DOCSLIB.ORG

Journal of Languages, Culture and Civilization Volume 2, Issue 3, September 2020, Pages: 199-210 Homepage: Http: Jlcc.Spcrd.Org ISSN(P): 2708-3748

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Journal of Languages, Culture and Civilization Volume 2, Issue 3, September 2020, Pages: 199-210 Homepage: Http: Jlcc.Spcrd.Org ISSN(P): 2708-3748 Journal of Languages, Culture and Civilization Volume 2, Issue 3, September 2020, Pages: 199-210 Homepage: http: jlcc.spcrd.org ISSN(P): 2708-3748 Pakpattan during the Twentieth Century: A Historical Study Muhammad Sajid Khan a, Zafar Mohyuddin b, Humera Naz c a Lecturer, Department of History, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad. b Lecturer, Department of History and Pakistan Studies, University of Sargodha. c Assistant Curator, Taxila Museum, Directorate General of Archeology, Punjab. Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] Received: 30 June 2020, Published 31 September, 2020 Abstract Pakpattan District is an important historical town and spiritual center. It had a rich historical legacy and witnessed many dynasties and regimes. During 20th century, the area remained a peripheral and underdeveloped region of British Punjab. The geographical and demographic features of the area are also highlighted with shifting trends in present study. The study is an attempt to understand the nature of colonial structure, reforms and political developments in the area. The working of colonial patronage structure through district bureaucracy and creation of local political elite among the loyalist classes is analyzed. The role of these local collaborates of Raj in maintaining law and order and collection of revenue also analyzed in the study. The local political elite and influential families are listed and evaluated to establish historical roots of political dominance of landed aristocracy and spiritual elite under British patronage system. The study also made an effort to understand the political transition in the area in relation to provincial and central governments and political developments in India. The regional and local study is aimed to understand grand narrative of history through localized case study. Keywords Pakpattan District, political development in Punjab, Colonial patronage, landed aristocracy of Punjab, Canal colonization. DOI Number: 10.47067/jlcc.v2i3.26 © 2021 The authors. Published by SPCRD Global publishing. This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attributions-NonCommercial 4.0 199 Introduction The very first name of the Pakpattan was Ajudhan. Raja Ram Chander’s family gave this name to the city. This city remained a capital of “Chalukia Raj Dhani”. When Alexander the great entered in India, the city was also on the map of the world. At the time of battle of “Mahabharata” its name was “Dhara Nagri”. (Punjab District Gazetteers, 1932: 64). It was given many names during different spans of time. It was given names such as “Gurwa”, “Anheel Wara” and “Anit Pattan”. Ibn-i-Batuta had referred it as Ajodhan in his travelogue written around 1234 AD. Mughal Emperor, Akbar the Great gave it the name of Pakpattan by keeping the sanctity of shrine of Hazrat Baba Fareed-ud-Din Masood Gunj Shakar in view.(Gazetteers of the Punjab, 1983: 69) The town of Pakpattan served as Tehsil Headquarter of the District Montgomery (Sahiwal) during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It also served as the headquarter of the Satluj Valley Project of canal colonization during the early half of twentieth century. In 1990, Pakpattan sub-division was declared as district with the merger of Arifwala sub- division.(District Census Report of Pakpattan, 1999: 4). During nineteenth century, Arifwala was only a village named as Chak No. 61/HB. Later it was called Arifwala because of a landlord named ‘Arif’ having agriculture land in this village. In 1908, Lt. Governor ‘Hurbert’ founded a new city of Arifwala. (Punjab District Gazetteers, 1932: 76). In 1936 the Lt. Governor of Punjab inaugurated the Water Works Scheme. In 1987, Arifwala was raised to the status of sub- division and in 1995 it was attached to Pakpattan District. (District Census Report of Pakpattan, 1999: 4). Location and Boundaries The district Pakpattan lies between 30-06 and 30-38 north latitudes and 73-03 and 73-36 east longitudes. Sahiwal and Okara Districts bound it on the north, on the east by Okara District, on the south-east by Bahawalnagar District separating the two districts by Satluj River and on the west by Vihari District. The district has natural boundaries of river Satluj and Sukh Bias, which