timetable responsible for package of PaMs year of from PaMs (O) for review the individual (M) adoption consultati Start End Interim Indicators (in case PaM or (M) on(s) in year (M): year Targets different package of relation to (M): from PaMs (M): the general individual update of PaM or the package national of PaMs air (O) pollution control programm e every four years) (M) MAG-6: Land surface and Introduction of yield of new new cultivars, 2019 - 2021 2030 - 2023 MPS cultivars, varieties varieties and and cultures species Adopt MAG-7: Code Preparation of the National advisory Publishi Number of Code for Good ng and distributed Agricultural brochure brochures Practice in distributi Number of accordance with on workshops held and the Framework number of users Code for Good 2019 - 2020 2030 2023 MPS Agricultural Maintain The share of farms Practice for presentat that applied the Reducing ions / code of good Ammonia educatio agricultural Emissions of the n practices aimed at United Nations reducing NH3 Economic Monitor emissions Commission for the Europe, 2014 impleme ntation 128 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 2.8.1. Individual PaMs or package of PaMs selected for adoption and the competent authorities responsible (M) Name and brief Currentl Relevant Currently planned Interim targets and indicators Currently Competent description of y comments timetable for selected to monitor progress in planned authorities individual PaM or planned arising implementation (M) implementation of the selected timetable responsible for package of PaMs year of from PaMs (O) for review the individual (M) adoption consultati Start End Interim Indicators (in case PaM or (M) on(s) in year (M): year Targets different package of relation to (M): from PaMs (M): the general individual update of PaM or the package national of PaMs air (O) pollution control programm e every four years) (M) The number of workshops held, number of new portals, the number of new promotional materials, MCC-1: Support number of for increasing the informative administrative, Adopt campaigns, technical and 2019 - 2021 2030 the the number of 2023 MZOE, MPPI management measure projects submitted capacities of local for funding through communities the LIFE program, number of FZOEU tenders, the number of other programs and funds activated to ensure the implementation of the measure The number of MCC-2: Support projects submitted to provide for funding through additional the LIFE program, financial Adopt number of FZOEU resources for 2019 - 2021 2030 the tenders, 2023 MZOE, MPPI more effective measure implementation the number of other of air quality programs and funds improvement activated to ensure action plans the implementation of the measure MCC-3: Support Adopt to research on the PaMs planning measure, and monitoring of 2019 2019 2025 include Number of projects 2023 MZOE, MZIO their effects on it emissions and air funding quality plans 129 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 8.2. AN ASSESSMENT OF HOW SELECTED PAMS ENSURE COHERENCE WITH PLANS AND PROGRAMMES SET UP IN OTHER RELEVANT POLICY AREAS Once the additional PaMs for inclusion in the initial NAPCP have been selected for adoption, Member State authorities should conduct an overarching coherence assessment to ensure the NAPCP is coherent with other relevant policies and programmes. Following table 2.8.2. gives an explanation for the choice of selected measures and an assessment of how selected PaMs ensure coherence with the plans and programmes set up in other relevant policy areas (M). 2.8.2. Explanation of the choice of selected measures and an assessment of how selected PaMs ensure coherence with plans and programmes set up in other relevant policy areas (M) An explanation of the choice made among the measures All proposed measures have been selected. considered under 2.6.1 to determine the final set of selected measures Coherence of the selected PaMs with air quality The PaM package is aligned with air quality targets objectives at national level and, where appropriate, in at the national and local level as it is estimated to neighbouring Member States (M) contribute most to improving air quality in areas, where it has been damaged. Coherence of the selected PaMs with other relevant The PaM package is fully aligned with the relevant plans and programmes established by virtue of the plans and programs established in accordance with requirements set out in national or Union legislation the requirements established by the national (e.g. national energy and climate plans) (M) legislation and encourage synergy in the preparation and implementation of measures consistent with other relevant plans and programs established in accordance with the requirements established by national or EU legislation. 130 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 9. PROJECTED COMBINED IMPACTS OF PAMS ('WITH ADDITIONAL MEASURES' - WAM) ON EMISSION REDUCTIONS, AIR QUALITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE ASSOCIATED UNCERTAINTIES This Chepter corresponds to chapter 2.9. Projected combined impacts of PaMs ('With Additional Measures' - WAM) on emissions reductions, air quality and the environment and the associated uncertainties“. 9.1. PROJECTED ATTAINMENT OF EMISSION REDUCTION COMMITMENTS This chepter provide an overwiev of emission projections for all NEC Direvtive pollutant for 2020, 2025 and 2030 with the application of selected PAMs for the WAM scenario, shown in Chapter 5.1. Followin table 2.9.1. gives an overwiev of projected attainment of emission reduction commitments (WAM) (M). 2.9.1. Projected attainment of emission reduction commitments (WAM) (M) Pollutants Total emissions (kt), consistent % emission reduction National National (M) with inventories for year x-3, achieved compared emission emission (M): with 2005 reduction reduction commitment commitment for 2020- from 2030 2029 (%) (%) (M): 2005 base year 2020 2025 2030 2020 2025 2030 (M): SO2 58.72 7.52 6.99 6.52 87.20 88.09 88.90 55 83 NOx 84.46 40.94 34.78 30.60 51.53 58.83 63.77 31 57 NMVOC 117.02 50.80 45.56 41.54 56.59 61.07 64.50 34 48 NH3 42.21 32.58 29.48 26.70 22.81 30.15 36.73 1 25 PM2,5 40.85 18.33 15.66 13.31 55.14 61.67 67.42 18 55 Below are graphs of emission projections and emission reductions for WM and WAM scenarios. SO2 Figure 8-1: Historic trend and projections of SO2 emissions for WM and WAM scenario 131 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Projections show that it is expected to meet the quota and emission reduction commitment for SO2 for both scenarios. In the WAM scenario up to 2030, an additional emission reduction of 2.87 kt SO2 is expected in comparison with the WM scenario, which would reduce emissions by 34.7% below the 2030 emission reduction commitment (in the WM scenario emission level is 6.0% below obligation for 2030). The main impact on reducing SO2 emissions have measures of additional encouragement of renewable energy sources and consequently lower electricity generation from fossil fuels as well as less fugitive emissions. NOx Figure 8-2: Historic trend and projections of NOx emissions for WM and WAM scenario Projections show that it is expected to meet the quota and emission reduction commitment for NOx for both scenarios. In the WAM scenario up to 2030 there is an additional 2.98 kt NOx emission reduction compared to the WM scenario, which would reduce emissions by 12.5% below the obligation for 2030 (in the WM scenario emission level is 3.9% below the obligation for 2030). The main impact on the reduction of NOx emissions have measures in transport and renovation of buildings and the replacement of furnaces and fuel in the residetial sector. NH3 132 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Figure 8-3: Historic trend and projections of NH3 emissions for WM and WAM scenario Projections show that it is expected to meet the quota and emission reduction commitment for NH3 only in the WAM scenario. In the WAM scenario up to 2030, an additional emission reduction of 8.89 kt NH3 is achieved in comparison to the WM scenario, with the emission reduction being 15.6% below the obligation for 2030 (in the WM scenario the emission level is 12.4% above the obligation for 2030). The main impact on NH3 emission reduction have measures in the agriculture sector. NMVOC Figure 8-4: Historic trend and projections of NMVOC emissions for WM and WAM scenario Projections show that it is expected to meet the quota and emission reduction commitment for NMVOC for both scenarios. In the WAM scenario up to 2030, an additional emission reduction of 6.08 kt NMVOC in comparison to the WM scenario is expected, with a reduction in emissions of 31.7% below the obligation for 2030 (in the WM scenario the emission level is 21.7% below the obligation for 2030). The main influence on NMVOC emission reduction have measures of the renovation of buildings and the replacement of appliances and fuels in the residential sector and measures in the waste management sector. 133 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE PM2,5 Figure 8-5: Historic trend and projections of PM2,5 emissions for WM and WAM scenario Projections show that it is expected to meet the emission reduction commitment for PM2.5 for both scenarios. In the WAM scenario up to 2030, an additional emission reduction of 2.24 kt PM2.5 is expected in comparison to the WM scenario, with emission reduction of 27.6% below the obligation for 2030 (in the WM scenario emission level is by 15.4% below the obligation for 2030). The main impact on emissions reductions have measure of the renovation of buildings and the replacement of appliances and fuels in the residential sector. PM10 Figure 8-6: Historic trend and projections of PM10 emissions for WM and WAM scenario For PM10 emissions there is no emission reduction commitments and the trend and causes of emissions are similar to those for PM2.5 emissions. 134 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 9.2. NON-LINEAR TRAJECTORY FOR EMISSION REDUCTIONS Where projected emission reduction under the WAM scenario do not result in a linear trajectory between 2020 and 2030, Members States are required to provide supporting information that confirms that adopted measures will deliver the emission reduction targets for 2030. A non-linear trajectory is only acceptable in circumstances where there is evidence demonstrating that a non-linear trajectory is economically or technically more efficient, and does not affect the achievement of any reduction commitment for 2030 (Article 4(2) of NEC Directive). Additionally, the Member State must also demonstrate that from 2025 onwards the non-linear trajectory converges with the linear trajectory to meet the same emission reduction targets for 2030. Information on the projected trajectory of emission reductions, including status in 2025, should be included in the NAPCP proposals presented to the public for consultation in line with requirements of Article 6(5) of NEC Directive. Emission projections for the Republic of Croatia under the WM and WAM scenario do not result in a non-linear trajectory for emission reductions between 2020 and 2030 (see graphs in Table 2.9.2. of Formats). The following table 2.9.2. shows the non-linear emission reduction trajectory (M, where appropriate). 2.9.2. Non-linear emission reduction trajectory (M, where appropriate) Where a non-linear Projections do not show a non-linear emission reduction trajectory between 2020 emission reduction and 2030 that would go above the linear emission reduction trajectory, as can be trajectory is followed, seen in the images below for each pollutant. demonstrate that it is technically or economically SO2 more efficient (alternative 70,00 measures would involve entailing disproportionate 60,00 costs), will not compromise 50,00 the achievement of any reduction commitment in 2 40,00 2030, and that the trajectory will converge on the linear SO kt 30,00 trajectory from 2025 20,00 onwards (M, where relevant) 10,00 0,00 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Povijesni trend S mjerama (WM) S dodatnim mjerama (WAM) Obveza, od 2020. do 2029. Obveza, od 2030. Linearna trajektorija smanjenja emisija NOx 135 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 100,00 90,00 80,00 70,00 60,00 X 50,00 kt NO kt 40,00 30,00 20,00 10,00 0,00 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Povijesni trend S mjerama (WM) S dodatnim mjerama (WAM) Obveza, od 2020. do 2029. Obveza, od 2030. Linearna trajektorija smanjenja emisija NH3 60,00 50,00 40,00 30,00 kt kt NH3 20,00 10,00 0,00 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Povijesni trend S mjerama (WM) S dodatnim mjerama (WAM) Kvota u 2020. godini Kvota u 2030. godini Linearna trajektorija smanjenja emisija NMVOC 130,00 120,00 110,00 100,00 90,00 80,00 70,00 60,00 50,00 kt NMHOS kt 40,00 30,00 20,00 10,00 0,00 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Povijesni trend S mjerama (WM) S dodatnim mjerama (WAM) Obveza, od 2020. do 2029. Obveza, od 2030. Linearna trajektorija smanjenja emisija PM2,5 136 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 60,00 50,00 40,00 2,5 30,00 kt PM kt 20,00 10,00 0,00 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Povijesni trend S mjerama (WM) S dodatnim mjerama (WAM) Obveza, od 2020. do 2029. Obveza, od 2030. Linearna trajektorija smanjenja emisija PM10 60,00 50,00 40,00 30,00 kt PM10 kt 20,00 10,00 0,00 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Povijesni trend S mjerama (WM) S dodatnim mjerama (WAM) 9.3. THE USE OF FLEXIBILITIES The Directive includes a provision to allow the use of flexibilities with respect to the reporting of national emission inventories in particular circumstances (Article 5 of the NEC Directive and Article 23 of NEC Regulation). For those flexibilities that already existed in the (revised) Gothenburg Protocol, the conditions in the NEC Directive are aligned with those already established under CLRTAP, although the Directive introduced some additional restrictions. In addition, the use of flexibilities requires annual approval by the European Commission. The flexibilities set out in Article 5(2) and 5(4) of the NEC Directive (and in Article 23(4) and 23(6) of the NEC Regulation) mainly apply to cases where exceptional circumstances (eg. due to an exceptionally cold winter or an exceptionally dry summer, a sudden and exceptional interruption or loss of capacity in the power and/or heat supply or production system, which could not reasonably have been foreseen) result in unplanned non-compliance with emission reduction commitments, and so are not relevant when first formulating the NAPCP (but may be for later updates). However, the flexibility mechanism described in Article 5 (3) of the NEC Directive and in Article 23(5) of NEC Regulation is one that could be taken into account in planning: “If in a given year a Member State, for which one or more reduction commitments laid down in Annex II are set at a more 137 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE stringent level than the cost-effective reduction identified in TSAP 16, cannot comply with the relevant emission reduction commitment after having implemented all cost-effective measures, it shall be deemed to comply with that relevant emission reduction commitment for a maximum of five years, provided that for each of those years it compensates for that non-compliance by an equivalent emission reduction of another pollutant referred to in Annex II.” A Member State satisfying the conditions in Article 5(3) of NEC Directive and in Article 23(5) of NEC Regulation which wishes to make use of the flexibility should ensure that the NAPCP includes measures which ensure that: - the reduction commitment in question is complied with within five years and - the excess is compensated for in each year for which it persists by an equivalent emission reduction of another pollutant. Members States that intend to apply paragraph 1, 2, 3 or 4 of Article 5 od NEC Directive (paragraph from 1 to 6 of NEC Regulation) shall inform the Commission thereof by 15 February of the reporting year concerned. In the following table 2.9.3. Flexibilities, the possibility of using flexibility is given. For the first submission of the Programme, the Republic of Croatia will not use the flexibility. 