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Dynamics of Governance and Politics in the Punjab (Pakistan): 1947 to 1955 A thesis submitted to the University of the Punjab in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Nusrat Hussain Supervisor Prof. Dr. Iram Khalid Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab 2019 Declaration I Nusrat Hussain D/O Muhammad Hussain do solemnly affirm that this thesis titled ‘Dynamics of the Governance and the Politics in the Punjab (Pakistan): 1947 to 1955’ is the result of my own research work, and has never been submitted for any degree in my University. Nusrat Hussain D/O Muhammad Hussain PhD Scholar, Department of the Political Science, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan. Certificate This is certified that the present thesis titled “Dynamics of the Governance and the Politics in the Punjab (Pakistan): 1947 to 1955” is written by Ms. Nusrat Hussain for the requirement of Ph.D. Degree in Political Science. To the best of my knowledge the thesis is based upon original research. Prof. Dr. Iram Khalid Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore DEDICATED TO My Beloved Mother ZUBAIDA BIBI & My Venerated Friend PROF. DR. IRAM KHALID Both inspired me to complete this work Acknowledgements I am grateful to Allah Almighty for helping me in this research work and for his endless blessings in my life. While completing this work I incurred countless debts to individuals and libraries, who helped me to reach my goal. I could not have completed my work without any of them. My first gratitude is for my mentor and supervisor Prof. Dr. Iram Khalid. She is the real force behind my work. She suggested me to work on this particular topic. Her faith in me beyond my abilities proved to be a beacon of light. Her confidence gave me hope and courage when nothing else worked. She not only helped with valuable discussion, and suggestions, but also helped with finding some unavailable books which I could not get myself. I owed and felt heartiest gratitude towards Prof Dr. Hasan Askari Rizvi. His guidance and information related to my research were significant. He helped immensely in clearing the understanding my topic and objectives. He also recommended me some valuable sources to find the information. I extended my thanks to the Head of the Department Prof. Dr. Umbreen Javed, and the faculty for providing the learning environment in the department. I am particularly grateful to my brother Faheem Ahmad Khan for his encouragement, and help especially in obtaining study leave, and other job related issues, without even mentioning which provided me the peace of mind, and time essential for work. I thank the cooperation, and assistance of the staff of seminar Library Political Science Department, Main Library, Pakistan Study Centre Library, Historical Society Library, of University of the Punjab. The Punjab Public Library, the Punjab Assembly Library, Lahore, and National Document Centre Islamabad. I am thankful to Sabir for teaching me to make digital files of data. I am thankful to my brother, sisters, and friend Asma, who were supportive throughout all the time. Their encouragement was a great source of strength. My dearest niece Sanya helped me in proofreading, I am really obliged by her. I could never be grateful enough for the love, prayers, and inspiration of my mother during my research period. Finally, I am greatly indebted to Asif for his understanding and endurance. He was always cooperative. Nusrat Hussain i Abstract This study deals with the factors which determined the nature of governance and politics in the Punjab during 1947 to 1955. It is a descriptive case study with qualitative data analysis by using historical comparative techniques. The theory of authoritarianism is applied to understand the rationale behind. The data reveal four major patterns in the politics of the Punjab. They are, first the performance of provincial ministries while tackling of major issues like refugee rehabilitation, the dealing with the evacuee property, elections, food shortage, Qadiani issue, constitution making. Second, the governor ministry relations, third, the Centre province power sharing, and fourth party and factional activities at provincial level. The Punjab was able to rehabilitate millions of refugees in its early years. After the evacuation of its main economic, administrative, and skilled non-Muslim force, it managed to restart successfully. Law and order was achieved slowly, but pattern client attitude of elite created hurdles to fortify it. Corruption and nepotism could not be eradicated. Acute contradiction between the ministry and the governor occurred twice, first between Premier Mamdot and Governor Mudie on the issues of rehabilitation, and administrative, and second between Chief Minister Noon and Governor Gurmani on the One Unit and elections of Constituent Assembly Pakistan. The Centre continued to take hold of powers while dealing the issues related to the Concurrent List of the constitution. All three ministries of Mamdot, Doltana, and Noon were dismissed by Central government. However, it was the provincial government which provided the excuse to Central government. The sense of insecurity among Central leadership from the Punjab was shared by the provincial leadership while dealing the issues related to constitution making. Consequently the Punjab cooperated to establish One Unit, and agreed to less than its due share. The provincial party Presidents infamously indulged in disputes with premiers, and tried to pressurize them. Poor decisions related to food shortage and Qadiani issue effected governments at both levels. The middle class leadership of the party was cleverly cornered by the landed elite when beneficial positions were divided, as happened in the case of Molvi Bari. The Punjab League remained the single potential political party during the early eight years. Jinnah Muslim League performed well, but its president Mamdot refused to take the risk, and party was separated from Awami League leaving it to be the only ‘Bengali’ party. The leadership, failed to distinguish between the role of worker in the struggle for independence and to serve as a ruler, consequently, poor performance was the outcome. To improve the performance and inculcate the democratic norms in both the leadership and public, political socialization should be improved through better education, improved political participation, and quality debate. ii Abbreviations QP Quaid-i-Azam Papers CAP Constituent Assembly of Pakistan CCI Council of Common Interest CMG Civil and Military Gazette (newspaper) GoP Government of Pakistan GoPb. Government of the Punjab MEO Military Evacuee Organization ML Muslim League MLA Member of Legislative Assembly MLC Member of Legislative Council MPLA Member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly MLA member of Legislative Assembly MLC Member of Legislative Council MCAP Member of Constituent Assembly of Pakistan NW Nawa-i-Waqt (newspaper) NDC National Document Centre NFC National Finance Award PPJRC Pakistan Punjab Joint Refugee Council PLA Punjab Legislative Assembly PML Pakistan Muslim League QRF Quaid-i-Azam Relief Fund PLCD Punjab Legislative Council Debate PLAD Punjab Legislative Assembly Debate TP Transfer Papers iii Glossary Biradri group based on same clan or relatives Patwari An official in Revenue Department Muhajir Refugee Tehsildar an official in Revenue Department Naib Tehsildar an official in Revenue Department Jatha Group, Sikh Group Sepoy Soldier Athri and Sepy Menial Workers in Villages Tehrik-e-Khatm-e-Nabuwat Movement for the protection of Finality of ﷺ Holy Prophet Abiana Water Tex Malia Land Tax iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. i Abstract .............................................................................................................................. ii Abbreviations .................................................................................................................... iii Glossary ............................................................................................................................ iv List of Figures .............................................................................................................. ix List of Maps .............................................................................................................. ix List of Tables .............................................................................................................. ix Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 Literature Review ..................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Significance of the Study ....................................................................................... 11 1.3 Research Objectives and Questions ..................................................................... 14 1.4 Research Design and Methodology ...................................................................... 14 1.5 Definition of Terms ................................................................................................ 17 1.6 Limitations and Delimitations of the Study ........................................................ 20 1.7 Scheme of Study ..................................................................................................... 21 Chapter Two: Conceptual Understanding of Authoritarian Politics 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................
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