depart it from Bahawalnagar District and Sahiwal, Okara Districts. (District Census Report of Pakpattan, 1999: 1). The total area of this district is 2,724 square kilometers or 674, 212 acres. The cultivated area is 615, 693 acres while the un-irrigated area is 50, 519 acres. Pakpattan District is a flat plain. The general elevation of the area is about 150 meters above sea level. (District Census Report of Pakpattan, 1999: 1). River Satluj lies on the south-eastern portion of Pakpattan District. Haweli Lakha is located on its east. On the south-east flows Satluj River that creates also a natural boundary here between Pakistan and India. The traditional name of Satluj River in Pakpattan District is ‘Nili’, which is on account of the colour of its blue water. (Gazetteers of the Punjab, 1983: 530) This district is not rich in mineral production. However, Salt petre is found in abundance here. This ‘Kallar’ is not that one called Kallar which is harmful for crops. The Tehsil Arifwala was famous for the production of melons throughout the country and even exported to other 200 countries i.e. Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, India and Iran etc. (District Census Report of Pakpattan, 1999: 1). The major means of irrigation in the district are canals and tube wells. Depalpur Canal, originating from Gandasingh Wala Head Works in Kasur District, enters the district from east and irrigates the northern half of the district. Pakpattan Canal originated from Sulemanki Head Works. This canal and its branch namely Khadir branch irrigates a vast area of the district. (Punjab District Gazetteers, 1932: 130). Local fairs are held on different occasions at different places. People participate in these in jolly moods and draw leisure. Luddi and Jhumer are folk dances of Pakpattan District that are performed on marriages. In the villages, people are dressed in Chader, shirts or kurta (long shirt), pagrhi (turban) and locally made shoes are worn. Women folk wear ghaghra or long shirts, maghli or lungi, shirts and locally made shoes. The new settlers of canal colonies wear shalwar and long shirts. Men also wear achken or sherwani on important occasions. The dress code has gradually changed not only in settlers but in locals as well. (Punjab District Gazetteers, 1932: 130). Administrative Setup: Executive The Deputy Commissioner, Pakpattan is incharge of the district. One Additional Deputy Commissioner (General) and three Magistrates work under his command. Two Assistant Commissioners, two Tehsildars and eleven Naib Tehsildars on revenue sides also assist him. The colony Assistant / General Assistant Revenue also assists the Deputy Commissioner. (District Census Report of Pakpattan, 1999: 7). The local government ordinance transformed the system of administration. It worked under the political authority of District Nazim, and District Coordination Officer assisted him in running the administrative affairs in the first decade of twenty first century. However, DCO now enjoys real authority after change in local bodies ordinance. Judiciary and Police The District and Sessions Judge Pakpattan under whom one Senior Civil Judge, eight Civil Judges and three Additional Sessions Judges and three Judicial Magistrates are working, leads judicial administration. (District Census Report of Pakpattan, 1999: 7). In the department of Police, the Senior Superintendent of Police Pakpattan is assisted by four Deputy Superintendents of Police along with SHOs in their respective police Stations. Population After the colonization of the district Montgomery in the start of the 20th century, the population of district gradually increased. Detail of population growth in the District Montgomery including area of Tehsil Pakpattan Year Population 1891 417,000 201 1901 429,674 1911 481,965 1921 685,690 1931 999,772 1941 1329,000 (Punjab District Gazetteers, 1932: 82) Table of population growth in Pakpattan Year Population 1891 111,971 1901 121,776 1911 146,421 1921 *141,417 1931 237,013 1951 381,000 1961 440,000 1972 616,000 1981 844,000 1998 1,286,680 2017 1,823,687 (Noon, 1933: 2). There has been steady increased in the population since 1891 except in the period between 1911- 1921 due to two reasons i.e. (a) emigration on the advent of the adjoining Lower Bari Doab Colony. (b) Unprecedented Influenza epidemic in the winter of 1918-19. 