2.9.3. Flexibilities (M, where appropriate) Where flexibilities are used, provide an account of Is not being used. their use (M, where appropriate) 9.4. PROJECTED IMPROVEMENT IN AIR QUALITY For the purposes of this Programme projected improvement in air quality has not been developed. To demonstrate projected improvement in air quality under a WAM scenario, it is necessary to prepare a quantitative analysis of the initial values in the WAM scenario, with achieving the following results: - Projected number of non-compliant and compliant air quality zones (out of all zones) for the years 2020, 2025, and 2030, - Projected maximum exceedances of air quality limit values and average exposure indicators for the years 2020, 2025, and 2030. - Where quantitative data is not available, qualitative projected improvement in air quality (WAM) and degree of compliance. Projected improvement in air quality are not available at national or local level due to lack of expertise and tools to produce them. 2.9.4. Projected improvement in air quality (WAM) A. Projected number of non-compliant and compliant air quality zones AAQD values Projected number of non- Projected number of Total number of air quality compliant air quality zones compliant air quality zones zones Specify base year 2020 2025 2030 Specify base year 2020 2025 2030 Specify base year 2020 2025 2030 PM2,5 (1 yr) ------NO2 (1 yr) ------PM10 (1 yr) ------ 138 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE O3 (max 8 hr mean) ------ Other (please ------specify) B. Maximum exceedances of air quality limit values and average exposure indicators AAQD values Projected maximum exceedances of air quality limit Projected average exposure indicator values across all zones (only for PM2,5 (1 year)) Specify base year 2020 2025 2030 Specify base year 2020 2025 2030 PM2,5 (1 yr) ------NO2 (1 yr) - - - - NO2 (1 hr) - - - - PM10 (1 god.) - - - - PM10 (24 hrs) - - - - O3 (max 8 hr mean) - - - - Other (please - - - - specify) C. Illustrations demonstrating the projected improvement in air quality and degree of compliance Maps or histograms illustrating the projected evolution of ambient air concentrations Not available. (for at least NO2, PM10, PM2,5 and O3, and any other pollutant(s) that present(s) a problem) and which show, for instance, the number of zones, out of the total air quality zones, that will be (non)compliant by 2020, 2025 and 2030, the projected maximum national exceedances, and the projected average exposure indicator. D. Qualitative projected improvement in air quality and degree of compliance (WAM) (in case no quantitative data is provided in the tables above Qualitative projected improvement in air quality Not available. and degree of compliance (WAM) The assessment is that the implementation of WAM measures could improve the air quality with regard to NO2, so there is no exceedance, which is now the case in one agglomeration. The reduction in particle matter emissions is unlikely to be sufficient to avoid exceeding limit value for PM10 and PM2,5 (daily values) because the contribution of long-range transboundary air pollution is large. A far greater emission reduction will be needed to achieve WHO values. The air quality regarding ground-level ozone could be improved but not significantly, so exceedances and non-compliance would remain. During the next reporting period, through amendments to this Programme in accordance with the degree of improvement of professional knowledge and a tools for assessment, modeling and preparation of projections of improvement in air quality in the Republic of Croatia, Chapter Projected improvement in air quality, will be completed. 9.5. PROJECTED IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT For 2020, 2025 and 2030, Member States should report the projected impacts on the environment under WAM scenario. Indicators should be aligned with those under the LRTAP Convention on exposure of ecosystems to acidification, eutrophication and ozone ground-level ozone. Member Sstates may provide a qualitative description of these impacts or quantify the impacts in terms of share of Member State (%) territory exposed to: 139 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE - acidification in exceedance of the critical level threshold - eutrophication in exceedance of the critical level threshold - ground-level ozone in exceedance of the critical level threshold The Plan for the protection of air, ozone layer and climate change mitigation in the Republic of Croatia for the 2013 – 2017 period („Official Gazette“, No. 139/13) envisaged the implementation of measure MPR-13 Mapping of thresholds for the harmful effects of nitrogen deposition in order to determine the degree of biodiversity vulnerability in protected areas in Croatia. The measure has not been implemented and is therefore not a precondition for projecting impacts of the WAM scenario on the environment. The following table 2.9.5. Projected impacts on the environment (WAM) were not available at national or local level. 2.9.5. Projected impacts on the environment (WAM) Base year used 2020: 2025: 2030: Description: to assess environmental impacts (please specify Member State territory exposed to acidification - - - - - in exceedance of the critical load threshold (%) Member State territory exposed to - - - - - eutrophication in exceedance of the critical load threshold (%) Member State territory exposed to ozone in - - - - - exceedance of the critical level threshold (%) 9.6. METHODOLOGIES AND UNCERTAINTIES OF WAM POLICY OPTIONS In following table 2.9.6. the link between methodology and uncertainty of WAM policy options is given. 2.9.6. Methodologies and uncertainties of WAM policy options Report the details of the methodology/ model(s) used to See chapter 4.1.1. determine impact: Outline key assumptions and associated uncertainties for See chapter 4.1.1. the WAM policy options: Sensitivity analysis was also conducted. In addition to the sensitivity analysis depending on the hydrological conditions, sensitivity analysis and other parameters crucial for the electrical power system were carried out. The sensitivity to changing the following parameters has been analyzed: for WAM scenario: o net import up to 30% of electrical energy, instead of scenario without net import (except from Nuclear power plant Krško); o net import up to 30% electrical energy, instead of scenario without net import (except from Nuclear power plant Krško), but in combination with 30% lower natural gas price (in relation to prices from EU Reference scenario 2016); Overview of the analysis is shown in Table 8-1 and in Figure 8-7. Table 8-1: Overview of the sensitivtiy analysis 140 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Scenario to which the projections Changed parameters Influence on pollutant emissions sensitivity was analyzed Enabling net import of electrical energy while keeping Net import up to 30% of electrical other parameters unchanged would lead to reduced work energy, instead of scenario without net of thermal power plants on fossil fuels and thus the WAM import (except from Nuclear power emissions of pollutants would be lower. Visible decrease plant Krško) of SO2 emission is up to 3%, for NOx up to 1,5% and under 1% for NMVOC in the year 2030. Net import up to 30% electrical energy, In case of additional change in natural gas prices (price instead of scenario without net import reduction), the difference in relation to WAM scenario (except from Nuclear power plant would be lower because the production of electrical WAM Krško), but in combination with 30% energy from natural gas would be cheaper, but the lower natural gas price (in relation to emissions still show lower values compared to WAM prices from EU Reference scenario scenario. 2016) Figure 8-7: Sensitivity analysis of emissions in relation to WAM scenario 9.7. MONITORING PROGRESS IN IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PAMS AND THE NATIONAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMME Methods to determine progress made by current PaMs have been described in Chapter 3.2. When elaborating the NAPCP, Member States must ensure that progress in implementation of the NAPCP as a whole, as well as for individual additional PaMs is monitored by continuous and systematic data collection. Intermediate targets should be established where applicable to ensure any issues with implementation and application of the NAPCP and PaMs are detected early. For the NAPCP as a whole, monitoring of progress must be undertaken relative to the trajectory of emission reductions established in the initial NAPCP. Monitoring of the NAPCP and individual PaMs should be undertaken throughout their life-cycle and at the relevant levels of implementation (i.e. national/ regional/ local): Implementation: introduction of PaM into laws, plans and programmes at the local, regional and/or national level as defined in the NAPCP; 141 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Application: monitoring of the progress in PaMs against their initial objectives. This should be supported by monitoring of specific indicators as described below; Compliance and enforcement: monitoring of specific actions undertaken by operators, authorities and agencies, monitoring of any inspections that took place and enforcement actions taken. When defining indicators for NAPCP and individual PaMs, Member States should ensure that they are relevant (linked to NAPCP and PaMs objectives), accepted by relevant stakeholders, credible (easy to interpret), easy (to monitor) and robust (against manipulation). Indicators may be both quantitative and qualitative. Exact selection of indicators depends on the content and administrative framework in which the NAPCP and individual PaMs are established. For PaMs intended to directly reduce emissions, change in annual emissions and contribution to concentrations from key (relevant) sources should be monitored as a minimum. In the following table 2.9.7. Examples of indicators to monitor progress in implementation and application of NAPCP and additional PaMs are presented. 2.9.7. Monitoring progress in implementation of the PaMs and the national air pollution control programme Indicators selected to monitor progress - report on the implementation of each plan and programme at national and in implementation and/or application local level (plans, action plans and programmes); of the selected PaMs. - vehicle-kilometers reduced; - number of low-emissions vehicles deployed; - share of facilities applying advanced abatement system; - number of inefficient domestic furnaces and boilers replaced; - number of houses fitted with insulation; - annual emissions from sources; - contribution of sources to pollutants concentrations in air. Indicators selected to monitor progress - report on the implementation of measures envisaged by WM and WAM in implementation and/or application scenarios of the NAPCP; of the NAPCP - updating of relevant laws and regulations; - inclusion of PaM into laws, plans and programmes at local and national level; - number of JLS (local government unit) that update their air quality plans; - reduction in annual emissions achieved against planned emission reduction trajectory; - reduction in concentrations of pollutants in air (based on measurement and application of models). Interim targets set out at the level of - supervision over the implementation of specific actions defined in this the selected PaMs and/or the NAPCP: Programme which should be undertaken by operators, competent authorities, agencies; - monitoring the implementation of action plans; - monitoring the work of the inspection and its undertaken activities. To monitor progress in the implementation of action plans for improving air quality, one of the measures is: Establishment of a tool / system for assessment of progress by applying air pollution modeling in cities, which includes a more precise definition of the contribution of transboundary air pollution, regional contribution and contribution of individual group of sources. Namely, the results of air quality measurements in a period of one or several years can show a deterioration of air quality, even though emissions have been reduced. Ground-level concentrations strongly depend on meteorological and climate conditions, so in some years there may be, eg. a more days with air mass stagnation and the accumulation of pollution, as well as the transmission of pollution from other areas can be very different from year to year. By applying the models, it will be possible to determine how much is consequently, improvement in air quality. Models can also be of a more robust type, in order to be 142 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE practical to use, an important comparison is with the initial year of implementation of a particular air quality improvement plan, so the relative assessment gives a good information. - In areas that contribute the most to particulate matter pollution (residential combustion), it is necessary to accurately determine technologies and fuels that are used. That will enable an assessment of the effects of the measures and planning of stimulating schemes and the amount of financial resources required. - In strategic environmental impact studies and environmental impact studies, special attention should be focused on parts related to particulate matter emissions and the impact on air quality. 143 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE 10. DISSEMINTION OF THE NATIONAL AIR POLLUTION PROGRAMMME This Chapter corresponds to the Chapter 2.10. „Dissemination of the national air pollution control programme“ common reporting format on national air pollution programmes in accordance with the NEC Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the national emission reduction of certain atmospheric pollutants. Chapter and Table 2.10 of Format are not mandatory, but arbitrary parts of the Programme. The chapter outlines the guidelines for dissemination of the Air pollution control programme. The Republic of Croatia, as other Member States, most actively and systematically disseminate their NAPCP to the public by publishing it on a publicly accessible internet site (Article 14(1) of the NEC Directive). Pursuant to Article 19, paragraph 10 of the NEC Regulation, the National air pollution control programme, as well as its updated versions, are published in the „Official Gazette“ and the Ministriy's website. The mentioned is in accordance with the requirements of the UNECE Convention on access to information, public participation in decision-making and access to justice in environmental matters (Aarhus Convention24), the EU is committed to ensuring public access to environmental information. The Directive also requires Member States to disseminate datasets and information as reported in accordance with Article 10 of NEC Directive and Aticle 12 of NEC Regulation, on a publicly accessible internet site. In accordance with the aforementioned, and to facilitate the use of all reported data under the NEC Directive, the Republic of Croatia included all website links to the NAPCP and supporting datasets and reports in the Draft proposal of national air pollution control programme and in the comman Format, which include links on: national emission inventories; national emission projections; informative inventory report; and additional reports and information communicated to the Commission in accordance with Article 10 of the NEC Directive and Article 12 of the NEC Regulation including the location of the monitoring sites and associated indicators for monitoring air pollution impacts on ecosystems, and the monitoring data according to Article 9 of the NEC Directive and Article 24 of the NEC Regulation. 