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Get free access to the library by create an account, fast download and ads free. Summary : An accessible worldwide history of Muslim societies provides updated coverage of each country and region, in a volume that discusses their origins and evolution while offering insight into historical processes that shaped contemporary Islam and surveying its growing influence. Social Science. Summary : First published inIra Lapidus' A History of Islamic Societies has become a classic in the field, enlightening students, scholars, and others with a thirst for knowledge about one of the world's great civilizations. This book, based on fully revised and updated parts one and two of this monumental work,describes the transformations of Islamic societies from their beginning in the seventh century, through their diffusion across the globe, into the challenges of the nineteenth century. The story focuses on the organization of families and tribes, religious groups and states, showing how they were transformed by their interactions with other religious and political communities. The book concludes with the European commercial and imperial interventions that initiated a new set of transformations in the Islamic world, and the onset of the modern A History of Islamic Societies. Organized in narrative sections for the history of each major region, with innovative, analytic summary introductions and conclusions, this book is a unique endeavour. Summary : A History of Islamic Societies provides an authoritative and comprehensive treatment of the civilisations and patterns of life of Muslims throughout the world. Part I deals with the formative era of Islamic civilisation from the revelation of the Qur'an to the Thirteenth century and examines the transformation of Islam from A History of Islamic Societies complex of doctrines and cultural systems into the organising principles of Middle Eastern Society. Part III considers the transformation of these societies under the forces of technological change, industrial revolution and European imperialism. It describes the A History of Islamic Societies of modern economies, national states and secular ideologies in Muslim countries and seeks to assess the role of past Islamic institutions and present Islamic movements in the shaping of contemporary Muslim society. Summary : From the first hospitals to pioneering pharmacy techniques, the early history of medicine reflects the groundbreaking contributions of Islamic physicians and scientists. Less recognized, however, is the impact of Islam on the health and daily health practices of modern day Muslims. Meticulously documented with current research sources and relevant religious texts, Health and Well-Being in Islamic Societies sheds light on the relationships between Muslim beliefs and physical, psychological, and social health. Background chapters trace Muslim thought on health and healing as it has evolved over the centuries to the present. The authors provide even- handed comparisons with Christianity as the two traditions approach medical and ethical questions, and with Christian populations in terms of health outcomes, assuring coverage that is not only objective but also empirically sound and clinically useful. And as the concluding chapters show, understanding of these similarities and differences can lead to better care for clients, cost-effective services for communities, and healthier Muslim populations in general. Included among the book's topics: Muslim beliefs about health, healing, and healthcare Similarities and differences between Muslim and Christian health beliefs Impact of religion on physical, mental, and community health in Muslims A History of Islamic Societies how Islam influences health Applications for clinical practice Implications for public health Cultural awareness is critical to improving both individual client health and public health on a global scale. Health and Well-Being in Islamic Societies is essential reading for clinical and health psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and nurses, and will be informative for the general reader as well. Summary : This handbook addresses the historical background of the Islamic world and reviews its basic past intellectual achievements. It studies social progress of these regions and sub-regions in comparison with other parts of the world. It uses large data sets and well established statistically weighted Indexes in order to assess the nature and pace of the multiple facets of social change in member states of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation OIC. The handbook extensively discusses the main challenges confronting the Islamic nations in the social, economic, political, and ideological fields. Though it is recognizable that social change in the Islamic World is generally positive, it remains A History of Islamic Societies variable in pace and there is room to speed it up to the benefit of millions of deprived Muslim people. Combining historical and chronological approaches, the book examines intellectual dialogues and socio-political struggles within the extraordinary rich Islamic tradition. Treating Islam as a social and political force, the book also addresses Muslim devotional practices, artistic creativity and the structures of everyday existence. Islam in Historical Perspective is designed to help readers to develop personal empathy for the subject by relating it to their own experiences and burning issues A History of Islamic Societies today. It contains a wealth of historical anecdotes and quotations from original sources that are intended to emphasize its principal points in a memorable way. This new edition features a thoroughly revised and updated text, new