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The CMS Detector at LHC: a Journey Back in Time Toward the Origin of Our Universe

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The CMS Detector at LHC: a Journey Back in Time Toward the Origin of Our Universe The CMS detector at LHC: a journey back in time toward the origin of our universe. Guido Tonelli CERN/INFN/University of Pisa on behalf of the CMS Collaboration Guido Tonelli CERN/INFN/UNIV.PISA 1 WeWe areare enteringentering aa NewNew EraEra inin FundamentalFundamental ScienceScience TheThe LargeLarge HadronHadron Collider Collider ((LHC),LHC), oneone ofof thethe largestlargest andand trulytruly globalglobal scientificscientific projectsprojects ever,ever, isis aa turningturning pointpoint inin particleparticle physics.physics. CMSCMS LHCb TheThe explorationexploration ofof aa newnew eneenergyrgy frontierfrontier justjust startedstarted ALICE LHC ring: ATLAS 27 km circumference 2 Guido Tonelli CERN/INFN/UNIV.PISA But why everything is so complex? We are trying to address some of the main puzzles of nature • What is the origin of mass. • What is the dark matter that keeps together the clusters of galaxies. • Why the main interactions are so different in strenght. • How many are really the dimensions of our world. There are good reasons to believe that the answer can come from the study of the high energy collisions produced by LHC. Guido Tonelli CERN/INFN/UNIV.PISA 3 The two frontiers of knowledge are deeply linked Big Bang Proton Atom Radius of Earth Earth to Sun Radius of Galaxies Universe LHC Super-Microscopes m Hubble WMAP c Produce and study particles that were abundant in the ALMA early universe just moments after the Big Bang. Studying VLT high energy collisions is just like traveling back in time. Guido Tonelli CERN/INFN/UNIV.PISA Super-Telescopes What do we really know of our universe Big Bang 13.7 Billion Years Today 1028 cm Guido Tonelli CERN/INFN/UNIV.PISA 25-30% of theGasesous universe Matter is made of “dark matter” Collision of two clusters of galaxies @4500km/s “Bullet Cluster” Clowe et al. Direct evidence for collisionless Dark Matter Chandra, Magellan, HST, Gravitational Lensing Guido Tonelli CERN/INFN/UNIV.PISA 6 ~65% of the universe is made of “dark energy” Findings of the last 10-15 years. Our universe will expand forever. The velocity of the expansion is increasing with time! The whole universe is embedded in a new form of energy, completely un-known, that acts as a sort of anti-gravity accelerating galaxies. Guido Tonelli CERN/INFN/UNIV.PISA 7 96% of our universe is still an obscure thing the story of our immense ignorance Guido Tonelli CERN/INFN/UNIV.PISA 8 What do we really know of matter (4-5% of the universe). Matter is made of particles interacting through forces. Guido Tonelli CERN/INFN/UNIV.PISA 9 What is wrong with the Standard Model? The Standard Model is still among the most successfull theories tested so far (accuracy <10-4 in hundreds of measurements up to an impressive 10-12 in electron g-2). LEP, CDF&D0: we really understand physics up to ~100GeV. It is sort of a monument of the physics of the 20° century: it brings together quantum mechanics and special relativity. It is simple and elegant: it explains a huge amount of data using only 19 parameters. Why we are not happy with it ? Guido Tonelli CERN/INFN/UNIV.PISA Why the masses of elementary constituents (matter and fields) are so different ? Matter particles range from almost 0 to about 170GeV while force particles range from 0 to about 90GeV. How can it be that a massless photon can carry the same electroweak interaction of a 80-90 GeV W or Z? The simplest solution (Higgs, Kibble, Brout, Englert 1960’s) All particles are massless !! A new scalar field pervades the universe. Particles interacting with this field acquire mass: the stronger the interaction the larger the mass. Guido Tonelli CERN/INFN/UNIV.PISA 11 The Higgs mechanism But the Higgs boson cannot be alone There will be mathemathical inconsistencies and instabilities. As all real celebrities the Higgs boson never travels alone. If he will appear, very likely he will be sorrounded by a sort of body- guards protecting him from self-interactions. Those are the supersymmetric particles. Guido Tonelli CERN/INFN/UNIV.PISA 12 Super-matter. For each known particle there will be a supersymmetric partner. The whole set of known particles should be doubled. If supersymmetry is a true simmetry of nature we could discover the “hidden part of the world”. A gas of heavy neutralinos could be the origin of dark matter that keeps together the clusters of galaxies Major breakthrough in our understanding of the universe. Guido Tonelli CERN/INFN/UNIV.PISA 13 The unification of all forces of nature. The dream of all physicists, the“mother” of all challenges Guido Tonelli CERN/INFN/UNIV.PISA 14 Super-symmetry could bring us closer to the unification of the forces All known interactions could be considered sort of daughters of a single primordial super-force. Passing from the extreme temperatures of the “baby” universe to the cold and old universe of today the super-force might have crystallized in the