2.10. Dissemination of the national air pollution control programme Active and systematic dissemination of the national air pollution control programme to the public Overview of steps taken to 1. All website links provided in the NAPCP should be checked before actively and systematically any submission of the NAPCP to ensure they are still working. disseminate the programme: 2. Publication in “Official Gazette“ 3. Publication on websites of MZOE Link to website where the https://www.mzoip.hr/hr/okolis/zrak.html programme is published: Link(s) to available datasets, Link to national emission inventories and projections: underlying analysis and reports http://www.haop.hr/hr/emisije-oneciscujucih-tvari-u-zrak-na-podrucju- supporting the NAPCP: republike-hrvatske/emisije-oneciscujucih-tvari-u 24 Directive 2003/4/EC, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32003L0004 144 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE http://www.haop.hr/hr/tematska-podrucja/zrak-klima-tlo/klimatske- promjene/izvjesca Link to a spatial emission distribution: https://emep.haop.hr/ Link to data and reports that support the quality of Air in Republic of Croatia: http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/datoteka?id=74786 http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/index.html http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/datoteka?id=30810 http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/datoteka?id=30809 http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/godizvrpt.htm?pid=0&t=0 http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/godizvrpt.htm?pid=0&t=4 http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/hPlan.htm http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/iSourceAppointment.htm http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/jEvaluation.htm http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/kMeasure.htm http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/datoteka?id=69590 Link to data related to the position of monitoring locations and related indicators used to monitor the effects of air pollution on ecosystems and monitoring data: http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/hr/eu/nec_revised/sites/envwzyyww/ Document: „Guidance on the elaboration and implementation of the initial National Air Pollution Control Programmes under the new National Emissions Ceilings Directive (2016/2284/EU)“, D 61728, Issue Number 6, Date 02/02/2018, Ricardo), states additional suggestions as the best practice for dissemination of NAPCP: - develop a communication plan to support the dissemination of the NAPCP: o identify the targeted audience for the NAPCP (eg key competent authorities, agencies, cities, reference and test laboratories, etc.) and o list of media contacts and a timeframe for issuing press releases concerning the NAPCP. - include indicators for determining the level of public engagement with the NAPCP (as setting up a target for the number of website hits, where the NAPCP is published). - publishing of non-technical summaries for the public to explain the purpose of the NAPCP and its content. 145 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE LITERATURA [1] »Doha Amendment,« United Nations, Doha, 2012. 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[31] »Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,« United Nations, Kyoto, 1998. 147 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE [32] »Paris Agreement,« United Nations, Paris, 2015. [33] »2020 climate & energy package,« European Commission, [Mrežno]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2020_en. [34] »EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS),« European Commission, [Mrežno]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets_en. [35] »Odluka br. 406/2009/EZ Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća od 23. travnja 2009. godine o naporima koje poduzimaju države članice radi smanjenja emisija stakleničkih plinova s ciljem,« Službeni list Europske unije, 2009. [36] »Direktiva 2009/28/EZ Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća od 23. travnja 2009 godine o promicanju uporabe energije iz obnovljivih izvora,« Službeni list Europske unije, 2009. [37] »Energy Efficiency Plan 2011,« European Commission, Brussels, 2011. 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DESCRIPTION OF CURRENTLY APPLIED AND ADOPETED PAM's Energy The important currently actual strategies and plans include: Energy Strategy (OG 130/09), Long- Term Strategy for Mobilising Investment in the Renovation of the National Building Stock (OG 74/14), Plan for protection of air, ozone layer and climate change mitigation in the Republic of Croatia for the period from 2013 to 2017 (OG 139/13), National Renewable Energy Action Plan (ME, 2013), Program for the Energy Efficiency in Heating and Cooling (ME, 2016), Plan for the use of Funds from the Sale of Emission Allowances in the EU ETS for the Period from 2014 to 2016 (OG 140/14, 12/17), a new Plan for the use of financial resources from the sale of the greenhouse gas emission allowances by the auctions based on the EU ETS until 2020 (OG 19/18), set of national programs and plans for the renovation of existing buildings and increase of nearly-zero energy buildings (described later) and national Operational programs for the use of EU Funds. Planning periods of some of the existing plans have expired, but very important policy documents are either available in draft versions or in the process of development. Among them are: Low-Carbon Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia until 2030 with a view to 2050., Energy Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia, Action Plan for the Implementation of the Low- Carbon Development Strategy for the First 5-year Period, Program for the Energy Efficiency in Public Lighting until 2025 and Integrated Energy-Climate Plan for the Period 2021-2030. The measures described below are taken from the listed documents, but also from the other national or EU legislation if applicable for the reduction of GHG emissions. MEN-1: National Plan for the Increase of the Number of Nearly-Zero Energy Buildings According to the Directive 2010/31/EU on Energy Performance of Buildings (EPBD), member states have to ensure that after 31st December 2020 all new buildings are build according to nearly zero energy (nZEB) standard for buildings, and all new buildings in which stay or are owned by the public bodies should be built according to the nZEB standard after 31st December 2018. The calculations of the cost-optimal levels of minimum criteria for the energy performances of all types of buildings were done in 2013 and 2014. In Technical Regulation OG 128/15 the definitions of nZEB buildings were adopted to ensure to fulfilment of the requirements of the EPBD. National Plan for the Increase of nZEB buildings was adopted in December 2014. The Program for the stimulation of the building new buildings and renovation of existing buildings according to the nZEB standard is in the development. Also, The Long-term Strategy to Stimulate Investment in the Renovation of the National Building Stock in Croatia (OG 74/14) was adopted in 2014. MEN-2: Program for energy renovation of the apartment buildings This measure foresees the continuation for the implementation of The Program of Energy Renovation of Apartment Buildings for the Period from 2014 to 2020 (OG 78/14), with the focus on the buildings built before the 1987 and with the goal for their renovation to the B, A or A+ energy class. The main source of the funding is based on the EU structural and investment funds (EU SIF), precisely from the European Fund for the Regional Development. The goal is to increase the yearly renovation share from 1% to 2% of the surface of the apartment buildings. The plan is to reallocate the funds available from the ESIF to enable the renovation to happen in the planned scope. Important source of funding of the renovations of apartment buildings in the Republic of Croatia were the revenues from the sales of the greenhouse gas emission allowances by the auctions. MEN-3: Program for the increase of energy efficiency and use of renewable energy sources in commercial non-residential buildings The measure builds up on The Program of Energy Renovation of Commercial Non-residential Buildings for the Period from 2014 to 2020 (OG 98/14) with the plan allocate the funds available 149 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE from the EU SIF for the implementation of the measures, with the focus to tourism and trade sectors. The funds will be allocated in grants and through the advanced financial instruments and in accordance with the EU regulations 651/2014 and 1407/2013 on state aid in EU. Important source of funding of the use of renewable energy sources in commercial non-residential buildings in the Republic of Croatia were the revenues from the sales of the greenhouse gas emission allowances by the auctions. MEN-4: : Program for the Energy Renovation of the Family Dwellings The measure is based on The Program of Energy Renovation of Family Houses for the Period from 2014 to 2020 with the detail plan for the period from 2014 to 2016 (OG 43/14, 36/15), but with the plan to allocate also the funds from the EU SIF and to advance the financial models to activate the private capital. The goal is to support the renovation of 4000 houses in Croatia annually. Important source of funding of the renovations of family dwellings in the Republic of Croatia were the revenues from the sales of the greenhouse gas emission allowances by the auctions. MEN-5: Program for the energy renovation of public buildings The measure is based on the Programme for the Energy Renovation of Public Buildings 2014 - 2015 (Ministry of Construction and Physical Planning, 2014) and the Programme for the Energy Renovation of Public Buildings 2016 - 2020 (OG, 22/17). The goal of the Programme for the Energy Renovation of Public Buildings is to raise the level of activity in energy renovation by 3% of the total building fund of the public sector annually, reduction of energy consumption for cooling / heating of renovated public buildings up to 70%, annual savings of around 50GWh respectively, and meeting the saving goals of public building sector, including alternative policy measures set out in the Third National Efficiency Action Plan for the period 2014 – 2016. The main source of finances in period 2016-2020 will be on the EU SIF, Operational Programme Competitiveness and cohesion for the period from 2014 to 2020, under Priority Axis 4 - Promotion of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. The funds will be allocated with the goal to activate the private capital and ESCO market. Important source of funding of the renovations of public buildings in the Republic of Croatia were the revenues from the sales of the greenhouse gas emission allowances by the auctions [10]. MEN-6: Energy management in the public sector Energy management in the public sector include implementation of continuous and systematic measurement, planning and improvements of the energy use in public sector. It includes the use of national information system on energy management ISGE [11]. Energy Management Information System (ISGE), which was supported and established by the UNDP, GEF, the Fund and the Croatian Government, is used as a national tool for systematic energy and water management in public buildings. ISGE is under the competence of the Ministry of Construction and Physical Planning and Agency for Transactions and Mediation in Immovable Properties (APN). The measure is regulated by the Energy Efficiency Act (OG 127/14), Directive 2012/27/EU on Energy Efficiency, Ordinance on Energy Management (OG 18/15) and Methodology on Energy Management (OG 18/15). By the end of 2019 the focus will be on the automation of the data collection of the consumption of energy and water, reporting and verification of energy savings and education of associates. . MEN-7: Measurement and informative calculation of energy consumption 150 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Law on Energy Efficiency (OG 127/14) stipulates that energy distributors ensure that, to the extent that is technically possible, financially reasonable and proportionate in view of the potential energy savings, final customers of energy and hot water in homes acquire individual meters at competitive prices that accurately reflect the actual energy consumption of end customers. Energy supplier shall free of charge on request of the end customer at least once a year provide information on the calculation of electricity, heat or gas and previous consumption of the end customer. Legible and understandable energy bills (electricity, heat and natural gas) and individual consumption metering are obligation of distribution system operators and suppliers. This will increase consumer awareness of the way in which they consume the energy. The bills should include comparisons of consumption for the current year and for the corresponding period of the previous year, as well as information on available energy efficiency measures. MEN-8: Labelling the energy efficiency of household appliances Scheme of labelling the energy efficiency of household appliances is legally prescribed in the Regulations on Energy Labelling of Household Appliances (OG 130/2007, 101/2011, 48/13, 127/14). It is prescribed that energy efficiency label have to be marked on all household appliances that use electricity and are placed on the Croatian market, whether they are manufactured in the Republic of Croatia or imported. By energy labelling, customers are informed about the energy consumption of devices and selection is directed towards more efficient appliances. For the implementation of these measures, a lot has been done to raise public awareness and educate in order to increase the market share of household appliances with A, A+, A++ energy efficiency class and reduce the market share of household appliances under class C. MEN-9: Eco-design of energy-using products Ordinance on establishing Eco-design requirements for energy related products (OG 80/2013, 127/14, 50/15), transposed the 2009/125/EZ Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 the October 2009 about establishing a framework for determining the Eco-design requirements for energy related products to the Croatian legislation. This Ordinance established a framework for the setting of EU Eco-design of energy-related products with the aim of ensuring the free movement of these products on the internal market. The Ordinance provides for the determination of requirements to be met by energy-related products covered by implementing measures, to be placed on the market and / or in use. It contributes to sustainable development by increasing the energy efficiency and level of environmental protection, while at the same time increasing the security of energy supply. This Ordinance also allows the implementation of provisions related to the Directive 2009/125/EZ (air conditioners and fans, fan motor-driven, self-circulation pumps without seals, household washing machines, electric motors, non-directional household lamps, lamps directed to the corresponding equipment LED - lamps, fluorescent lamps, external power supplies, cooling devices, simple control boxes, electric and electronic equipment in homes and offices - mode, hold and mute, televisions, household dryers, washing household dishes and pumps water). The Ordinance came into force on the date of the Republic of Croatia accession to EU. MEN-10: Promotion of energy efficiency and implementation of measures through energy services model The goal of the promotion of energy efficiency is to raise the awareness of the persons and companies on possibilities and benefits of improving the energy efficiency. The leading body is the National Energy Efficiency Authority (NKT), which moderates and promotes the national web portal for energy efficiency www.enu.hr [12]. 