202 Communal composition of the Montgomery District Communities 1881 1891 1931 Muslims 77.48% 72.45% 69.77% Hindus 19.69% 21.32% 10.44% Sikhs 2.8% 3.21% 14.82% Depressed classes --- --- 3.24% Christians 0.2% 0.2% 1.73% The above figure showed that although the area remained pre-dominantly Muslim, but the population of Sikh rapidly increased due to the colonization of the area. (Punjab District Gazetteers, 1932: 82). The total population of Pakpattan District was 1,286,680 as enumerated in March 1998 with an intercensal percentage increase of 52.5 since March 1981 when it was 843,623 souls. The average annual growth rate was 2.5 percent during this period. The total area of district is 2,724 square Kilometers, which gives population density of 472 persons per square kilometers as against 310 persons observed in 1981 indicating a fast growth rate of the district. (District Census Report of Pakpattan, 1999: 13). There were 573 Mauzas (a smallest revenue unit) in 1998. Of which 21 had population over five thousand, 209 had population 2500, 155 had population of one to two thousand, 186 head under 1000 persons while two were un-inhabited. As emerged from 1998 census the population of district is pre-dominantly Muslim i.e. 99.2 percent. The next higher percentage is of Christians with 0.8 % points.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Role of Deobandi Ulema in Strengthening the Foundations of Indian Freedom Movement (1857-1924)
    The Role of Deobandi Ulema in Strengthening the Foundations of Indian Freedom Movement (1857-1924) The Role of Deobandi Ulema in Strengthening the Foundations of Indian Freedom Movement (1857-1924) * Turab-ul-Hassan Sargana **Khalil Ahmed ***Shahid Hassan Rizvi Abstract The main objective of the present study is to explain the role of the Deobandi faction of scholars in Indian Freedom Movement. In fact, there had been different schools of thought who supported the Movement and their works and achievements cannot be forgotten. Historically, Ulema played a key role in the politics of subcontinent and the contribution of Dar ul Uloom Deoband, Mazahir-ul- Uloom (Saharanpur), Madrassa Qasim-ul-Uloom( Muradabad), famous madaris of Deobandi faction is a settled fact. Their role became both effective and emphatic with the passage of time when they sided with the All India Muslim League. Their role and services in this historic episode is the focus of the study in hand. Keywords: Deoband, Aligarh Movement, Khilafat, Muslim League, Congress Ulama in Politics: Retrospect: Besides performing their religious obligations, the religious ulema also took part in the War of Freedom 1857, similar to the other Indians, and it was only due to their active participation that the movement became in line and determined. These ulema used the pen and sword to fight against the British and it is also a fact that ordinary causes of 1857 War were blazed by these ulema. Mian Muhammad Shafi writes: Who says that the fire lit by Sayyid Ahmad was extinguished or it had cooled down? These were the people who encouraged Muslims and the Hindus to fight against the British in 1857.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Festivals: an Impotent Source of De-Radicalization Process in Pakistan: a Case Study of Urs Ceremonies in Lahore City
    Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society Volume No. 03, Issue No. 2, July - December 2017 Syed Ali Raza* Cultural Festivals: An Impotent Source of De-Radicalization Process in Pakistan: A Case Study of Urs Ceremonies in Lahore City Abstract The Sufism has unique methodology of the purification of consciousness which keeps the soul alive. The natural corollary of its origin and development brought about religo-cultural changes in Islam which might be different from the other part of Muslim world. Sufism has been explained by many people in different ways and infect is the purification of the heart and soul as prescribed in the holy Quran by God. They preach that we should burn our hearts in the memory of God. Our existence is from God which can only be comprehended with the help of blessing of a spiritual guide in the popular sense of the world. Sufism is the way which teaches us to think of God so much that we should forget our self. Sufism is the made of religious life in Islam in which the emphasis is placed, not on the performance of external ritual but on the activities of the inner-self’ in other words it signifies Islamic mysticism. Beside spirituality, the Sufi’s contributed in the promotion of performing art, particularly the music. Pakistan has been the center of attraction for the Sufi Saints who came from far-off areas like Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan and Arabia. The people warmly welcomes them, followed their traditions and preaching’s and even now they celebrates their anniversaries in the form of Urs.