illustrations, expanded study questions and chapter summaries. Summary : This study A History of Islamic Societies the relationship between Muslim culture and Western modernity, portrays a society bound to its own glorified history - yet facing an external reality from the West. The meeting of these two worlds leads to a profound distortion, especially in how the Muslim world sees itself. Summary : An in-depth tour of the history of charity in Islamic societies from the beginnings of Islam to the present day. This book demonstrates how historical circumstances, social status, gender, age and other factors interacted with religious ideals to create a rich variety of charitable practices. Containing two chronological parts and fourteen chapters, this impressive overview explains how different tides in Islamic A History of Islamic Societies washed ashore diverse sets A History of Islamic Societies leadership groups, multiple practices of power and authority, and dynamic imperial and dynastic A History of Islamic Societies in a theocratic age. Jo Van Steenbergen identifies the Asian connectedness of A History of Islamic Societies sociocultural landscapes between the Nile in the southwest to the Bosporus in the northwest, and the Oxus Amu Darya and Jaxartes Syr Darya in the northeast to the Indus in the southeast. This abundantly illustrated book also offers maps and dynastic tables, enabling students to gain an informed understanding of this broad region of the world. Summary : Written in the wake of the Gulf War, this book introduces the West to everyday Arab-Islamic culture and society, humanising the region and its people. It ventures behind the headlines to show how Islam is lived and practiced in daily life in the Sudan, Egypt and A History of Islamic Societies. Summary : This book presents a rounded picture of Islam, from current issues of fundamentalism, to its culture and art. Summary : Lavishly illustrated with over pictures, including more than in full color, The Oxford History of Islam offers the most wide-ranging and authoritative account available of the second largest--and fastest growing--religion A History of Islamic Societies the world. John L. Esposito, Editor-in-Chief A History of Islamic Societies the four-volume Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World, has gathered together sixteen leading scholars, both Muslim and non-Muslim, to examine the origins and historical development of Islam--its faith, community, institutions, sciences, and A History of Islamic Societies. Beginning in the pre-Islamic Arab world, the chapters range from the story of Muhammad and his Companions, to the development of Islamic religion and culture and the empires that grew from it, to the influence that Islam has on today's world. The book covers a wide array of subjects, casting light on topics such as the historical encounter of Islam and Christianity, the role of Islam in the Mughal and Ottoman empires, the A History of Islamic Societies of Islam in Southeast Asia, China, and Africa, the political, economic, and religious challenges of European imperialism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and Islamic communities in the modern Western world. In addition, the book offers excellent articles on Islamic religion, art and architecture, and sciences as well as bibliographies. Events in the contemporary world have led to an explosion of interest and scholarly work on Islam. Written for the general reader but also A History of Islamic Societies to specialists, The Oxford History of Islam offers the best of that recent scholarship, presented in a readable style and complemented by a rich variety of illustrations. Summary : This book discusses architectural excellence in Islamic societies drawing on textual and visual materials, from the Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT, developed over more than three decades. The AKAA recognises excellence in architectural and urban interventions within cities and settlements in the Islamic world which are continuously challenged by dramatic changes in economies, societies, political systems, decision-making, and environmental requirements. Architectural Excellence in Islamic Societies responds to the recurring question about the need for architectural awards, arguing that they are critical to validating the achievements of professional architects while making their contributions more widely acknowledged by the public. Through analysis and critique of over sixty awarded and shortlisted projects from over thirty-five countries, this book provides an expansive look at the history of the AKAA through a series of narratives on the enduring values of architecture, architectural and urban conservation, built environment sustainability, and architectural pluralism and multiple modernities. Architectural Excellence in Islamic Societies will appeal A History of Islamic Societies professionals and academics, researchers, and upper-level students in architectural history and theory and built environment related fields. Summary : A wide-ranging consideration of the place of dreams and visions in Islamic societies from the pre-modern period to the present. Author : Ira M. Author : Harold G. Author A History of Islamic Societies Habib Tiliouine,Richard J. Author : Ashraf M. Salama,Marwa M. Islamic studies - Wikipedia