151 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Energy efficiency projects with implementation through energy services include modernization, reconstruction and renovation of existing plants and facilities with the aim of rational use of energy in a way to achieve the return on investment through savings in energy costs and maintenance. These projects include the development, implementation and financing to improve energy efficiency and reduce operation and maintenance. Areas of business are public and private sectors, i.e. buildings (schools and kindergartens, offices, hotels, universities, hospitals), public lighting, industry and power supply systems (cogeneration, district heating). MEN-11: Program for the reduction of energy poverty The reduction of the energy poverty in Croatia will be accomplished through three activities: development of the Program for the Reduction of the Energy Poverty; capacity building of the institutions for the reduction of the energy poverty; and implementation of measures for the energy and water savings in the households which meet energy poverty criteria [13] [6]. The financing of the measures will be based on the revenues from the auctions of the emission allowances from the EU ETS, and the goal is to implement the measures in around 330 households annually. MEN-12: Education in the area of energy efficiency The goal of this measure is to set the education and certification system for the workers in the area of energy efficiency. The Ordinance on education and certification system will be developed and education of coaches and program for the education done in accordance with the CROSKILLS [14] project. The purpose of the Ordinance is to support the education and improvement of work force for energy efficient building and renovation of buildings in order to make preformed work better. The important source of the funding will be through the EU SIF, Operational Program Efficient Human Resources. MEN-13: National Program for the Energy Efficiency in Public Lighting Public lighting consumes around 3% of final electricity consumption in Croatia and there is a significant potential of increasing energy efficiency, according to the draft of the 4th National Energy Efficiency Action Plan for the period 2017 - 2019. [13]. By this measure, National Program for the Energy Efficiency in Public Lighting will be developed. The focus of the program will be on establishing the advanced implementation models to together with the efficient allocation of the funds available from the EU SIF based on the Operational Program Competitiveness and Cohesion 2014- 2020. The goal of energy savings of the Program is for every year by the 2020 to achieve a proven savings in public lighting system in the amount of over 30 GWh and to cover over 50% of the public lighting system. MEN-14: Green public procurement Green public procurement represents a voluntary environmental protection instrument that encourages environmantal protection and sustainable consumption and produciton. It is defined as a procedure by which a purchaser purchase the goods, works and services defined by standards that contain key environmental pressures, and related to resources and energy consumption, impact on biodiversity and eutrophication, toxicity, emission of pollutants, greenhouse gases and CO2, and generation of waste at the site of production. The goal of this measure is to incorporate the criteria of environmental protection in public procurement. Based on the National Action Plan for Green Public Procurement for the Period 2015-2017 with a view to 2020 (Ministry for environmental protection and Energy, 2015), the parties obligated for the public procurement should include environmental protection criteria. The goal is that by 2020 at least 50% of public procurement incorporate the criteria of environmental protection. 152 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE New Public Procurement Act (OG 120/16) prescribed the obligation for the economic evaluation of the offers, including evaluation of social and environmental criteria, which will be the strong stimulus for the green public procurement. MEN-15: Energy audits in industry With this measure, support to assess the potential energy savings in industrial plants through co- financing the implementation of energy audits should be provided. Scheme for Energy audits in industry includes: - mandatory energy audits for large companies (companies that meet at least two of the following criteria: total assets of at least HRK 130,000,000.00, annual income of at least HRK 260,000,000.00, an average of at least 250 employees during the financial year). The obligation is regulated by the Law on Energy Efficiency (OG 127/14), - voluntary scheme of energy audits for small and medium companies. Energy audits on a voluntary basis are supported by the financial assistance provided by the Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund. MEN-16: Industrial Energy Efficiency Network (MIEE) Industrial Energy Efficiency Network (MIEE) is a national energy program for stimulation of energy efficiency in the economy - small, medium and large enterprises. This is the voluntary cooperation instrument of energy consumers, experts, state institutions, interested parties in a functional structure that would aim to improve rational use of energy, ie. to promote the energy efficiency in industry sector, support the synergies of the processes where possible and facilitate the access to funds available through various options. MEN-17: Increase of the use of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency in industry sector The plan of this measure is to reallocate the funds available from the EU SIF, based on the Operational Program Competitiveness and Cohesion as well as funds available from the auctions of the emission allowances in EU ETS and direct them for the use of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency in industry sector. The allocation of the funds has to be in line with the Regulations of the EU 651/2014 and 1407/2013 on the state aid. A signed Agreement on allocation of non-refundable funds within the „Increasing of energy efficiency and using renewable energy sources in manufacturing industries“, June 18, 2018, signed and assigned to users (77) (Ministry for environmental protection and Enegry, Environmantal Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund). Initially it was planned to allocate HRK 114 million, but this amount was increased due to large number of quality project proposals, thus the total value of non-refundable funds allocated was HRK 269.327.760,66. Funds are provided within the Operational Programe Competitiveness and Cohesion for the period from 2014 to 2020. After the implementation of activities envisaged by this call, CO2 emissions will be lower by 17.125 tonnes per year. Additionally, in the industrial sector without the food industry, total energy demand from non renewable sources will be reduced by 83.7 million kWh, which is 0,97% of the total energy consumed by this sector per year in the Republic of Croatia. MEN-18: Feed-in tariffs and premium system for the support of the use of renewable energy sources in electricity generation and for the efficient cogeneration The main mechanism creditable for the past development of renewable energy sources are incentive prices (feed-in tariffs). “Feed-in tariff” (FiT) is an incentive system, usually used for power plants on renewable sources, small cogenerations, etc. The state regulates that the operator of distributive or 153 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE portable network conclude contracts with the power plant operator, by which will pay, over a certain number of years, a pre-fixed price for each unit of electrical energy. The tariffs depend on the type of source, power plant size and amount of generated electricity. In addition to the system of incentives for electricity, generation from cogeneration plants provides adoption of appropriate regulations to promote the heat generation from cogeneration (defining the status of eligible heat producer). In the National Action Plan for Renewable Energy Sources (Ministry of Economy, 2013), the Republic of Croatia determined the objectives and policy for increasing the share of RES in final energy consumption by 2020 to 20%, 35% in electricity generation, 10% in transport and 20% in heating and cooling. Act on Renewable Energy Sources and Efficient Cogeneration (OG 100/15) was adopted in 2015 and modified the existing system from the feed-in tariffs to premium. The bylaws still have to be adopted and no tender has been done in line with the new model. MEN-19: Program for the Energy Efficiency in Heating and Cooling The Program (Ministry of Economy, 2014) analysed the potential for the development of the district heating systems, mapped the energy consumption and production of heat, explored the potential for additional highly efficient cogeneration and evaluated the possible support mechanisms for the efficient cogeneration. The Program set out the guidelines for development of the heating and cooling sector and primary energy savings. MEN-20: Promotion of the use of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency by HBOR-a (Croatian Bank for Reconstruction and Development) For the purpose of financing the environmental protection projects, HBOR extends loans through the Loan programme for the Preparation of Renewable Energy Resources and Loan Programme for the Financing of Projects of Environmental protection, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Sources. The goal of the loan program of environmental projects, energy efficiency and renewable energy sources is the realization of investment projects focused on environmental protection, improving energy efficiency and promoting renewable energy. Loans are intended for investment in land, buildings, equipment and devices. Final user may be local and territorial (regional) governments, utility companies, companies, dealers and other legal entities. MEN-21: Promotion of the use of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency by FZOEU (The Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund) resources The Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund provides funding for the preparation, implementation and development of programs and projects in the field of environmental protection, energy efficiency and use of renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation. Funds for financing are provided from the revenues raised by environmental polluters, which include charges for nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide emissions, charges for burdening the environment with waste, environmental user charges and special charges for the environment for motor vehicles. Resources of the Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund are allocated to projects, which improve energy efficiency, including cogeneration, district heating systems, energy audits and demonstration activities, public lighting projects, fuel replacement and waste heat use and projects in the field of building construction and sustainable construction. 154 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Renewable energy projects for which the Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund grants resources include solar energy, wind energy, biomass, energy from small hydro and geothermal energy. The Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund provides grants to local and regional governments, companies, craftsmen, non-profit organizations and individuals, through loans, interest rate subsidies, financial aids and donations. For some tenders of the Fund, operators in the EU ETS are eligible, thus this measure has effects in the EU ETS and non-EU ETS sector. MEN-22: CO2 emission tax for the non-ETS stationary sources The Regulation on Unit Charges, Corrective Coefficients and Detailed Criteria and Benchmarks for Determination of the Charge for Emissions into Environment of Carbon Dioxide (OG 73/07, 48/09, 2/18) stipulates the obligation to pay charges on CO2 emission for all stationary sources emitting more than 30 tonnes of CO2 per year. Fee payers who invest in energy efficiency, renewable energy and other measures to reduce emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions are charged by lower fee. The Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund is authorized for accounting and collecting charges. The Law on Amendments to the Law on Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund (OG 142/12) stipulates that from 1 January 2013, legal or natural persons who own or use a single source of CO2 emissions, for which permits for greenhouse gas emissions have been obtained, do not have to pay fee. This means that from 2013 onwards measures apply only to sources that are not covered by the ETS. The fee is paid to FZOEU (Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund). The amount of charge per unit is determined by the Government of the Republic of Croatia, each year for the previous calendar year by March 31 of the current year. The amount of compensation paid by the operators of installations excluded from the EU ETS in accordance with the Article 27 of Directive 2003/87/EC on establishing a scheme for GHG emission allowance trading within the Community is defined by the Decision on the amount of the unit charge on greenhouse gas emissions for operators of installations excluded from emissions trading system. The unit fee for 2013 was HRK 32.78 for emitting one tonne of CO2 in 2013 (OG 105/14), HRK 45.40 in 2014 (OG 96/15), HRK 58.29 in 2015, HRK 39.53 in 2016, HRK 58,29 in 2017 and 116,19 HRK in 2018. The price for a present year is determined based on the average EUA price in the EU ETS in the previous year. MEN-23: Revitalization and energy efficiency in existing thermal and hydro power plants The activities of this measure are related to the Croatian utility company HEP. As listed in the 4th National Energy Efficiency Action Plan [13], in the coming years the plans for revitalization and implementation of energy efficiency measures in existing thermal and hydro power plants include: reconstruction of water management system, new steam boiler, optimization and automation of hydro stations, revitalization of hydro power plants, reduction of own use of heat, new measurement systems etc. MEN-24: Reconstruction and renovation of the heating and steam network Due to the ageing and damages of the heating and steam network, high losses of energy are occurring. In accordance with the Law of heat energy market (OG 80/13, 14/14, 102/14, 95/15), unit of local self-government and energy subjects for the distribution of the heat energy are obligated, inter alia, to ensure the quality performance of energy activity of the heat energy distribution on the prinicples of sustainable development, to ensure the maintenance of the distribution network and to take care of energy efficiency and the protection of environment and nature. In the period from 2014 to 2020, the co-financing of a significant part of the required investments is ensured within the Operational Programme Competitiveness and Cohesion for the period 2014 – 2020. 155 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE MEN-25: Operation of power system and development of the transmission and distribution network Croatian Transmission System Operator (HOPS) is responsible for the reduction of losses in transmission network, development of the transmission network and management of the power system. As listed in the 4th National Energy Efficiency Action Plan, HOPS will focus on optimization of network topology and reduction of losses and development of the network capacity. HEP-Distribution System Operator (HEP-ODS) is responsible for the reduction of losses in distribution network and implementation of smart meters for the final consumers in Croatia. The funds for the pilot project for the introduction of “smart grids” are available under the Operational Programme Competitiveness and Cohesion for the period 2014-2020. MEN-26: Reduction of volatile organic compounds emissions occurring during the loading of motor vehicles with gasoline at service stations The Regulative on technical standards for environmental protection to reduce volatile organic compounds emissions occurring during the loading of motor vehicles with gasoline at service stations (OG 44/16) prescribes technical standards for the environmental protection, ensuring reduction of air pollution from volatile organic compounds that occurs during the loading of motor vehicles with gasoline at service stations. Iti s prescribed by the Regulation that each service station (new and existing) must be equipped with the vapour recovery unit for gasoline (VRU) along with prescribed parameters and conditions. All existing service stations with a flow exceeding 3.000 m3 per year must be equipped with the vapour recovery unit no later than December 31, 2018. MIP-3: Reduction of volatile organic compounds emissions occurring during the storage and distribution of gasoline The regulation on technical standards of evnironmental protection from volatile organic comopunds emissions that occurs during the storage and distribution of gasoline (OG 135/06), prescribes technical standards of environmental protection for gasoline storage and refuelling devices at terminals and service stations, and mobile containers used for gasoline transport from one terminal to another, or from terminal to station and deadlines for their achievement. MIP-5: Quality control of liquid petroleum fuels Quality of liquid petroleum fuels is regulated by the Regulation on quality of liquid petroleum fuels, the method of monitoring and reporting, methodology of calculating the greehouse gas emissions in the life span of delivered fuels and energy (OG 57/17) and with annual quality monitoring programmes for liquid petroleum fuels that are placed on the market of the Republic of Croatia or used for private purposes. This Regulative prescribes limit values of components and/or quality features of liquid petroleum fuels, the mode of determination and monitoring of liquid petroleum fuels, conditions for the work of the laboratory for sampling and laboratory analysis of the quality of liquid petroleum fuels, mode of demonstrating the product conformity, name and labeling of products, mode and deadlines