    [Show full text]
  • MUSLIM LEADERSHIP in U. P. 1906-1937 ©Ottor of ^Liilogoplip
    MUSLIM LEADERSHIP IN U. P. 1906-1937 OAMAV''^ ***' THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF ©ottor of ^liilogoplip IN Jlis^torp Supervisor Research scholar umar cKai Head Department of History Banaras Hindu University VaranaSi-221005 FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY VARANASI-221005 Enrolment No.-l 73954 Year 1994 D©NATED BY PROF Z. U. SIDDIQUI DEPT. OF HISTORY. A.M.U. T5235 Poll * TtU. OJfiet : BADUM Hindu Univenity Q»3H TeUphone : 310291—99 (PABX) Sailwaj/Station Vkranui Cantt. SS^^/ Telex ;645 304 BHU IN Banaras Hindu University VARANASI—221005 R^. No..^ _ IMPARWBif 99 HliiOllir 2)ate<i - 9lftlfltilt Bft#fi titii Stall flf Ifti ffti1?t QfilifllfttI !Uiiitii X te*M^ c«rtify tHat ttM thatit •! Sti A^«k Kunat fttl. MiltUd ^Htfllii tM&mw^tp III U.F, ElitwMfi (t9%^im)»* Htm f««i»««^ fdMlAi iHMlit mf awp«rviai«n in tti« D»p«ftMifit of Hitt^y* Facility 9i So€i«d SdL«nc«t« n&ntwmM Hindu Ufiiv«rtity« ™—- j>v ' 6 jjj^ (SUM.) K.S. SMitte 0»»««tMllt of ^tj^£a»rtmentrfHj,,0| ^ OO^OttMOt of Hittflf SaAovoo Hin^ llRiiSaSu^iifi Sec .. ^^*^21. »«»•»•• Htm At Uiivovoity >^otflR«ti • 391 005' Dep«tfY>ent of History FACULTY OF SOCIAL S' ENCES Bsnafas Hir-y Unlvacsitv CONTENTS Page No. PREFACE 1 - IV ARBRBVIATIONS V INTRODUCTION ... 1-56 CHAPTER I : BIRTH OF fvUSLiM LEAaJE AND LEADERSHIP IN U .P . UPTO 1916 ... 57-96 CHAPTER II MUSLIM LEADERSHIP IN U .P . DURING KHILAFAT AND NON CO-OPERATION MO ^fAENT ... 97-163 CHAPTER III MUSLIM POLITICS AND LEADERSHIP IN U.P, DURING Sy/AR.AJIST BRA ...164 - 227 CHAPTER IV : MUSLL\^S ATflTUDE AND LEADERSHIP IN U.P.
    [Show full text]
  • Zaheeruddin V. State and the Official Persecution of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan
    Minnesota Journal of Law & Inequality Volume 14 Issue 1 Article 5 June 1996 Enforced Apostasy: Zaheeruddin v. State and the Official Persecution of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan M. Nadeem Ahmad Siddiq Follow this and additional works at: https://lawandinequality.org/ Recommended Citation M. N. Siddiq, Enforced Apostasy: Zaheeruddin v. State and the Officialersecution P of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan, 14(1) LAW & INEQ. 275 (1996). Available at: https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/lawineq/vol14/iss1/5 Minnesota Journal of Law & Inequality is published by the University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. Enforced Apostasy: Zaheeruddin v. State and the Official Persecution of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan M. Nadeem Ahmad Siddiq* Table of Contents Introduction ............................................... 276 I. The Ahmadiyya Community in Islam .................. 278 II. History of Ahmadis in Pakistan ........................ 282 III. The Decision in Zaheerudin v. State ................... 291 A. The Pakistan Court Considers Ahmadis Non- M uslim s ........................................... 292 B. Company and Trademark Laws Do Not Prohibit Ahmadis From Muslim Practices ................... 295 C. The Pakistan Court Misused United States Freedom of Religion Precedent .............................. 299 D. Ordinance XX Should Have Been Found Void for Vagueness ......................................... 314 E. The Pakistan Court Attributed False Statements to Mirza Ghulam Almad ............................. 317 F. Ordinance XX Violates
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond 'Tribal Breakout': Afghans in the History of Empire, Ca. 1747–1818
    Beyond 'Tribal Breakout': Afghans in the History of Empire, ca. 1747–1818 Jagjeet Lally Journal of World History, Volume 29, Number 3, September 2018, pp. 369-397 (Article) Published by University of Hawai'i Press DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2018.0035 For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/719505 Access provided at 21 Jun 2019 10:40 GMT from University College London (UCL) Beyond ‘Tribal Breakout’: Afghans in the History of Empire, ca. 1747–1818 JAGJEET LALLY University College London N the desiccated and mountainous borderlands between Iran and India, Ithe uprising of the Hotaki (Ghilzai) tribes against Safavid rule in Qandahar in 1717 set in motion a chain reaction that had profound consequences for life across western, south, and even east Asia. Having toppled and terminated de facto Safavid rule in 1722,Hotakiruleatthe centre itself collapsed in 1729.1 Nadir Shah of the Afshar tribe—which was formerly incorporated within the Safavid political coalition—then seized the reigns of the state, subduing the last vestiges of Hotaki power at the frontier in 1738, playing the latter off against their major regional opponents, the Abdali tribes. From Kandahar, Nadir Shah and his new allies marched into Mughal India, ransacking its cities and their coffers in 1739, carrying treasure—including the peacock throne and the Koh-i- Noor diamond—worth tens of millions of rupees, and claiming de jure sovereignty over the swathe of territory from Iran to the Mughal domains. Following the execution of Nadir Shah in 1747, his former cavalry commander, Ahmad Shah Abdali, rapidly established his independent political authority.2 Adopting the sobriquet Durr-i-Durran (Pearl of 1 Rudi Matthee, Persia in Crisis.
    [Show full text]
  • Population According to Religion, Tables-6, Pakistan
    -No. 32A 11 I I ! I , 1 --.. ".._" I l <t I If _:ENSUS OF RAKISTAN, 1951 ( 1 - - I O .PUlA'TION ACC<!>R'DING TO RELIGIO ~ (TA~LE; 6)/ \ 1 \ \ ,I tin N~.2 1 • t ~ ~ I, . : - f I ~ (bFICE OF THE ~ENSU) ' COMMISSIO ~ ER; .1 :VERNMENT OF PAKISTAN, l .. October 1951 - ~........-.~ .1',l 1 RY OF THE INTERIOR, PI'ice Rs. 2 ~f 5. it '7 J . CH I. ~ CE.N TABLE 6.-RELIGION SECTION 6·1.-PAKISTAN Thousand personc:. ,Prorinces and States Total Muslim Caste Sch~duled Christian Others (Note 1) Hindu Caste Hindu ~ --- (l b c d e f g _-'--- --- ---- KISTAN 7,56,36 6,49,59 43,49 54,21 5,41 3,66 ;:histan and States 11,54 11,37 12 ] 4 listricts 6,02 5,94 3 1 4 States 5,52 5,43 9 ,: Bengal 4,19,32 3,22,27 41,87 50,52 1,07 3,59 aeral Capital Area, 11,23 10,78 5 13 21 6 Karachi. ·W. F. P. and Tribal 58,65 58,58 1 2 4 Areas. Districts 32,23 32,17 " 4 Agencies (Tribal Areas) 26,42 26,41 aIIjab and BahawaJpur 2,06,37 2,02,01 3 30 4,03 State. Districts 1,88,15 1,83,93 2 19 4,01 Bahawa1pur State 18,22 18,08 11 2 ';ind and Kbairpur State 49,25 44,58 1,41 3,23 2 1 Districts 46,06 41,49 1,34 3,20 2 Khairpur State 3,19 3,09 7 3 I.-Excluding 207 thousand persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.
    [Show full text]
  • Reimagining the Role of Mian Muhamad Mumtaz Daultana in Colonial and Post-Colonial Punjab
    Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan Volume No. 57, Issue No. 1 (January – June, 2020) Farzanda Aslam * Muhamad Iqbal Chawla ** Zabir Saeed *** Moazzam Wasti **** Forgotten soldier of Pakistan Movement: Reimagining the role of Mian Muhamad Mumtaz Daultana in Colonial and Post-colonial Punjab Abstract Plethora of works have been produced on the colonial and post-colonial history of the Punjab but the role of Mian Muhammad Mumtaz Daultana has been academically overnighted by the historians to date and this paper intends to address it. He was an important leader of the Punjab who remained committed to the Pakistan movement, remained loyal and worked hard under the leadership of Quaid-i-Azam in the creation and consolidation of Pakistan. He was president of the Punjab Muslim League and also the first chief Minister of Pakistani Punjab. Therefore it is of immense importance to understand the role of Mian Muhammad Mumtaz Daultana in the creation and consolidation of Pakistan in the light of primary and secondary sources. Before the inception of Pakistan, his father Ahmad Yar Daultana was a popular politician from the Daultana family in the Punjab region. His house was the focal point for important political activities. Daultana was selected by Quaid-i- Azam to contend on behalf of the Muslim League against the Unionist Party because this party was not in favour of the Muslim League, by looking for the certainty of the Mumtaz Daultana, Quaid-i-Azam made him the individual from the member of Direct-action committee. The other member of the committee was ministers of the Muslim League s’ parliamentary and interim government.