The history of Islam concerns the political, social, economic and cultural developments of Islamic A History of Islamic Societies. Most historians [1] accept that Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE. Muslims regard Islam as a return to A History of Islamic Societies original faith of the prophetssuch as JesusSolomonDavidMosesAbrahamNoah and Adamwith the submission islam to the will of God. According to A History of Islamic Societies, in CEthe Islamic Prophet Muhammad began receiving what Muslims consider to be divine revelations, calling for submission to the one God, the expectation of the imminent Last Judgement, and caring for the poor and needy. With Muhammad's death indisagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community during the Rashidun Caliphate. By the 8th century, the Umayyad Caliphate extended from Iberia in A History of Islamic Societies west to the Indus River in the east. Polities such as those ruled by the Umayyads and Abbasid Caliphate in the Middle East and later in Spain and Southern ItalyFatimidsSeljuksAyyubids and Mamluks were among the most influential powers in the world. Highly persianized empires built by the SamanidsGhaznavidsGhurids made significant developments. The Islamic Golden Age gave rise to many centers of culture and science and produced notable polymathsastronomersmathematiciansphysicians and philosophers during the Middle Ages. By the early 13th century, the Delhi Sultanate conquered the northern Indian subcontinentwhile Turkic dynasties like the Sultanate of Rum and Artuqids conquered much of Anatolia A History of Islamic Societies the Byzantine Empire throughout the 11th and 12th centuries. In the 13th and 14th centuries, destructive Mongol invasions and those of Tamerlane Timur from the East, along with the loss of population in the Black Deathgreatly weakened the traditional centers of the A History of Islamic Societies world, stretching A History of Islamic Societies Persia to Egyptbut saw the emergence of the Timurid Renaissance and major global economic powers such as West Africa 's Mali Empire and A History of Islamic Societies Asia 's Bengal Sultanate. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, most of the Islamic world fell under the influence or direct control of European " Great Powers. The Oil boom stabilized the Arab states of the Persian Gulfmaking them the world's largest oil producers and exporters, which focuses on free trade and tourism. The following timeline can serve as a rough visual guide to the most important polities in the Islamic world prior to the First World War. It is necessarily an approximation, since rule over some regions was sometimes divided among different centers of power, and authority in larger polities was often distributed among several dynasties. For example, during the later stages of the Abbasid Caliphateeven the capital city of Baghdad was effectively ruled by other dynasties such as the Buyyids and the Seljukswhile the Ottomans commonly delegated executive authority over outlying provinces A History of Islamic Societies local potentates, such as the Deys of Algiers, the Beys of Tunisand the Mamluks of Iraq. The study of the earliest periods in Islamic history is made difficult by a lack of sources. Differing views about how to deal with the available sources has led to the development of four different approaches to the history of early Islam. All four methods have some level of support today. Nowadays, the popularity of the different methods employed varies on the scope of the works under consideration. For overview treatments of the history of early Islam, the descriptive approach is more popular. For scholars who look at the beginnings of Islam in depth, the source critical and tradition critical methods are more often followed. After the 8th century, the quality of sources improves. In particular, the sources covering A History of Islamic Societies Sasanian realm of influence in the 6th century are poor, while the sources for Byzantine A History of Islamic Societies at the time are of a respectable quality, and complemented by Syriac Christian A History of Islamic Societies for Syria and Iraq. Islam arose within the context of Late Antiquity. According to tradition, the Islamic prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca around the year Most likely Muhammad was "intimately aware of Jewish belief and practices," and acquainted with the Hanif. These inspirations urged him to proclaim a strict monotheistic faithas the final expression of the prophetic tradition earlier codified in Judaism and Christianity; to warn his compatriots of the impending Judgement Day ; and to castigate social injustices of his city. In Yathrib, where he was accepted as an arbitrator among the different communities of the city under the terms of the Constitution of MedinaMuhammad began to lay the foundations of the new Islamic society, with the help of new Quranic verses which provided guidance on matters of law and religious observance. These leaders are known as the " Rashidun " or "rightly guided" Caliphs in Sunni Islam. They oversaw the initial phase of the Muslim conquestsadvancing through PersiaLevantEgyptand North Africa. Although the office of caliph retained an aura of religious authority, it laid no claim to prophecy. Umar improved administration of the fledgling empire, ordering improvement of irrigation networks and playing a role in foundation of cities like Basra. To be close to the poor, he lived in a simple mud hut without doors and walked the streets every evening. After consulting with the poor, Umar established the Bayt al-mal[42] [43] [44] a welfare institution for the Muslim and non-Muslim poor, needy, elderly, orphans, widows, and the disabled. The Bayt al-mal ran for hundreds of years under the Rashidun Caliphate in the 7th century and continued through the Umayyad period and well into the Abbasid era. Umar also A History of Islamic Societies child benefit for the children and pensions for the elderly. Local populations of Jews and indigenous Christians, who lived as religious minorities and were taxed while Muslims paid "Zakat" to finance the Byzantine—Sassanid Wars, often aided Muslims to take over their