for delivering reports on the quality of liquid petroleum fuels and reports on GHG emissions in their life span and energy to CAEN, method of monitoring and reporting, methodology for calculating GHG emissions in the fuel life span and energy, methodology for determining the level of GHG emissions in the fuel life span per unit of energy for the base year 2010, methodology for calculating the contribution of electric road vehicles to reduction of GHG emissions, reporting format and the length of storage and mode of delivering data to relevant EU bodies. The annual quality monitoring progress for liquid petroleum fuels prescribe the method of sampling of liquid petroleum fuels, especially for service stations, storages and transport tanks, number and frequency of sampling of liquid petroleum fuels, locations of sampling, depending on the quality of liquid petroleum fuels that the supplier had placed on the market of the Republic of Croatia or used 156 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE for private purposes, as well as the method of conducting laboratory analysis of liquid petroleum fuel samples and reporting on the implementation of the analysis. This measure is directly affecting the content of sulfur, lead, olefines, aromatics, benzenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, oxygenates and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in the following fuels: gasoline, diesel fuel, gas oil, fuel oil, marine fuel and petroleum, which also affects the reduction of SO2 and NMVOC. MEN-29: Limiting emissions of pollutants for non-road mobile machinery Limiting emissions of pollutants for non-road mobile machinery is regulated by the Regulation on measures for preventing emissions of gas pollutants and particulate pollutants from internal combustion engines which are incorporated into non-road mobile machinery TPV 401 (Edition 02) (OG 113/15). The Ordinance is applied for the homologation of a type of internal combustion engine which is installed into non-road mobile machinery considering the pollutant emission, and prescribing limit values and emission measurement methods, methods of marking, homologation procedures and issuing of certificates on homologation for internal combustion engines installed in non-road mobile machinery, and conditions for conformity of production of such engines. New engines and non-road mobile machinery in which they are installed, can be put on the market and into use only if they have a valid homologation certificate. This Regulation also prescribes the obligation to determine the conformity of internal combustion engines that are installed into non-road mobile machinery. And the conditions that must be met by legal persons for performing certain tasks in the conformity assessment procedure. Regulated pollutants are: carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and pollutants in the form of particles. Transport MTR-1: Providing information to consumers on fuel economy and CO2 emission of new passenger cars Pursuant to the Regulation on Availability of Information on Fuel Economy and CO2 Emissions from Passenger Cars (OG 7/15) each supplier of new passenger cars intended for sale shall provide consumers with information on the fuel consumption rate and specific CO2 emission of passenger cars. The Ministry of Interior which is responsible for the road traffic safety, on the basis of the Regulation once a year, not later than 31 March of the current year, makes a Guidelines on cost- effectiveness of fuel consumption and CO2 emission from new passenger cars available for purchase on the market in the Republic of Croatia. The Guidelines contains required information for each model of new passenger cars available in the domestic market. MTR-2: Training for drivers of road vehicles for eco-driving The pilot projects were conducted and systematic training for drivers of road vehicles for eco-driving is implemented. This saves energy and increases the level of awareness of all citizens and drivers in the Republic of Croatia on advantages of this modern, intelligent and environmentally friendly driving style. Special elements are dedicated to education on eco driving for drivers of passenger cars, buses and trucks [13]. Training on the eco-driving elements is conducted by short trainings (about 60 – 120 minutes per candidate) among the drivers who received their drivers licences before the Regulation on Driver Training (OG 13/09) entered int force, by which for all driving schools and instructors was set the obligation to conduct training on the elements of eco-driving during the standard training of driver canditates. It should be noted that the proposed measure does not apply to new drivers, who received eco-training in accordance with the legal obligations set out in this Regulation. 157 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE In 2015, approximately 1.000 drivers passed eco-driving training. This measure in 2015 achieved savings of 17.513 TJ. The largest number of trained drivers are truck and bus drivers (645 trained drivers), who are also the largest consumers, and their training has achiveded a saving of 14.6 TJ . It is estimated that in Croatia there are about 1,500,000 drivers who obtained their license before the Regulation on Driver Training (OG 13/09) entered into force, ie drivers who have no training on eco- driving MTR-3: Regulation for the use of biofuels in transport The basic regulation that regulates and promotes the usage of biofuel is Law on Biofuels for Transport (OG 65/09, 145/10, 26/11, 144/12, 14/14). Based on this law, in 2010, the National Action Plan that promotes the production and use of biofuels in transport for the period 2011 - 2020 was prepared. The Plan establishes a policy to promote increased production and use of biofuels in transport in Croatia. The Plan contains a review and assessment of the situation on the fuel market for transport and air protection, comparative analysis, long-term goals, including the target-market of biofuels and measures to promote increased production and use of biofuels in transport. Measures prescribed by action plan included measures that promote the production of raw materials for the production of biofuels, measures that promote the production of biofuels with reference to the fee for promotion of production, measures that promote consumption of biofuels with reference to liquid petroleum distributors to place the biofuels on market, administrative measures and research and development activities. The National Action Plan for Renewable Energy Sources (Ministry of Economy, 2013) determined the goals and policies related to increasing the share of RES in final energy consumption by 2020 and in particular the estimated contribution of energy of biofuels in transport. In 2014 the national system was modified to support only the use of biofuels in transport, not the production. Croatia has to modify the system again in 2017 to include the provisions of Directive 2015/1513 (ILUC Directive) for the biofuels in transport, but this will be done in 2018. The limit values of the quality characteristics of biofuels placed on the domestic market, the method of determining the quality of biofuels and the way of demonstrating conformity are prescribed by the Regulation on Biofuels Quality (OG 141/05, 33/11). The aim of the Regulation is to place biofuels and other renewable fuels of prescribed quality on the domestic market, as a replacement for diesel fuels and gasoline for transport purposes, in meeting the goals of climate change commitments, energy supply security that favours the environment and the promotion of renewable energy sources. MTR-4: Special fee for environment on the motor vehicles The current system of paying a special fee for the environment in motor vehicles is regulated by Law on Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund (OG 107/03, 144/12), Regulation on unit charges, corrective coefficients and detailed criteria and standards to determine the special environmental fee for motor vehicles (OG 114/14, 147/14) and by the Ordinance on the method and calculation and payment deadlines of a special environmental charge on motor vehicles (OG 20/04). Special environmental charge on motor vehicles implies the fee paid by legal or physical persons, owners or vehicle right holders. Special charge is calculated and paid when registering the vehicle, ie when verifying the technical correctness of the vehicle, based on the decision of Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund. Special fee is charged taking into consideration the type of engine and fuel, engine operating volume, type of vehicle, CO2 emissions and vehicle’s age. MTR-5 Special tax on motor vehicles This tax is prescribed by the Law on Special Tax on Motor Vehicles (OG 15/13, 108/13, 115/16, 127/17). The tax is related to the vehicles intended for use on the roads in Croatia in the moment of 158 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE their first registration in Croatia. The tax depends on the price of the vehicles, fuel type and CO2 emissions. The hybrid and electric vehicles are not subject to this tax. MTR-6: Financial incentives for the purchase of plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles Electric and hybrid vehicles are due to the cost of technological development currently still more expensive than conventional vehicles using internal combustion engines. Electric vehicles are significantly more efficient than conventional from the standpoint of primary energy consumption and are almost neutral from the standpoint of carbon dioxide emissions provided that are powered by electricity generated by using renewable sources. In order to increase the share of electric and hybrid vehicles, subsidies for the purchase of electric and hybrid vehicles through a grant have been introduced. These payments are made from the income of the Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund achieved, inter alia, by collecting special environmental charge for motor vehicles and by the funds collected from the sales of emission allowances on the auctions [13] [6]. MTR-7: Development of infrastructure for alternative fuels Based on the Directive 2014/94/EU on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure, Croatia has adopted The National Policy Framework on Development of the Infrastructure and Market for Alternative Fuels in Transport (OG 34/17) and the Act on Development of the Infrastructure for Alternative Fuels (OG 120/16) with the goal to promote and ensure development of the infrastructure for alternative fuels in order to minimize oil dependence and mitigate the negative impact of transport on the environment. The measure includes development of the infrastructure for the use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in maritime transport. The measures will be financed based on various models: from utility companies, by the funds available from the auctions of allowances in EU ETS, from the EU SIF, based on the Operational Programme Competitiveness and cohesion for the period from 2014 to 2020, under Priority Axis 7 – Connectivity, with the coordination with the local governance etc. MTR-8: Promotion of integrated and intelligent transport systems and alternatives fuels in urban areas Traffic and need for mobility is one of the biggest pressures on the environment in urban areas. Increase in the number of passenger cars, the way they are used, intensity of traffic and unstructured expansion of urban areas largely reversed technological progress in relation to the energy efficiency of vehicles and emission intensity, including noise. This measure include promotion of optimization of transport of goods, integrated transport of citizens, intelligent transport management, promotion of car-sharing schemes, promotion of public bicycles and measures to support the development of infrastructure for alternative fuels in urban areas. With this measure, a gradual development of sustainable transport systems in urban areas of Croatia is provided where Plans for sustainable transport development should be drawn up as basic documents. These plans would include the analysis of the current situation, defining the vision and objectives, impact analysis and the adoption of measures for all types of transportation, distribution of responsibilities, method of implementation and monitoring mechanism. These plans would be brought on the level of major cities, they should be prepared in accordance with the European Commission guidelines and funded through EU programs and funds. In addition, incentives are expected and under the Operational Programme Competitiveness and cohesion for the period from 2014 to 2020 where under Priority Axis 7 - Connectivity and mobility, the development of public transport system with low levels of CO2 is planned. MTR-9: Monitoring, reporting and verification of greenhouse gas emissions in the lifetime of liquid fuels 159 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE In accordance with the Air Protection Act (OG 130/11, 47/14, 61/17, 118/18), supplier that places the fuel on domestic market shall monitor greenhouse gas emissions per energy unit in the life span of the fuel. Suppliers have to draw up a report that has to be verified and submitted to the Croatian Agency for the Environment and Nature. Pursuant to the Act, the Croatian Government's Regulation on the quality of liquid petroleum fuels and the method of monitoring and reporting and methodology of calculation of greenhouse gas emissions in the lifetime of delivered fuels and energy (OG 57/17) lays down the limit values of components and/or quality characteristics of liquid petroleum fuels, method of determining and monitoring the quality of liquid petroleum fuels, conditions for the operation of sampling laboratories and laboratory analysis of the quality of liquid petroleum fuels, the way of demonstrating conformity of the product, the name and marking of the product, way and deadlines for the submission of reports on the quality of liquid petroleum fuels and emissions reports of greenhouse gases in the lifetime of fuels and energy to the Croatian Agency for Environment and Nature, method of monitoring and reporting, methodology for calculation of greenhouse gas emissions in lifetime of fuels and energy, methodology for determining the level of greenhouse gas emissions in lifetime of fuels per energy unit for the base 2010, methodology for calculating the contribution of electric road vehicles to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the format of the report and the length of the storage and the manner of transmission of data to the competent bodies European Union. MTR-10: Prevention and control of the ship emissions to air The Regulation on the publication of the 1997 Protocol amending the 1973 International Convention for Prevention of Pollution from Ships, as amended by the 1978 Protocol (MARPOL 73/78) (International Treaties, OG 4/05). Requirements are prescribed for application of the special mandatory measures for releasing SOX from the ships in order to prevent, reduce and control air pollution from SOX, as well as its adverse impacts on the land and sea. Except SOX, nitrogen oxides (NOX), ozone depleting substances and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are also controlled. In addition to pollutants, this Protocol also regulates incineration on the ship, which is permitted only in a ship's waste incineratior, the quality of the fuel that can be used and those sea areas where a fuel of certain quality can be used. Except for the ships, the prescribed 19 regulations are applied also to immovable an floating platforms, as well as drilling platforms, they have to comply to the requirements of this Protocol with the exception of the landings that occur directly becouse of exploration, exploitation and that are related to processing of mineral resources from the sea bottom or the use of hydrocarbons produced and later used on the platform as a fuel. Rules for the statutory maritime ships certification, Prevention of Pollution (OG 32/18) prescribe technical requirements for Croatia State-owned ships in relation to the prevention of air and sea pollution from ships and it contains the regulations consistant with the 1973 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, as amended by 1978 Protocol (MARPOL 73/78), with regards to Annex VI Prevention of Air Pollution. MTR-11: Limiting emission of pollutants from road vehicles Limiting emission of pollutants from non-road mobile machinery is regulated by: Ordinance on the procedure of the homologation of motor vehicles considering the measures to reduce emissions of pollutants from TVP 102 engine (Edition 02) (OG 49/13, 57/13) and by the Ordinance on the homologation procedure of the motor vehicles considernig the measures for reducing pollutant emissions from TPV 102 engine (Edition 00) (OG 17/08). The Ordinance (Edition 00) regulates the procedure for the homologation of motor vehicles of M and N1 categories, with regard to the measures for reducing the emissions of gaseous and particulate pollutants from their engines and replacement catalytic converters intended for such vehicles. The Ordinance (Edition 02) applies to emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6). 