    [Show full text]
  • The House in South Asian Muslim Women's Early Anglophone Life
    Binghamton University The Open Repository @ Binghamton (The ORB) Graduate Dissertations and Theses Dissertations, Theses and Capstones 2016 The House in South Asian Muslim Women’s Early Anglophone Life-Writing And Novels Diviani Chaudhuri Binghamton University--SUNY, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://orb.binghamton.edu/dissertation_and_theses Part of the Comparative Literature Commons Recommended Citation Chaudhuri, Diviani, "The House in South Asian Muslim Women’s Early Anglophone Life-Writing And Novels" (2016). Graduate Dissertations and Theses. 13. https://orb.binghamton.edu/dissertation_and_theses/13 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations, Theses and Capstones at The Open Repository @ Binghamton (The ORB). It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of The Open Repository @ Binghamton (The ORB). For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE HOUSE IN SOUTH ASIAN MUSLIM WOMEN’S EARLY ANGLOPHONE LIFE-WRITING AND NOVELS BY DIVIANI CHAUDHURI BA, Jadavpur University, 2008 MA, Binghamton University, 2010 DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature in the Graduate School of Binghamton University State University of New York 2016 © Copyright by Diviani Chaudhuri 2016 All Rights Reserved Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature in
    [Show full text]
  • Punjab Muslim Students Federation and Pakistan Movement
    Pakistan Perspectives Vol. 18, No.2, July-December 2013 Punjab Muslim Students Federation and Pakistan Movement Naumana Kiran* Abstract National movements need nations’ involvement for its success. It does not spare any social group or class. Students, an important social group, can bring quick success to any movement. Their energies, activism, eagerness and sacrifices were behind the success of the movement of Muslims of India for a separate homeland. Muslim nationalist students got conscious of their responsibilities in time and remained involved in the Pakistan Movement. This research paper is an attempt to bring into light the role played by the students of the Punjab from the platform of the Punjab Muslim Student Federation (PMSF). The paper examines how a Unionist-based province was converted into a Muslim League-based province. It highlights strategies adopted by the PMSF to popularise the idea of Pakistan in the Punjab; problems it faced; the sacrifices that the students rendered, as well as their stand on national political issues. An important element of the paper is its source material, including the files of gold medalists available at archives of the Pakistan Movement Workers Trust. A lot of the workers of the Pakistan Movement had been awarded with the gold medals as symbol to recognize their services. These files not only provide first-hand knowledge of the services of the students but are also an evidence of their contribution in the struggle for independence. Second important source is the interviews conducted by the researcher. Most of the elderly citizens of Pakistan responded in a very positive way and the information provided by them has enhanced the importance of this study.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sikh Dilemma: the Partition of Punjab 1947
    The Sikh Dilemma: The Partition of Punjab 1947 Busharat Elahi Jamil Abstract The Partition of India 1947 resulted in the Partition of the Punjab into two, East and West. The 3rd June Plan gave a sense of uneasiness and generated the division of dilemma among the large communities of the British Punjab like Muslims, Hindus and Sikh besetting a holocaust. This situation was beneficial for the British and the Congress. The Sikh community with the support of Congress wanted the proportion of the Punjab according to their own violation by using different modules of deeds. On the other hand, for Muslims the largest populous group of the Punjab, by using the platform of Muslim League showed the resentment because they wanted the decision on the Punjab according to their requirements. Consequently the conflict caused the world’s bloodiest partition and the largest migration of the history. Introduction The Sikhs were the third largest community of the United Punjab before India’s partition. The Sikhs had the historic religious, economic and socio-political roots in the Punjab. Since the annexation of the Punjab, they were faithful with the British rulers and had an influence in the Punjabi society, even enjoying various privileges. But in the 20th century, the Muslims 90 Pakistan Vision Vol. 17 No. 1 Independence Movement in India was not only going to divide the Punjab but also causing the division of the Sikh community between East and West Punjab, which confused the Sikh leadership. So according to the political scenarios in different timings, Sikh leadership changed their demands and started to present different solutions of the Sikh enigma for the geographical transformation of the province.
    [Show full text]
  • Forestry in the Princely State of Swat and Kalam (North-West Pakistan)
    Forestry in the Princely State of Swat and Kalam (North-West Pakistan) A Historical Perspective on Norms and Practices IP6 Working Paper No.6 Sultan-i-Rome, Ph.D. 2005 Forestry in the Princely State of Swat and Kalam (North-West Pakistan) A Historical Perspective on Norms and Practices IP6 Working Paper No.6 Sultan-i-Rome, Ph.D. 2005 The Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South is based on a network of partnerships with research institutions in the South and East, focusing on the analysis and mitigation of syndromes of global change and globalisation. Its sub-group named IP6 focuses on institutional change and livelihood strategies: State policies as well as other regional and international institutions – which are exposed to and embedded in national economies and processes of globalisation and global change – have an impact on local people's livelihood practices and strategies as well as on institutions developed by the people themselves. On the other hand, these institutionally shaped livelihood activities have an impact on livelihood outcomes and the sustainability of resource use. Understanding how the micro- and macro-levels of this institutional context interact is of vital importance for developing sustainable local natural resource management as well as supporting local livelihoods. For an update of IP6 activities see http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch (>Individual Projects > IP6) The IP6 Working Paper Series presents preliminary research emerging from IP6 for discussion and critical comment. Author Sultan-i-Rome, Ph.D. Village & Post Office Hazara, Tahsil Kabal, Swat–19201, Pakistan e-mail: [email protected] Distribution A Downloadable pdf version is availale at www.nccr- north-south.unibe.ch (-> publications) Cover Photo The Swat Valley with Mingawara, and Upper Swat in the background (photo Urs Geiser) All rights reserved with the author.
    [Show full text]
  • Pakistan State Oil (PSO) (Situations Vacant) Supply Chain
    Pakistan State Oil (PSO) (Situations Vacant) Test held on 24 May, 2015 Supply Chain Sr # RollNo FormNo Name Father Name NIC NTS Marks 1 30120048 103573 MUHAMMAD SHAHARYAR IRFAN HABIB 35202-0273636-7 74 2 33120099 108199 KHALID HAMEED ABDUL HAMEED SHAIKH 43203-4867815-9 72 3 39120010 108389 KHAWAJA HASSAN SHARIF KHAWAJA KHURAM PERVAIZ 34101-2772667-5 72 4 30120006 107380 ZOHAIB RIAZ MUHAMMAD RIAZ ALI KHAN 37102-1316802-5 69 5 33120092 100820 ALIYA JABEEN FARID UR REHMAN 42101-1278242-2 69 6 39120034 111460 MUHAMMAD WAQAS MUNAWAR HUSSAIN 33201-2676219-9 69 7 33120023 108929 ZAIN ANSARI ATHER JAMIL ANSARI 42201-2401618-5 68 8 39120071 110478 ADIL NASIM NASIM NAWAZ 35202-7623198-3 68 9 33120031 109689 ABDULLAH ASIF FARUQUI MUHAMMAD ASIF FARUQUI 42201-6159348-5 68 10 39120057 108779 MUHAMMAD BILAL ABDUL WAHID 90401-0116768-7 67 11 30120009 107955 HASNAIN SAFDAR SHEIKH SAFDAR IQBAL 37405-0397995-3 67 12 33120074 105725 IRFAN ABBAN INAYATULLAH ABBAN 42201-4002110-3 67 13 33120063 105649 TALAL KARIM SHAIKH ABDUL KARM 42301-8649974-1 67 14 39120017 101396 SHAHRYAR MUHAMMAD ASLAM 34401-4042198-5 67 15 33120112 115045 MEDHAT HAMARAT MIRJAT MUHAMMAD HASHIM MIRJAT 41204-2489262-7 67 16 33120026 100908 ABDUL SAMAD SHEIKH IMTIAZ AHMED 42201-5454154-7 66 17 30120005 100613 MUHAMMAD ALI FARZAND ALI 61101-4591266-1 65 18 33120059 100059 SHAHEER DAR BASALAT DAR 42301-3449669-3 65 19 33120040 101407 MUHAMMAD FAISAL ABDUL SHAKOOR 45502-7948909-7 65 20 33120017 102749 MUHAMMAD HARIS VAYANI ABDUL RASHEED VAYANI 42201-8490903-5 65 21 33120051 103041 JUNAID JAWED
    [Show full text]