different forces that we know today. Guido Tonelli CERN/INFN/UNIV.PISA 15 SUSY and Grand Unification • The coupling constants "run" in quantum field theories due to Standard Model vacuum fluctuations. For example, in EM the e charge is shielded by virtual fluctuations into e+e- pairs on a distance scale set by, l ~ 1/m . Thus Supersymmetry e e (MSSM) increases as M decreases, (0) = 1/137, a(MZ) = 1/128. • If SUSY is really a symmetry of nature and the mass of the super-partners is ~ 1 TeV, then the grand unification of the main interactions seems to be possible. Guido Tonelli CERN/INFN/UNIV.PISA Extradimensions Things are not too bad… but gravity is not yet in the picture. It is still too weak. Great idea a few years ago. Gravity is NOT weak, it appears weak to us because we observe it in a 4- dimensional world. If we assume that our universe can really evolve in 5- 10 dimensions, immediately gravity becomes much stronger than the simple 4-dimensional projection that we are used to deal with. The Great Unification of Forces can be proven at lower energies. Guido Tonelli CERN/INFN/UNIV.PISA 17 What is wrong with SM? •We don’t know why elementary particles differ so much in mass. What is the origin of mass? Search for new particles: the Higgs Boson. Elegant theory: a new invisible scalar field pervades the Universe and the mass becomes a dinamic property. All particles are massles, they differ in mass only since they interact differently with the Higgs field. •Why matter is made of fermions and interactions are carried by bosons. We expect the opposite could happen in a new form of matter (supersymmetric world). Search for new matter: supersymmetry. •What is the dark matter that keep together the galaxies. Search for neutralinos or other candidates for dark matter. •Why the interactions differ so much in strenght. Why gravity is so weak? Is our world really a 4-dimensional universe ? Search for new interactions or new space-time dimensions of our world. Guido Tonelli CERN/INFN/UNIV.PISA All these are elegant theories But to verify them we need to discover the Higgs, the supersymmetric particles and the very massive particles predicted by extradimensional theories (100GeV- a few TeV) All these particles have escaped detection so far that could be due to the fact that a)the theories are wrong or b)We have not been able to produce them in previous accelerators because the energy was not enough. We should remember that to produce a mass m we need an energy E=mc2. So far the modern experiments have produced and studied particles up to masses ~100GeV. Let’s try to produce and study masses ~TeV Guido Tonelli CERN/INFN/UNIV.PISA 19 What we need to produce new physics. 1) an accelerator that is able to produce masses up to a few TeV Guido Tonelli CERN/INFN/UNIV.PISA 20 2) detectors able to contain, record and study all particles produced in high energy collisions ATLAS CMS Guido Tonelli CERN/INFN/UNIV.PISA 21 3) an appropriate organization: CERN •• ~ ~ 3,0003,000 personnelpersonnel (2265(2265 staff)staff) somesome ofof thethe bestbest specialistsspecialists inin allall conceivableconceivable technologies.technologies. •• ~ ~ 10,00010,000 usersusers comingcoming fromfrom 6363 differentdifferent countries.countries. •• ~ ~ 1,1001,100 MCHFMCHF yearlyyearly budget.budget. •• Many Many ofof thethe mostmost brilliantbrilliant youngyoung mindsminds ofof thethe planetplanet sharingsharing thethe samesame curiositycuriosity andand thethe samesame passionpassion forfor technicaltechnical andand intellectualintellectual challenges.challenges. Guido Tonelli CERN/INFN/UNIV.PISA 22 ECAL 76k scintillating PbWO4 crystals Scintilator/brass 3.8T CMS HCAL interleaved Solenoid IRON YOKE MUON ENDCAPS Cathode Strip Ch. (CSC) and RPC 3 - 1 E YBO Y Y B1-2 Total weight 1400 t Overall diameter Tracker • Pixels (100x150 m2) 15m ~ 1m2 66M channels • Silicon Microstrips Overall length 2 ~ 207m 9.6M channels MUON BARREL Drift Tubes (DT) and 28.7mGuido Tonelli CERN/INFN/UNIV.PISA Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) Basic Principles Need “general-purpose” experiment covering as much of the solid angle as possible (“4”) since we don’t know how New Physics will manifest itsel Detectors must be able to detect as many particles and signatures as possible: e, , , , , jets, b-quarks, …. Momentum / charge of tracks and secondary vertices (e.g. from b-quark decays) are measured in central tracker (Silicon layers). Energy and positions of electrons and photons measured in high resolution electromagnetic calorimeters. (~ 0.5% @ ET ~ 50 GeV) Energy and position of hadrons and jets measured mainly in hadronic calorimeters Muons identified and momentum measured in external muon spectrometer (+central tracker) dp/p<1% @ 100GeV and <10%@1 TeV Neutrinos “detected and measured” through measurement of missing transverse miss energy (ET ) in calorimeters (hermeticity; good Missing Et resolution) Guido Tonelli CERN/INFN/UNIV.PISA 24 Particles through a CMS slice Guido Tonelli CERN/INFN/UNIV.PISA 25 CMS is like a huge and very fast digital camera The interesting events are very rare.
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