lands from the Byzantines and Persians, resulting in exceptionally speedy conquests. Since the Constitution of Medinadrafted by the Islamic prophet Muhammadthe Jews and the Christians continued to use their own laws and had their own judges. InUmar appointed Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan as the governor of Syria after the previous governor died in a plague along with 25, other people. Early Muslim armies stayed in encampments away from cities because Umar feared that they may get attracted to wealth and luxury, moving away from the worship of God, accumulating wealth and establishing dynasties. When Umar was assassinated inUthman ibn Affan second cousin and twice son-in-law of Muhammad became the next caliph. As the Arabic language is written without vowels, speakers of different Arabic dialects and A History of Islamic Societies languages recited the Quran with phonetic variations that could alter the meaning of the text. When Uthman ibn Affan became aware of this, he ordered a standard copy of the Quran to be prepared. Begun during his reign, the compilation of the Quran was finished some time between andand copies were sent out to the different centers of the expanding Islamic empire. After Muhammad's death, the old tribal differences between the Arabs started to resurface. Each wanted the capital of the newly established Islamic State to be in their area. As Uthman ibn Affan became very old, Marwan Ia relative of Muawiyah, slipped into the vacuum, becoming his secretary and slowly assuming more control. When Uthman was assassinated inAli ibn Abi Taliba cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, assumed the A History of Islamic Societies of caliph and moved the capital to Kufa in Iraq. Muawiyah I, the governor of Syria, and Marwan I demanded arrest of the culprits. Marwan I manipulated every one and created conflict, which resulted in the first civil war the "First Fitna". Ali was assassinated by Kharijites in Six months later inin the interest of peace, Ali's son Hasanmade a peace treaty with Muawiyah I. In the Hasan —Muawiya treatyHasan ibn Ali handed over power to Muawiya on the condition that he would be just to the people and not establish a dynasty after his death. He was killed in the Battle of Karbala the same year, in an event still mourned by Shia on the Day of Ashura. InArab armies conquered Kabul[71] and in pushed into the Maghreb. The Umayyad dynasty or Ommiadswhose name derives from Umayya ibn Abd Shamsthe great-grandfather of the first Umayyad caliph, ruled from to Although the Umayyad family came from the city of MeccaDamascus was the capital. Muawiyah I moved his capital to Damascus from Medinawhich led to profound changes in the empire. In the same way, at a later date, the transfer of the Caliphate from A History of Islamic Societies to Baghdad marked the accession of a new family to power. As the state grew, the state expenses increased. Additionally the Bayt al-mal and the Welfare State expenses to assist the Muslim and the non-Muslim poor, needy, elderly, orphans, widows, and the disabled, increased, the Umayyads asked the new converts mawali to continue paying the poll tax. The Umayyad rule, with its wealth and luxury also seemed at odds with the Islamic message preached by Muhammad. The Bayt al-mal, the Welfare State then continued under the Abbasids. Muawiyah beautified Damascus, and developed a court to rival that of Constantinople. He expanded the frontiers of the empire, reaching the edge of Constantinople at one point, though the Byzantines drove him back and he was unable to hold any territory in Anatolia. Sunni Muslims credit him with saving the fledgling Muslim nation from post- civil war anarchy. However, Shia Muslims accuse him of instigating the war, weakening the Muslim nation by dividing the Ummahfabricating self-aggrandizing heresies [82] slandering the Prophet 's family [83] and even selling his Muslim critics into slavery in the Byzantine empire. According to Shi'a doctrine, this was a clear violation of the treaty he made with Hasan ibn Ali. Uqba won battles against the Berbers and Byzantines. Uqba and all his men died fighting. The Berbers attacked and drove Muslims from north Africa for a period. Under the rule of Yazid Isome Muslims in Kufa began to think that if Husayn ibn Ali the descendant of Muhammad was their ruler, he would have been more just. He was invited to Kufa but was later betrayed and killed. Imam Husain's son, Imam A History of Islamic Societies ibn Husainwas imprisoned along with Husain's sister and other ladies left in Karbala war. Due to opposition by public they were later released and allowed to go to their native place Medina. One Imam after another continued in the generation of Imam Husain but they were opposed by the Caliphs of the day as their rivals till Imam Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah came in power as first Caliph of Fatimid in North Africa when Caliphate and Imamate came to same person again after Imam Ali. This would ease in the reign of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwana well-educated and capable ruler. Despite the many political problems that impeded his rule, all important records were translated into Arabic. In his reign, a currency for the Muslim world was minted. The Byzantines were decisively defeated by the Caliph after the defection of a large contingent of Slavs. The Islamic currency was then made the exclusive currency in the Muslim world. Al-Walid I began the next stage of Islamic conquests. Under him the early Islamic A History of Islamic Societies reached its farthest extent. He reconquered parts of Egypt from the Byzantine Empire and moved on into Carthage and across to the west of North Africa. Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf played a crucial role in the organization A History of Islamic Societies selection of military commanders. Al-Walid paid great attention A History of Islamic Societies the expansion of an organized military, building the strongest navy in the Umayyad era. His reign is considered to be the apex of Islamic power. Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik was hailed as caliph the day al-Walid died. He appointed Yazid ibn al-Muhallab governor of Mesopotamia. Sulayman ordered the arrest and execution of the family of al-Hajjajone of two prominent leaders the other was Qutayba ibn Muslim who had supported the succession of al-Walid's son Yazid, rather than Sulayman. Al-Hajjaj had predeceased al-Walid, so he posed no threat. Qutaibah renounced allegiance to Sulayman, though his troops rejected his appeal to revolt. They killed him A History of Islamic Societies sent his head to Sulayman. Sulayman did not move to Damascus on becoming Caliph, remaining in Ramla. The intervention of Bulgaria on the Byzantine side proved decisive. The Muslims sustained heavy losses. Sulayman died suddenly in Yazid fought the Kharijites, with whom Umar had been negotiating, and killed the Kharijite leader Shawdhab. A History of Islamic Societies - Ira M. Lapidus - Google книги

Islamic studies refers to the academic study of Islam. Islamic studies can be seen under at least two perspectives: [1]. In a Muslim context, Islamic studies is the umbrella term for the Islamic A History of Islamic Societies Ulum al-dinA History of Islamic Societies. In addition to the traditional Islamic sciences, Islamic Studies in the modern Muslim world incorporates more recent fields generally considered secular in the A History of Islamic Societies, such as Islamic science and Islamic economics. In a non-Muslim context, Islamic studies generally refers to an academic multidisciplinary "studies" program -- similar to other such programs environmental studies, Middle East studies, race studies, urban studies, etc. Although Western, academic Islamic studies itself is in many respects a self-conscious and self-contained field. For Muslims there has never been the need to address these 'problems' Such secular academic programs often include the historical study of Islam : Islamic civilizationIslamic history and historiographyIslamic lawIslamic theology and Islamic philosophy. Specialists in the discipline apply methods adapted from A History of Islamic Societies ancillary fields, ranging from Biblical studies and classical philology to modern historylegal history and sociology. Scholars in the field of academic Islamic studies are often referred to as "Islamicists" and the discipline traditionally made up the bulk of what used to be called Oriental studies. In fact, some of the more traditional Western universities still confer degrees in Arabic and Islamic studies under the primary title of "Oriental studies". This is the case, for example, at the University of Oxfordwhere A History of Islamic Societies Arabic and Islamic studies have been taught since as early as the 16th century, originally as a sub-division of Divinity. This latter context gave early academic Islamic studies its Biblical studies character and was also a consequence of the fact that throughout early- Modern A History of Islamic Societies Europe the discipline was developed by churchmen whose primary aim had actually been to refute the tenets of Islam. Many leading universities in Europe and the US offer academic degrees at both undergraduate and postgraduate level in Islamic studies, in which students can also study Arabic and therefore begin to read Islamic texts in the original language. Because Arabic and Islamic studies are generally seen as inseparable in academia, named undergraduate degrees that combine the two are usually still categorized as single-subject degrees rather than as 'joint' or 'combined' degrees like, for example, those in Arabic and Politics. Such institutions will generally direct students new to the field and with little or no Arabic to broader master's degrees in Middle Eastern studies or Middle East politicsin which Arabic can be studied ab initio. The first attempt to understand Islam as a topic of modern scholarship as opposed to a Christological heresy was within the context of 19th- century Christian European Oriental studies. In the second half of the 19th century, philological and historical approaches were predominant. Western orientalists and Muslim scholars alike preferred to interpret the history of Islam in a conservative way. They did not question the traditional A History of Islamic Societies of the early time of Islam, A History of Islamic Societies Muhammad and how the Quran was written. In the s, the Revisionist School of Islamic Studies questioned the uncritical adherence to traditional A History of Islamic Societies sources and started to develop a new picture of the earliest times of Islam by applying the historical-critical method. To understand the history of Islam provides the indispensable basis to understand all aspects of Islam and its culture. Themes of special interest are:. In Arabicthe word means "discussion" and refers to the Islamic tradition of seeking theological principles through dialectic. A scholar of kalam is referred to as a mutakallim. It might also be referred to as Islamic mysticism. While other branches of Islam generally focus on exoteric aspects of religion, Sufism is mainly focused on the direct perception of truth or God through mystic practices based on divine love. Sufism embodies a number of culturesphilosophies, central teachings and bodies of esoteric knowledge. Islamic jurisprudence relates to everyday and social issues in the life of Muslims. It is divided in fields like:. Key