160 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Regulated pollutants are: carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides (HC + NOx) and particles. Industrial processes and product use The Industrial Strategy of the Republic of Croatia 2014 – 2020 defines objectives of industrial development and key indicators of the Croatian industry in the period 2014 – 2020. According to the “realistic scenario”, by the year 2020 achieving the level of physical volume of industrial production on the level of 2008 is expected, when it reached the highest level of economic activity in Croatia. Measures belonging to the ETS sector are included in the section Other (cross-cutting) policies and measures under the measure MCC-4 Emission Trading System (the measures are below): - reduction of clinker factor in cement production – increase in share of mineral additives in the cement up to 35%, depending on the composition of raw materials, availability of suitable additives on the market and market demands for certain types of cement (clinker content in cement is defined by standard HRN EN 197-1); - increase of recycled glass in the glass production - returning container glass that lost applied value into the production process (depends on the efficiency of waste glass collection system in the Republic of Croatia and the possibility of import of waste glass); - reduction of N2O emission in nitric acid production (catalytic decomposition) – N2O emission reduction up to 88% can be achieved by installing the catalyst; measure is cost-effective because of relatively low marginal costs and high N2O emission reduction potential. For NOX removal in the nitric acid plant, the unit for low-temeperature catalytic reduction is installed – selective catalytic reduction that is in use. In addition to production of cement, nitric acid and ammonia, the key source in the sector Industrial processes and product use is production of petrochemical and carbon black, non-energy products from fuels and solvent use and consumption of hydrofluorocarbons in refrigerating and air- conditioning equipment. Therefore the following measures are considered: MIP-1: Reducing emissions of volatile organic compounds in solvent use sector Regulation on limit values for contents of volatile organic compounds in certain paints and varnishes used in construction and vehicles finishing products (OG 69/13) prescribes limit values for contents of these volatile organic compounds in certain paints and varnishes which are used in construction and vehicle finishing products which can be placed on the market, way of determining and monitoring product quality, the method of proving the compliance, naming and labeling the products, method and deadline of delivery of the product quality report to Croatina Agency for Environment and Nature (CAEN) and the method of delivery of data to relevant Eu bodies. Users of solvent-based products can create and apply an annual solvent management plan, and thus reduce the emissions of volatile organic compounds, and also the emissions of carbon dioxide. Agriculture The positive impact of the implementation of measures on overall pollutant (NH3, NMVOC, NOX, PM2,5 i PM10) and GHG emissions in the agriculture sector is reflected in the direct reduction of mentioned pollutants, methane and nitrogen compounds emissions. Measures included in the formation of scenarios of gradual transition of agriculture in relation to the referent scenario: MAG-0 Implementation of the Rural Development Programme 2014-2020 One of the most important areas of action of the EU institutions, both within the scope of the joint legal acquis, and in terms of share in the EU budget, represents the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Rural development, as the second CAP tier, is financed through the Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD). The precondition for the use of EAFRD funds in the next program period is to develope the Rural Development Programme for the Republic of Croatia 2014-2020. The 161 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE set goals of the “European Strategy for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth – EUROPE 2020”, economical, evnironmental and territorial challenges of the EU are evident within three CAP goals: agriculture competitiveness, sustainable resource management and balanced development of rural areas. Rural Development Programme should achieve the goals set by CAP through measures given in six priorities: - promotion of knowledge and innovation transfers in agriculture, forestry and rural areas - improvement of sustainability and competitiveness of agriculture in all regions and promoting innovative agricultural technologies and sustainable forest management - promotion of food provision chain, including processing and market placement of agricultural products, animal welfare and risk management - revitalization, protection and improvement of agriculture and forestry related ecosystems - promotion of resource efficiency and encouraging the shift to low-carbon farming, resilient to climate changes in the agriculture, food and forestry sectors - promotion of social involvement, combating poverty through economic development of rural areas. Waste management For the purpose of effective implementation of the measures included in the waste management sector, along with the already adopted sectoral legislation that is harmonized with EU legislation, it is necessary to adopt a more significant number of by-lows, especially regarded to obligations under the new EU rules with legally binding goals for waste recycling and reduction of waste disposal. According to these rules, a fixed deadlines are set for Member states that have to adjust their national legislation for moving to the ciruclar economy in the next two years. It will primarily impact on the projections after 2020 to measures MWM-1, MWM-2 and MWM-3, described below. In accordance with the law, quantitative goals and deadlines are defined for reducing the total quantity of waste disposed on unmanaged landfills. By the end of 2017the maximum permissible mass of waste that could be disposed on unmanaged landfills was 800,000 tons. Waste disposal on unmanaged landfills in Croatia was forbidden after December 31, 2017. MWM-1: Preventing the generation and reducing the amount of municipal waste It is the first in the order of priority in the municipal waste management, pursuant to the Sustainable Waste Management Act (OG 94/13). This measure is achieved by cleaner production, education, economic instruments and enforcement of regulations, and by investing in modern technologies. By the Waste Management Plan of the Republic of Croatia for the period 2017 – 2022 (OG 3/17) the goals to be achieved by 2022, compared to 2015, are defined. Objective related to improvement of the municipal waste management system includes the goal related to reducing the total amount of municipal waste produced by 5%. MWM-2 Increasing the amount of separately collected and recycled municipal waste Beside the Sustainable Waste Management Act, the Waste Management Plan of the Republic of Croatia for the period 2017 – 2022 also defines the quantitative targets and deadlines for increasing the amount of separately collected and recycled waste. By 2020, it is necessary to secure the preparation for reuse and recycling of the following waste materials: paper, metal, plastic and glass from households and possibly from other sources if these waste streams are similar to the waste from households, with the minimum share of 50% by waste weight. MWM-3: Methane and NMVOC flaring The Ordinance on the Methods and Conditions for the Landfill of Waste, Categories and Operational Requirements for Landfills (OG 114/15) and Ordinance on the Waste Management (OG 117/17) regulate technical requirements for landfill operation, which reduces possible adverse effects of 162 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE landfills on the environment. On landfills where landfill gas occurs it is necessary to secure a gas collection system, and that gas must be treated and used. If collected landfill gases cannot be used for energy production, they should be burned in the area of the landfill and the emission of methane and NMVOC into the atmosphere should be prevented. MWM-4: Reducing the amount of disposed biodegradable municipal waste The aim of this measure is to reduce the amount of biodegradable fraction of waste disposed at landfills, which needs to be procesed by the process of composting and anaerobic decomposition of waste in biogas plants. Pursuant to the Sustainable Waste Management Act, quantitative targets related to the reduction of biodegradable municipal waste disposed to landfills are established. By the end of 2020, the share of biodegradable municipal waste disposed of in landfills must be reduced to 35% weight of biodegradable municipal waste produced in 1997. MWM-5: Use of biogas for electricity and heat generation The measure is associated with measure MEN-18: Feed-in tariffs and premium system for the support of the use of renewable energy sources in electricity generation and for the efficient cogeneration in the Energy sector. The main mechanism for encouraging the application of biogas for electricity generation and the construction of biogas cogeneration plants are incentive prices (feed-in tariffs) that depend on the type of source, power plant size and amount of generated electricity. Looking at the waste management sector, the potential reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of these measures is the potential to reduce methane emissions (resulting from the anaerobic decomposition of the biodegradable fraction of waste), which is used for electricity and heat generation. Other (cross-cutting) policies and measures MCC-1: Committee for cross-sectoral coordination of policies and measures for mitigation and adaptation to climate change In accordance with the Air Protection Act (OG 130/11, 47/14, 61/17, 118/18), by the Decision of the Government of the Republic of Croatia 2014, the Commission for inter-sectoral coordination of policies and measures for mitigation and adaptation to climate change (OG 114/14) was established. The Committee was responsible for monitoring and evaluation of the implementation and planning of PaM for mitigation and adaptation to climate changes in the Republic of Croatia. Representatives of competent state administration bodies and other relevant institutions, agencies and non- governmental organizations were appointed to the Committee. The Committee members, activities and functioning of the Commission are determined by the Croatian Government on the proposal of the ministry responsible for environmental protection. The Committee is consisted of the Coordination group and the Technical working group. MCC-2: System for the Measurement and Verification of Energy Savings System for the Measurement and Verification of Energy Savings (SMIV) was established by the Ordinance on the System for the Measurement and Verification of Energy Savings (OG 71/15). Since the June of 2014, through the application of the SMIV system it is possible to monitor energy savings (resulting from the incentive policy measures defined in the National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency) and the reductions in emissions of GHG and pollutants are achieved. Through the SMIV application it is possible to monitor the implementation of energy efficiency measures in four sectors of direct consumption: Service sector (Public and Commercial), Industry, Transport and Household. Web application uses „Bottom-up“ methodology which is part of the Ordinance on the system for monitoring, measuring and verifying energy savings. It is important to note that in cases when there are measurement results before and after the implementation of the 163 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE measure, it is possible to enter this exact data through the graphical interface of the program. Otherwise, when measurements before or after the implementation of measure are not available, the reference values prescribed by Ordinance are used. SMIV is moderated by the National Energy Efficiency Authority (NKT) and it is the important component of the future energy efficiency obligation schemes in Croatia. MCC-3: Promotion of the use of innovative information and communication technologies (ICT) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions Innovative information and communication technologies have an increasingly important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing energy efficiency. Intensifying their use in public administration, services and manufacturing processes, will boost productivity and work efficiency and at the same time will reduce energy consumption and consequent greenhouse gas emissions. The measure is expected to intensify the use of innovative ICT and monitoring of actual energy savings and reductions of greenhouse gas emissions. MCC-4: European Emission Trading System European Emission Trading System (EU ETS) includes all the activities listed in Annex I of the Regulation on the method of trading with GHG emission units (OG 69/12, 154/14), and for the reduction of GHG emissions, the plant operators involved in the trading system are responsible. Through the equal allocation of emission allowances, reduction commitments are assigned to all Member states with the aim of contributing to 21% emission reduction by 2020, compared to 2005 level. With this it can be concluded that the emission reduction from activities within the EU ETS is regulated at EU level. Since the January 1, 2013, the plant operators in the Republic of Croatia included in the EU ETS, have obtained permits for GHG emissions and set up a system for monitoring emissions and reporting to competent body. Greenhouse gases covered by EU ETS system are: carbon dioxide (CO2) for all activities and additionally, for certain activities, nitrous oxide (N2O) and perfluorocarbons (PFC). Monitoring and reporting on emissions is also an obligation of the aircraft operator, for the carbon dioxide emissions. For aircraft operators in the Republic of Croatia, monitoring of emissions and reporting on the emissions form airplane formally started on July 1, 2013. However, due to certain specificities related to the administration of air flights prior to Croatia's accession to the EU, aircraft operators were required to submit annual emissions reports from airplanes, starting from 2010. All operators except the electrical energy producers, for sale to the third parties, submitted their requests for the allocation of free allowances. Free allowances are distributed free of charge to plants exposed to the risk of carbon leakage to third countries, based on standards determined in accordance with the reference value for 10% of the most efficient plants in the same sector. Operators, who will not have enough allowances to cover their greenhouse gases, have the option of buying emission allowances through auctions MCC-5: Use of funds obtained from the sales of EU ETS emission allowances through auctions for the GHG emission reduction measures Of the total number of allowances designated for the allocation to operators and aircraft operators, in each year of the trading period, a part is distributed free of charge according to the above prescribed method. The remaining part is distributed to the Member States of the European Union and is subject to public auctions. The Air Protection Act (OG 130/11, 47/14, 61/17, 118/18) stipulates that Republic of Croatia for climate related purposes uses 95% of the received funds which are paid into a special account in the 164 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Environmental Protection and Energy Fund, and 5% of the funds are paid into the state budget of the Republic of Croatia. The funds that are paid into the special account should be used for: - reduction of the GHG emissions, - adaptation to climate changes, - financing the measures for climate change mitigation and adaptation in third countries, - financing of renewable energy sources in order to meet the share of renewable energy sources of the Republic of Croatia in 2020, - improvement of forest resources and reporting from the forestry sector, - Encouraging the transition to low-emission traffic and public forms of traffic, - financiranje istraživanja i razvoja namijenjenih ublažavanju klimatskih promjena i prilagodbe klimatskim promjenama, uključujući područje aeronautike i zračnog prijevoza, - ecologically safe capture and geological storage of carbon dioxide, especially from fossil fuel power plants and certain industrial sectors and subsectors, including those in third countries, - financing research and development in the field of energy efficiency and clean technologies, - financing research and development in the area of reporting on GHG emissions, - encouraging of energy efficiency measures in the sectors of construction (especially energy recovery of buildings), industry, transport and services, and - providing financial support for measures that contribute to the suppression of energy poverty. Funds that are paid in the state budget should be used for covering the costs of Emission trading system management, for administrative affairs, for the functioning of the Union Registry, for auction managers, for the National monitoring system of GHG emissions and for other issues related to climate changes. Plan for the use of funds obtained from the sales of emission allowances through auctions in the Republic of Croatia for the period from 2014 to 2016 was adopted by the Croatian Government (OG 140/14, 12/17). The total realized revenues for the period from 2014 to 2016 amount to HRK 733,984,921.23 and were used for renewable energy sources, energy efficiency, transport, waste management and research, development and professional support. Plan for the use of financial resources from auctions for the period up ti 2020 was accepted in February 2018, and it is planned to revenue HRK 825.000.000,00. This funs will be spent on measures for mitigation and adaptation to climate changes. MCC-6: Preparation of National Feasibility Study with the action plan for the preparatory activities for CCS projects in Croatia Technology for carbon capture and storage for large emission sources is not yet commercially available. The possibility of commercial application is expected in the period after 2020. According to Directive 2009/31/EC on the geological storage of carbon dioxide, respectively Article 36 of Directive on industrial emissions 2010/75/EU, for power plants with capacity exceeding 300 MW which have obtained the construction permit after the entry into force of the Directive 2009/31/EK, it is necessary to assess whether the following requirements are satisfied: - suitable storage locations are available, - transport facilities are technically and economically feasible and - upgrade of the plant for CO2 capture is technically and economically feasible If these conditions are satisfied, the competent authority should provide adequate reserve area on the plant's location for equipment for capturing and compressing extracted CO2. Due to described commitments for new thermal power plants, with this measure the preparation of National Feasibility Study with the action plan of the preparatory activities for CCS projects is planned. This Study will include stages of capturing on the sources of emissions, transport, injection and storage. 165 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE MCC-7: Energy efficiency obligation scheme Based on the provisions of the Directive 2012/27/EU, Act on Energy Efficiency (OG 127/14), 3rd and 4th National Energy Efficiency Action Plan, Croatia plan to establish the energy efficiency obligation scheme for the fuel suppliers. The obligated parties will have contribute to the energy savings in final energy consumption. MCC-8: Environmental permit Regulation on Environmental permit (OG 8/14, 5/18) regulates activities that can cause emissions that pollute soil, air, water and sea, requirements and the criteria for issuing of environmental permit, the way of submitting data on monitoring of emissions into environmental components, conditions when it is necessary to determine new or alter and support techniques if environmental protection specified in the permit for the plant, exemptions from the application of reference documents for best available techniques, the way of determining the emission limit values, the method of applying equivalent parameters and other technical measures and exemptions from the application of equivalent parameters and other technical measures, defining process monitoring and industrial emissions according to the requirements of the best available techniques (BAT), the way of applying the general binding rules for activities for which environmental permit is obtained, forms that are part of the environmental perimt requirement, content of the Fundamental Report, list of pollutants, criteria based on which the BAT is deterimined, the way of determining BAT, deadlines for the application of BAT, and other related issues. MCC-9: Tax on SO2 and NOx emissions for individual sources Regulation on unit charges, corrective coefficients and closer criteria and criteria and standards for determining the charge for environmental emission fee sulfur oxides expressed as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides expressed as nitrogen dioxide (OG 71/14, 115/15) prescribes the amount of allowance fee, corrective coeficient and specific criteria and standards for determining the charge for the emission of sulphur oxides expressed as SO2 and nitrogen oxides expressed as NO2 into the environmet. Individual sources of SO2 emission into air are technological processes, industrial drives, devices and objects from which SO2 is released into the air in an amount of more than 100 kg per year by the end of 2014, and 3000 kg annualy as of 2015. Individual soruces of NO2 emission into air are technological processes, industrial drives, devices and objects from which NO2 is released into the air in an amount of more than 30 kg per year by the end of 2014, and as of 2015, 600 kg per year. MCC-10: Determination and control of emission limit values of pollutants in air from stationary sources Determination and control of emission limit values of pollutants in air from stationary sources is regulated with the Regulation on emission limit values of pollutants in air from stationary sources (OG, 87/17) and with the Ordinance on monitoring of pollutant emissions into air from stationary sources (OG 129/12, 97/13). The Regulation on emission limit values of pollutants in air from stationary sources (OG, 87/17) prescribes limit values of pollutant emissions into air from stationary sources, monitoring and evaluation of emissions, data entry of stationary sources that use organic solvents or products containing volatile organic compounds in the REGVOC register, the method of reduction of pollutant emissions into air, method and timing of delivering the emission report to Croatian Agency for Environment and Nature, the way of notifying the public, the way of delivering data to the relevant EU bodies and the level of permissible exceedance of the limit values for existing sources for a given period. The Ordinance on monitoring of pollutant emissions into air from stationary sources (OG 129/12, 97/13) prescribes the method of monitoring of pollutant emissions into air from stationary sources, range and type of measurement, reference measurement methods, the way of demonstrating equivalence for other measurement methods, the method of checking the accuracy and calibration of 166 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE measuring instruments, method of checking the accuracy of the measuring system for continuous measurement of pollutant emissions into air from stationary sources, procedure of sampling and evaluation of measurement results, the way of delivering data on emissions for the purpose of the information system on air protection and the regular way of informing the public about the monitoring of emissions. 167 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE APPENDIX 2. INITIAL ASSUMPTIONS AND PARAMETERS FOR PROJECTIONS Table P 2-1: Assumptions for projections – Energy and Transport ENERGY and TRANSPORT As described in the Chapter 3, projections of GHG emissions for this report are taken from the draft of the Low-Carbon Development Strategy of Croatia until 2030 with a view to 2050. Below is a more detailed description of the methodology used. 1. Final energy Final energy demand is projected in different sectors - industry, transport, services, households demand and agriculture, fisheries and forestry. The bases for projections of activities are macroeconomic parameters and guidelines provided by the EC to Member States to harmonize the key parameters. For modeling of direct energy consumption, detailed sectoral models with bottom up approaches were used based on which it is possible to simulate the effects of energy efficiency measures [15] [16] [17] and they have been calibrated with the consumption in 2014. Results of energy consumption modeling were used as input data for analysis of energy transformations. Additionally, modeling also involved the interdependence of demand on energy production from variable renewable energy sources, this is primarily related to simulations of advanced use of electrical vehicle batteries of optimizing of the power transport system operation and to the use of electric boilers with heat tanks for optimizing the operation of the power heating system. The scenarios ‘with existing measures’ and 'with additional measures' modelled the impacts of each measure. The analyses were performed by sub-sectors: – industry - by industry and type of fuel used, – transport – by type of transport (road, air, marine and rail) and types of means of transport (cars, buses, motorcycles, light and heavy vans) or purpose (passenger and cargo) and by type of technology and fuel used – services – by branches (tourism, trade, education, health), climatic zone (coastal or continental Croatia), purpose (heating, water heating, cooking, cooling, electrical appliances and lighting), type of fuel used, heating demand is modelled on the level of useful and final energy – households – by climatic zone (coastal or continental Croatia), purpose (heating, water heating, cooking, cooling, electrical appliances and lighting) and by type of fuel, heating demand is modelled on the level of useful and final energy – agriculture, fisheries and forestry - by type of fuel Demographic trends - assumes a scenario of average fertility and average migration, in accordance with the guidelines of the EC. ‘With existing measures’ scenario 1.1.1. Energy Assumptions: demand in – development of industrial production will not be based on energy-intensive industries, as industry market mechanisms will direct the balanced development to the less energy-intensive industry where Croatia is not in need of resources, – trends in gross value added in industry are based on harmonized parameters for projection given by the EC [21], – tržišna poboljšanja energetske učinkovitosti i zamjene goriva u industrijskom sektoru, – Emissions in the industry sub-sector is growing along with economic growth, but growth is moderate as in other sub-sectors considering a decreasing dependence of energy consumption on GDP growth and assumption that there will be no construction of major new energy-intensive industries. 1.1.2. Energy Assumptions: demand in – it is assumed that there will be an increase in number of cars from the 328 cars per 1000 transport citizens as in 2012 [ODYSSEE] to 520 in 2050, – existing road infrastructure was mainly built, – the transport of passengers will have fastest growth in air traffic, – it is assumed that all emissions from the new vehicles will be in line with the Regulation EU no. 333/2014 for the personal vehicles, i.e. average emissions of new vehicles will be below 95 g CO2/km and Regulation EU no. 510/2011 to reduce the average emissions of light duty vehicles below 174 g CO2/km after 2017 and below 147 gCO2/km after 2020, – it is assumed that there will be stagnation in the use of rail and inland waterways transport, – it is assumed that 6% of the vehicles will be electric vehicles in 2050 (based on the EU Reference scenario 2016) 168 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE ENERGY and TRANSPORT 1.1.3. Energy Assumptions: demand in Households and services: general – according to the existing data, in Croatia in 2012 was 142.2 million m2 of residential consumption buildings and houses (Long-term strategy for the promotion of the investments of buildings, OG 74/14). It is assumed that the living area will grow slowly with the recovery of economic activity, despite the fall of number of people, by 8,5% until 2030 and by 10,6% until 2050. Most of the new surfaces will refer to a block of flats in urban areas, – renovation of 0,5% surface are of the buildings annually to the standard as listed in the Technical regulation on rational use of energy and thermal protection in buildings (OG 128/15, 70/18,73/18), – all new buildings built according to the same Regulation, – reducing the share of electricity and liquid fuels for heating, – consumption of electricity to power household appliances and devices for cooling (air conditioning) will grow, – specific energy consumption for cooking in households will stagnate. Agriculture, forestry and fisheries: – Reduction of energy intensity considering market development. 1.2. 'With additional measures' scenario Continued support to energy efficiency after 2020, with the following key assumptions: - renovation of 2% of the buildings annually to the nearly-zero energy standard (include the use of renewable sources), - support for the development of the share of electric vehicles to 25% of the personal vehicles in 2050, - intermodal shift with the goal to shift 7% of the transport of passengers and goods to rails until 2030 and 20% until 2050, - improvements of energy efficiency in industry together with fuel switch towards the use of renewable energy and electricity. 2. Energy The power system was analysed by the simulation of market development with the software for transformations the hourly optimization of operation and development of the power system. The price of the and resources emission allowances in the EU ETS was assumed as in the EU Reference scenario 2016. The simulation of the operation of the refineries was done to satisfy the domestic demand as possible with the existing capacities, which mean without building new refineries in ‘without measures’ scenario, and reducing production in ‘with existing measures’ and ‘with additional measures’ scenarios. 2.1. ‘With existing measures’ scenario Assumptions: - Until 2020, installed capacities of renewable energy sources power plants are as defined by the National Action Plan for Renewable Energy Sources by 2020 and Tariff system for renewable energy and efficient cogeneration ( OG 133/2013, 151/2013, 20/2014, 107/2014 i 100/2015) (note: Date of expiry: January 1m 2016, except for project holders who have concluded an electricity purchase contract with the electricity market operator until the date of enetring into force of the Law on Renewable Energy Sources and Highly Effective Cogeneration (OG 100/15), - for the post-2020 period the simulation of the market development with the software for the hourly optimization of operation and development of the power system was done, - The price of the emission allowances in the EU ETS was assumed as in the EU Reference scenario 2016, - The analysis showed that renewable energy sources will be competent to certain extent without the need of the public support for the solar PV system and wind, - no new coal power plants, - all electricity needs will be met from domestic sources (except nuclear power plant Krško) after 2030, which significantly increases the generation in Croatian power plants since import amounted to 25 – 35%, - plans of enterprises responsible for controlling of fugitive emissions for the implementation of measures for reduction of fugitive emissions were taken into account. 2.2. 'With additional measures' scenario Assumptions include continuous development of renewable energy policy even after 2020: - the simulation of the market development with the software for the hourly optimization of operation and development of the power system was done, 169 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE ENERGY and TRANSPORT - The price of the emission allowances in the EU ETS was assumed as in the EU Reference scenario 2016, - Due to lower demand for energy compared to the ‘with existing measures’ due to the energy efficiency improvements, the costs to achieve higher shares of renewable energy are lower, - no new coal power plants, - no net imports of electricity after 2030 (except nuclear power plant Krško). Table P 2-2: Assumptions for projections – Industrial processes and use of solvents INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND USE OF SOLVENTS The projections were carried out based on the expected development of certain industries, which includes the production goals by 2035. Emission projections start from the situation and projections of macroeconomic parameters in 2015 (The 2015 Ageing Report) - the projected dynamics of the annual growth rate of gross domestic product and gross value added and the decline of population, as well as the results of sectoral analysis and studies (cement, lime, ammonia, sulphuric acid and nitric acid production). Assumptions for 'with existing measures' scenario: – no installation of additional capacity; – production will reach the maximum value by 2035. – Decline of population – Gross domestic product is growing moderately The Industrial Strategy of the Republic of Croatia 2014 – 2020 defines objectives of industrial development and key indicators of the Croatian industry in the period 2014 – 2020. According to the “realistic scenario”, by the year 2020 achieving the level of physical volume of industrial production on the level of 2008 is expected, when it reached the highest level of economic activity in Croatia. Process emissions from economic activities, as defined by IPCC methodology, included in the sector Industrial processes and product use were estimated on the basis of detailed sectoral projections of production of cement, ammonia and nitric acid and the projected macroeconomic indicators of gross value added by other industrial branches, annual increase rate in GDP and decline of population. The scenario includes the implementation of measures defined in the strategic and sectoral planning documents included in the business policy of cement and nitric acid manufacturers, conditioned by market demands, laws and regulations and the requirements of the application of best available techniques in the production process. Assumptions for 'with additional measures' scenario: – the application of cost- effective measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the production of cement, glass and nitric acid and the reduction of emissions of volatile organic compounds, controlled substances and fluorinated greenhouse gases. According to good practice, the projections were made for activity data and emission factors: – activity data – applying grade of 1, 2 and 3 methods (projections of macroeconomic parameters, effects of policies and measures, sectoral analysis and studies); – emission factors – applying grade of 1 and 2 methods (projections based on average values for the previous five-year period, effects of policies and measures, sectoral analysis and studies). Table P 2-3: Assumptions for projections - agriculture AGRICULTURE The projections were carried out based on the expected future state of key parameters. In order to determine the key parameters for projections (number and types of livestock, crop production), the extrapolation of historical input data was used and expert assessment that includes historical data and sectoral strategic and development documents. Assumptions are that the agricultural production will increase (inception of livestock fund revitalisation in the period from 2015 to 2020. Years with continued population growth until 2035, and crop production based on the indicative trend in the period from 2000 to 2009), and sustainable consumption of mineral fertilizers (on the level of medium values of the 2007-2014 period). Policies and measures included in development of 'with existing measures' scenario implies: 170 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE – implementation of the Rural Development Programme for the period 2014-2020, including changes in the cattle management systems (manure removal system and genetic improvements) and in the animal nutrition (processing of the feed to increase digestibility, improving the quality of voluminuos feed and improvement of grazing systems, and use of aditives in animal feed). 'With additional measures' scenario implies the application of the following measures: – additional improvements in feed quality and in cattle and pigs nutrition, – changes in manure management system, including anaerobic digestion and biogas production, – improvement of methods for the application of mineral fertilizers, – Hydrotechnical procedures, – introduction of new cultivars, varieties and species. Table P 2-4: Assumptions for projections – waste management WASTE MANAGEMENT The projections were carried out on the basis of expected development and future state of parameters for making of projections: - Solid waste disposal - amount of produced and disposed solid waste, and the share of landfilled biodegradable organic waste; - Composting - the amount of waste processed by composting; - Waste incineration – amount of incinerated hospital waste and the number of cremated human bodies; - Wastewater treatment and discharge – amount of processed wastewaters from households and industry, industrial production, the number of inhabitants that uses the individual wastewater drainage system (cesspits), number of inhabitants in households without sanitary nodes. Emission projections start from the situation and projections of macroeconomic parameters in 2015 (The 2015 Ageing Report) - the projected dynamics of the annual growth rate of gross domestic product and gross value added and the decline of population, which includes the goals by 2050. Assumptions for 'with existing measures' scenario: Includes projections of greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions from solid waste disposal, biological treatment (composting) of solid waste, incineration of waste and wastewater treatment and discharge; – Solid waste disposal – a continuous increase in the volume of produced and disposed solid waste is assumed for the period up to 2050 as a result of higher living standards, despite the effects of measures undertaken to avoid/reduce and recycle waste. The objectives are defined by sectoral strategic documents – Sustainable Waste Management Act and Waste Management Plan of the Republic of Croatia for the period 2017-2022; – Composting – a continuous increase in the amount of solid waste that is being processed by composting is assumed; – Waste incineration – a continuous increase in the amount of the incinerated hospital waste is assumed, as the decrease of the number of cremated human bodies; – Wastewater treatment and discharge – a continuous increase in the amount of processed wastewaters from industry and decrease in the amounts of porcessed wastewaters from households is assumed. It is also assumed a decrease in the number of inhabitants with individual wastewater drainage system (cesspits) and the number of inhabitants in households without the sanitary nodes. – Other wastes – a mild continuous increase in the number of fires is assumed for almost all categories. GHG and pollutant emissions that are included in Waste management sector (according to IPCC and EMEP/EEA methodology), are estimated on the basis of sectoral analyzes and projected macroeconomic indicators on the annual growht rate of GDP and the reduction of the population. Scenario encompasses the implementation of measures and planned sectoral documents. Assumptions for 'with additional measures' scenarios (WAM): Includes projections of GHG and pollutant emissions from solid waste disposal and composting of solid waste. – Solid waste disposal – it is assumed that the amount of produced and disposed solid waste will be reduced due to application of measures defined by strategic documents harmonized with EU legislation. Quantitative goals for the quantity and composition of solid waste and other parameters in the models for assesment of emissions from solid waste disposal that are not defined in strategic documents are estimated by an expert assesment. – Composting – a continuous increase in the quantity of solid waste that is being processed by composting, due to the application of measures defined by strategic documnets harmonized with EU legislation (depends on reducing the amount of disposed biodegradable waste). According to good practice projections were made for activity data, emission factors and parameters included in the models for estimating GHG and pollutant emissions: 171 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE WASTE MANAGEMENT – grade of 1, 2 and 3 methods (projections of macroeconomic parameters, effects of policies and measures, sectoral analysis and studies, expert judgement) were used. Table P 2-5: Parameters on projections – general economic parameters Parameter 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 GDP – annual growth rate % -0.4 1.6 1.8 1.2 1.3 1.9 Million Population 4.238 4.229 4.194 4.140 4.081 4.018 people Coal prices Euro/GJ 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.6 3.2 3.4 Oil prices (1% S) Euro/GJ 8.1 7.8 11.6 13.2 14.5 15.1 Gas prices Euro/GJ 6.5 6.7 7.5 8.1 8.8 9.4 Source: [18], [19], [20] Table P 2-6: Parameters on projections – energy sector: total fuel consumption, total electricity generation, ‘with existing measures’ scenario Parameter 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Total fuel consumption Coal and coke PJ 31.6 31.7 24.3 23.1 22.0 16.5 Liquid petroleum fuels PJ 125.8 130.7 125.9 122.3 118.5 116.2 Gas PJ 84.6 91.8 104.7 109.2 118.7 119.7 Renewables PJ 146.0 137.8 171.2 198.1 218.9 239.4 Total electricity generation Coal TWh 2.0 2.2 1.5 1.4 1.3 0.7 Liquid petroleum fuels TWh IE IE IE IE IE IE Gas TWh 1.5 1.8 2.4 2.6 1.6 3.4 Renewables TWh 10.1 7.2 9.5 12.2 14.3 16.4 Electricity imports TWh 4.0 6.8 6.4 4.6 2.9 2.6 Source: [21] Table P 2-7: Parameters on projections – energy sector: final energy consumption Parameter 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Final energy consumption Industry PJ 40.6 10.9 44.9 46.4 48.0 50.4 Transport PJ 84.5 84.5 87.3 89.8 92.9 93.3 Households PJ 92.0 112.5 11.9 112.0 111.9 111.6 Agriculture, forestry and fisheries PJ 9.7 9.4 9.5 9.2 8.9 8.7 Services PJ 29.5 31.3 33.1 35.1 37.0 38.9 Other PJ 4.2 4.2 4.7 4.7 4.8 5.0 Source: [21] Table P 2-8: : Parameters on projections – weather parameters Parameter Heating degree days: 2.228 172 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Cooling degree days: NE Source: [22] Table P 2-9: Parameters on projections – industry Parameter 1990 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Production index for industry:* Cement industry % 2.643 kt 5 -4 33 36 40 41 Glass industry 275 kt -16 2 14 21 29 41 Nitric acid industry % 332 kt 1 -13 -13 -13 -10 -10 CO2 emissions ** 93,99 kt Solvent use % 49 62 58 56 54 50 CO2e HFC emissions *** (1995) Consumption of HFCs in refrigeration 29,32 kt 1292 1431 1582 1658 1743 1885 and air conditioning equipment CO2e *, **,*** the percentage change in relation to 1990 Source: Manufacturers of cement, glass and nitric acid, [23], [19], [8] Table P 2-10: Parameters on projections – transport Parameter 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Number of passenger 109 pkm 40.56 40.98 43.09 45.32 47.58 49.05 kilometres, all modes Transport of goods 109 tkm 11.59 11.64 11.90 12.16 12.42 12.69 Energy consumption in road PJ 74.17 75.59 76.84 78.73 80.61 80.45 transport Source: [22], [21] Table P 2-11: Parameters on projections – agriculture Parameter 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Dairy cattle 1000 heads 179 165 168 175 185 185 Non-dairy cattle 1000 heads 264 240 270 285 340 340 Sheep 1000 heads 605 590 620 650 700 700 Goats 1000 heads 65 65 68 70 75 75 Horses 1000 heads 20 20 22 23 25 25 Mules/asses 1000 heads 4 2.0 2.2 2.5 3.5 3.5 Swine 1000 heads 551 480 504 528 672 672 Poultry 1000 heads 5327 6048 6231 6414 6719 6719 Wheat t 648,917 758,638 879,847 1,002,001 1,178,645 1,178,645 Maize t 2,046,966 1,709,152 2,187,640 2,205,554 2,256,114 2,256,114 Potatoes t 160,847 171,179 203,239 160,630 104,879 104,879 Sugar beets t 1,392,000 756,509 1,428,948 1,408,317 1,497,069 1,497,069 Tobacco t 9,164 10,132 11,766 12,041 13,712 13,712 Sunflowers t 99,489 94,075 92,333 109,745 129,556 129,556 Rape seed t 71,228 56,783 70,866 70,933 99,821 99,821 Tomatoes t 19,374 36,273 44,884 41,278 53,804 53,804 Barley t 175,592 193,451 228,296 243,098 278,746 278,746 173 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Parameter 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Oats t 56,555 71,743 61,295 76,089 82,453 82,453 Cabbages and t 24,703 38,413 61,109 57,412 63,099 63,099 other brassicas Garlic t 4,272 4,634 4,912 4,534 5,757 5,757 Onions t 24,160 26,204 33,438 33,475 44,763 44,763 Rye t 2,800 3,356 0 0 0 0 Sorghum t 1,205 1,205 1,554 1,891 2,761 2,761 Watermelons t 25,598 15,771 32,599 31,346 35,274 35,274 Soybeans t 131,424 196,431 153,926 174,867 190,140 190,140 Beans, dry t 1,329 1,156 0 0 0 0 Cow peas, dry t 1,413 1,346 2,210 3,050 4,708 4,708 Lentils t 83 83 13 0 0 0 Peas, dry t 579 194 356 98 0 0 Vetches t 1,500 1,500 1,923 1,585 1,462 1,462 Clover t 70,873 82,992 147,241 143,473 157,171 157,171 Alfalfa t 128,702 112,876 226,824 247,731 317,840 317,840 Applied 80,707,11 99,000,00 99,000,00 99,000,00 99,000,00 99,000,00 kg nitrogen 2 0 0 0 0 0 Source: [18], [19], [24], [23] Table P 2-12: Parameters on projections – waste management Parameter 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 'WITH EXISTING MEASURES' SCENARIO (WM) Solid waste disposal on the ground Quantity of solid waste t/per 0.386 0.393 0.436 0.463 0.494 0.542 produced cap. Quantity of solid waste kt 1349 1361 1463 1533 1612 1743 disposed Share of biodegradable % 68 65 65 65 65 65 organic waste Solid waste composting Quantity of composted kt 29 62 83 87 91 99 solid waste Waste incineration Quantity of incineraded t 51 52 54 56 59 64 hospital waste Nubmer of cremated 4803 5373 5094 5028 4957 4880 human bodies Wastewater treatment and discharge Quantity of processed wastewaters from 106 m3 268 257 266 263 259 255 households and services Quantity of processed wastewaters from 106 m3 13 13 13 13 14 15 industry Industrial production (food and drink, kt 6586 6692 8236 8743 9326 10246 paper, chemicals) Number of inhabitants with individual drainage 103 st. 2254 2232 2231 2203 2172 2138 system (cesspits) 174 National Air Pollution Control Programme MZOE Parameter 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Number of inhabitants in households without 103 st. 380 378 367 356 344 333 sanitary nodes Protein consumption t/st. 0.031 0.032 0.034 0.035 0.037 0.040 Other wastes Number of fires on road 314 433 335 350 364 377 vehicles Number of fires in 767 845 767 767 767 767 detached households Number of fires on built- in and semi built-in 89 98 100 104 111 119 houses Number of fires on 19 21 21 22 24 26 buildings Number of fires on 626 690 702 731 780 841 industrial objects ‘WITH ADDITIONAL MEASURES’ SCENARIO (WAM) Solid waste disposal on the ground Quantity of solid waste t/per 0.386 0.393 0.380 0.371 0.363 0.356 produced cap. Quantity of solid waste kt 1349 1361 797 298 148 107 disposed Share of biodegradable % 65 65 24 18 12 9 organic waste Solid waste composting Quantity of composted kt 29 62 277 537 753 975 solid waste Sources: National Inventory Report 2018, Croatian greenhouse gas inventory for the period 1990-2016 (NIR 2018), Croatian Agency for Environment and Nature, 2018 Republic of Croatia 2019 Informative inventory report (1990 - 2016), Croatian Agency for Environment and Nature, 2018 Report on projections of greenhouse gas emissions, Republic of Croatia, Croatian Agency for Environment and Nature, 2017 Report on implementation of policies and measures that reduce greenhouse gas emissions by sources or enhance removals by sinks, Republic of Croatia, Croatian Agency for Environment and Nature, 2017 Waste Management Strategy of the Republic of Croatian (OG 130/05) Sustainable Waste Management Act (OG 94/13, 73/17) Waste Management Plan of the Republic of Croatia for the period 2017 – 2022 (OG 3/17) Recommended parameters for reporting on GHG projections in 2015, Final after consultation, June 17,2014, EK 175