distinctions include those between fiqhhadith and ijtihad. Islamic philosophy is a part of Islamic studies. It is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between faithreason or philosophyand the religious teachings of A History of Islamic Societies. A Muslim engaged in this field is called a Muslim philosopher. A History of Islamic Societies and A History of Islamic Societies is science in the context of traditional religious ideas of Islamincluding its ethics and prohibitions. A Muslim engaged in this field is called a Muslim scientist. This is not the same as science as conducted by any Muslim in a secular context. Certain liberal movements in Islam eschew the practice of Islamic science, arguing that science should be considered separate A History of Islamic Societies religion as it is today in the West. As in Catholicism however, believers argue that the guiding role of religion in forming ethics of science cannot be ignored and must impose absolute constraints on inquiry. Science in medieval Islam examines the full range of scientific investigation in the Muslim worldwhether performed within a religious or secular context. Significant progress in science was made in the Muslim world during the Middle Agesespecially during the Islamic Golden Agewhich is considered a major period in the history of science. This field includes the study of modern and classical Arabic and the literature written in those languages. It also often includes other modern, classic or ancient languages of the Middle East and other areas that A History of Islamic Societies or have been part of, or influenced by, Islamic culture, such as HebrewTurkishPersianUrduAzerbaijanian and Uzbek. Islamic architecture is the entire range of architecture that has evolved within Muslim culture in the course of the history of Islam. Hence the term encompasses religious buildings as well as secular ones, historic as well as modern expressions and the production of all places that have come under the varying levels of Islamic influence. It is very common to mistake Persian architecture for Islamic architecture. Islamic visual art has, throughout history, been mainly abstract and decorative, portraying geometric, floral, Arabesqueand calligraphic designs. Unlike the strong tradition of portraying the human figure in Christian artIslamic art is typically distinguished as not including depictions of human beings. The lack of portraiture is due to the fact that early Islam forbade the painting of human beings, especially the Prophetas Muslims believe this tempts followers of the Prophet to idolatry. This prohibition against human beings or icons is called aniconism. Despite such a prohibition, depictions of human beings do occur Islamic art, such as that of the Mughalsdemonstrating a strong diversity in popular interpretation over the pre-modern period. Increased contact with the Western civilization may also have contributed A History of Islamic Societies human depictions in Islamic art in modern times. Islamic comparative religion is the study of religions in the view of Islam. This study may be undertaken from a conservative Muslim perspective, which often sees Judaism and Christianity as having been originally similar to Islam, and later developing away from the root monotheist religion. However, some liberal movements within Islam dispute the conservative view as being ahistorical; they claim that Islam is the end-result rather than the origin point of monotheist thought. Islamic economics is economics in accordance with Islamic law. Because the Qur'an spoke against usury in the context of early Muslim society, it generally entails trying to remove or redefine interest rates from financial institutions. In doing so, Islamic economists hope to produce a more "Islamic society". However, liberal movements within Islam may deny the A History of Islamic Societies for this field, since they generally see Islam as compatible with modern secular institutions and law. An interesting field of study is how Islam reacts A History of Islamic Societies the contact with Western modernity, and how Islam can catch up with modernity without betraying itself. These studies comprise Islamic history, Islamic theology, Islamic Mysticism, and Islamic philosophy, as well as the study of Western philosophy, sociology and politology. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Study of Islam. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. Learn how and when to remove A History of Islamic Societies template messages. This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims A History of Islamic Societies and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. July Learn how and when to remove this template message. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. This article includes a list of general referencesbut it remains largely unverified because it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. December Learn how and when to remove this template message. History Philosophy Theology. Astronomy Inventions Mathematics Medicine Ophthalmology. Mosques conversion into. Islamization of knowledge Shu'ubiyya. Texts and sciences. Culture and society. Related topics. Main article: History of Islam. Main articles: Islamic theology and Kalam. Main article: Sufism. Main articles: Sharia and Fiqh. Main article: Islamic philosophy. Main articles: Islam and science and Science in the medieval Islamic world. Main article: Islamic literature. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. June Main article: Islamic architecture. Main article: Islamic art. Main article: Islam and other religions. Main article: Islamic economic jurisprudence. Main article: Islamic psychology. The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies.