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Home , Malik Barkat Ali, Mian (title), Mian Muhammad Shafi, Montgomery District

Journal of Languages, Culture and Civilization Volume 2, Issue 3, September 2020, Pages: 199-210 Homepage: http: jlcc.spcrd.org ISSN(P): 2708-3748

Pakpattan during the Twentieth Century: A Historical Study

Muhammad Sajid a, Zafar Mohyuddin b, Humera Naz c

a Lecturer, Department of History, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad. b Lecturer, Department of History and Studies, University of Sargodha. c Assistant Curator, Taxila Museum, Directorate General of Archeology, .

Corresponding author’s email: [email protected]

Received: 30 June 2020, Published 31 September, 2020

Abstract Pakpattan District is an important historical town and spiritual center. It had a rich historical legacy and witnessed many dynasties and regimes. During 20th century, the area remained a peripheral and underdeveloped region of British Punjab. The geographical and demographic features of the area are also highlighted with shifting trends in present study. The study is an attempt to understand the nature of colonial structure, reforms and political developments in the area. The working of colonial patronage structure through district bureaucracy and creation of local political elite among the loyalist classes is analyzed. The role of these local collaborates of Raj in maintaining law and order and collection of revenue also analyzed in the study. The local political elite and influential families are listed and evaluated to establish historical roots of political dominance of landed aristocracy and spiritual elite under British patronage system. The study also made an effort to understand the political transition in the area in relation to provincial and central governments and political developments in . The regional and local study is aimed to understand grand narrative of history through localized case study. Keywords Pakpattan District, political development in Punjab, Colonial patronage, landed aristocracy of Punjab, Canal colonization.

DOI Number: 10.47067/jlcc.v2i3.26 © 2021 The authors. Published by SPCRD Global publishing. This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attributions-NonCommercial 4.0

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Introduction The very first name of the Pakpattan was Ajudhan. Ram Chander’s family gave this name to the city. This city remained a capital of “Chalukia Raj Dhani”. When Alexander the great entered in India, the city was also on the map of the world. At the time of battle of “Mahabharata” its name was “Dhara Nagri”. (Punjab District Gazetteers, 1932: 64). It was given many names during different spans of time. It was given names such as “Gurwa”, “Anheel Wara” and “Anit Pattan”. Ibn-i-Batuta had referred it as Ajodhan in his travelogue written around 1234 AD. Mughal Emperor, Akbar the Great gave it the name of Pakpattan by keeping the sanctity of shrine of Hazrat Baba Fareed-ud-Din Masood Gunj Shakar in view.(Gazetteers of the Punjab, 1983: 69) The town of Pakpattan served as Tehsil Headquarter of the District Montgomery () during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It also served as the headquarter of the Satluj Valley Project of canal colonization during the early half of twentieth century. In 1990, Pakpattan sub-division was declared as district with the merger of Arifwala sub- division.(District Census Report of Pakpattan, 1999: 4). During nineteenth century, Arifwala was only a village named as Chak No. 61/HB. Later it was called Arifwala because of a landlord named ‘Arif’ having agriculture land in this village. In 1908, Lt. Governor ‘Hurbert’ founded a new city of Arifwala. (Punjab District Gazetteers, 1932: 76). In 1936 the Lt. Governor of Punjab inaugurated the Water Works Scheme. In 1987, Arifwala was raised to the status of sub- division and in 1995 it was attached to Pakpattan District. (District Census Report of Pakpattan, 1999: 4). Location and Boundaries The district Pakpattan lies between 30-06 and 30-38 north latitudes and 73-03 and 73-36 east longitudes. Sahiwal and Okara Districts bound it on the north, on the east by , on the south-east by Bahawalnagar District separating the two districts by Satluj River and on the west by Vihari District. The district has natural boundaries of river Satluj and Sukh Bias, which depart it from Bahawalnagar District and Sahiwal, Okara Districts. (District Census Report of Pakpattan, 1999: 1). The total area of this district is 2,724 square kilometers or 674, 212 acres. The cultivated area is 615, 693 acres while the un-irrigated area is 50, 519 acres. Pakpattan District is a flat plain. The general elevation of the area is about 150 meters above sea level. (District Census Report of Pakpattan, 1999: 1). River Satluj lies on the south-eastern portion of Pakpattan District. Haweli Lakha is located on its east. On the south-east flows Satluj River that creates also a natural boundary here between Pakistan and India. The traditional name of Satluj River in Pakpattan District is ‘Nili’, which is on account of the colour of its blue water. (Gazetteers of the Punjab, 1983: 530) This district is not rich in mineral production. However, Salt petre is found in abundance here. This ‘Kallar’ is not that one called Kallar which is harmful for crops. The Tehsil Arifwala was famous for the production of melons throughout the country and even exported to other

200 countries i.e. Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, India and Iran etc. (District Census Report of Pakpattan, 1999: 1). The major means of irrigation in the district are canals and tube wells. Depalpur Canal, originating from Gandasingh Wala Head Works in Kasur District, enters the district from east and irrigates the northern half of the district. Pakpattan Canal originated from Sulemanki Head Works. This canal and its branch namely Khadir branch irrigates a vast area of the district. (Punjab District Gazetteers, 1932: 130). Local fairs are held on different occasions at different places. People participate in these in jolly moods and draw leisure. Luddi and Jhumer are folk dances of Pakpattan District that are performed on marriages. In the villages, people are dressed in Chader, shirts or kurta (long shirt), pagrhi (turban) and locally made shoes are worn. Women folk wear ghaghra or long shirts, maghli or lungi, shirts and locally made shoes. The new settlers of canal colonies wear shalwar and long shirts. Men also wear achken or sherwani on important occasions. The dress code has gradually changed not only in settlers but in locals as well. (Punjab District Gazetteers, 1932: 130). Administrative Setup: Executive The Deputy Commissioner, Pakpattan is incharge of the district. One Additional Deputy Commissioner (General) and three Magistrates work under his command. Two Assistant Commissioners, two Tehsildars and eleven Naib Tehsildars on revenue sides also assist him. The colony Assistant / General Assistant Revenue also assists the Deputy Commissioner. (District Census Report of Pakpattan, 1999: 7). The local government ordinance transformed the system of administration. It worked under the political authority of District Nazim, and District Coordination Officer assisted him in running the administrative affairs in the first decade of twenty first century. However, DCO now enjoys real authority after change in local bodies ordinance. Judiciary and Police The District and Sessions Judge Pakpattan under whom one Senior Civil Judge, eight Civil Judges and three Additional Sessions Judges and three Judicial Magistrates are working, leads judicial administration. (District Census Report of Pakpattan, 1999: 7). In the department of Police, the Senior Superintendent of Police Pakpattan is assisted by four Deputy Superintendents of Police along with SHOs in their respective police Stations. Population After the colonization of the district Montgomery in the start of the 20th century, the population of district gradually increased. Detail of population growth in the District Montgomery including area of Tehsil Pakpattan

Year Population

1891 417,000

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1901 429,674

1911 481,965

1921 685,690

1931 999,772

1941 1329,000

(Punjab District Gazetteers, 1932: 82) Table of population growth in Pakpattan

Year Population

1891 111,971

1901 121,776

1911 146,421

1921 *141,417

1931 237,013

1951 381,000

1961 440,000

1972 616,000

1981 844,000

1998 1,286,680

2017 1,823,687

(Noon, 1933: 2). There has been steady increased in the population since 1891 except in the period between 1911- 1921 due to two reasons i.e. (a) emigration on the advent of the adjoining Lower Bari Doab Colony. (b) Unprecedented Influenza epidemic in the winter of 1918-19.

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Communal composition of the Montgomery District

Communities 1881 1891 1931

Muslims 77.48% 72.45% 69.77%

Hindus 19.69% 21.32% 10.44%

Sikhs 2.8% 3.21% 14.82%

Depressed classes ------3.24%

Christians 0.2% 0.2% 1.73%

The above figure showed that although the area remained pre-dominantly Muslim, but the population of Sikh rapidly increased due to the colonization of the area. (Punjab District Gazetteers, 1932: 82). The total population of Pakpattan District was 1,286,680 as enumerated in March 1998 with an intercensal percentage increase of 52.5 since March 1981 when it was 843,623 souls. The average annual growth rate was 2.5 percent during this period. The total area of district is 2,724 square Kilometers, which gives population density of 472 persons per square kilometers as against 310 persons observed in 1981 indicating a fast growth rate of the district. (District Census Report of Pakpattan, 1999: 13). There were 573 Mauzas (a smallest revenue unit) in 1998. Of which 21 had population over five thousand, 209 had population 2500, 155 had population of one to two thousand, 186 head under 1000 persons while two were un-inhabited. As emerged from 1998 census the population of district is pre-dominantly Muslim i.e. 99.2 percent. The next higher percentage is of Christians with 0.8 % points. (District Census Report of Pakpattan, 1999: 13) Literacy Rate The 1931 Census Report showed the standard of the literacy in the district about 6% in male and 0.67% in female. (Punjab District Gazetteers, 1932: 297).While according to the Census of 1981 Literacy was 16.9%, and according to the1998 Census it reached to 34.7%. Literacy rate for male is 47% and for female 21.3%.(District Census Report of Pakpattan, 1999: 22) Newspapers According to the Montgomery Gazetteers, seven newspapers and periodicals were published in 1931. The weekly The Islah and the weekly Aftab in Urdu were the leading newspapers. Both had the approximate circulation of 500 copies each. The Risala Petition-writer in Urdu was monthly but not regular and the Humdard in Urdu was a weekly with approximate circulation of 250, published from Montgomery. While The Pakpattan in Urdu with the approximate circulation of hundred copies and the weekly The Nili in Urdu were published from Pakpattan.

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The Market Report published from Okara in Urdu, when there was a change in market rates and its approximate circulation was one hundred. (Punjab District Gazetteers, 1932: 303). Languages According to the Census of 1931, the linguistic divide of the population, who were found to speak the languages specified as their mother tongue was as follows: Punjabi 42.97% Lahnda (Jatki Dialect) 53.5% Urdu 1.7% Other Languages 2% (Punjab District Gazetteers, 1932: 90). While according to the 1998 Census: Punjabi 95.9% Urdu 3.7% Pushto 0.3% (District Census Report of Pakpattan, 1999: 17). Canal Colonization of the Area The process of agricultural colonization commenced in the Western Punjab from 1885, and it continued till the final year of the British rule. The nine canal colonies developed in this period were situated in the west of the Bias-Satluj and east of the Jehlum Rivers. The canals were led out primarily on un-cultivated land, which was inhabited by semi-nomadic population of cattle grazers and camel owners. (Ali, 2003:8). The Satluj Valley Project was delayed and an intermediate arrangement was made for the irrigation of settled villages and a considerable area of crown waste in Pakpattan Tehsil. By means of inundation canals locally designed, excavated by local labour, and managed by the Deputy Commissioner. Payments for the labour of excavation were given in the form of temporary leases of the crown waste. The chief of these inundation canals bore the names and commemorated the efforts of two Deputy Commissioners of the district, Mr. A. J. W. Kitchin (1898-1901) and Mr. Miles Irving (1909 to1931). The both canals were super-seeded by channels of the Satluj Valley system latter on. (Noon, 1933: 11). In the year 1910, the Valley line of the southern Punjab Railway was laid, passing through Pakpattan, which became the principal station between the junctions of Kasur and Lodhran. The proposed mandies at Pakpattan and Qabula never prospered as such. (Punjab District Gazetteers, 1932: 64). The next important colonization project was the construction of the Lower Bari Doab Canal as the great triple project in the year 1906 to 1913. Nili Bar Colony commenced in 1925 and continued till the last days of in India, it was the last major colonization project. The colony was part of the much larger Satluj Valley Project. The great bulk of the land in Pakpattan was made cultivable. The land was distributed among military pensioners, civilian peasants

204 grantees, local inhabitants and reward grants for criminal tribes and police grants were reserved. (Ali, 2003:29). The Depalpur and Pakpattan Canals with their sub branches like Khaddar branch were excavated and irrigated larger portion of the Pakpattan. The colonization not only opened new avenues for local population but it also offered great prospects for the people of other areas who migrated in these colonies. As the result of colonization, the population of the Punjab Province increased from 18.6 to 28.4 million during the year 1891 to 1941, it represented an increment of 52.36%. While in the Montgomery District population was increased by 219%. It was second massive increase after Lyallpur, where it was 221% increase in population. In the period from 1921 to 1930 the cultivated area increased by nearly three lakh acres in District Montgomery. (Noon, 1933: 27). Political Developments The area was less affected by the political developments in the early 20th century. After the 1857 large-scale disturbances, the British Raj consolidated their power, and established a strong administrative structure. The colonization projects of Lower Bari Doab and Nili Bar Project created a strong loyalist group and they were busy in getting more land. The other important factor of less political activity was that the Montgomery District was not considered as center of politics but a periphery. Although, the area was predominantly Muslim, but the and the were influential communities. Sikhs were rewarded with large tracts of land as the reward of military services, while the Hindus dominated in business. (Pasha, 1998: 166). Syed Muhammad Hussain was elected in all the three elections from 1921 to 1934 from Muhammadan, Rural constituency of Montgomery. The dominated the political scene, during the 1937 elections all the four seats were won by the Unionist. Malik Fateh Sher Khan, elected from Montgomery Muhammadan rural, Jagjit Singh Bedi, Tikka (Montgomery East -Sikh, Rural), Noor Ahmad Khan, Khan Sahib (Depalpur- Muhammadan, Rural), and Mahmood Hatiana, Mian, B.A. (Pakpattan- Muhammadan, Rural). Noor Ahmad Khan, and Sultan Mahmood Hotiana won the 1936 Election, convincingly due to the support of Sajjada Nasheen of Pakpattan, Diwan Said Muhammad. They also enjoyed the support of the loyalist Muslim landlords of the area. Sultan Mahmood defeated the League candidate Rana Abdul Hamid Khan. (Talbot, 1988: 85). After the elections the Unionist curbed the activities of All India Muslim League in the area. Pirzada Muhammad Anwar Chishti has revealed in his work, Matti ki Muhabbat, the difficulties his family experienced at the hands of local officials because of their opposition to the Unionists. They eventually had to leave their native area of Pakpattan for Arifwala, and were indeed, as paraphrase the great eighteenth century Urdu Poet, , foreign travelers in their own land. (Talbot, 1996: 205). Pirzada left no stone unturned to organize the League despite of hostilities. He worked as a President of League branch of Pakpattan, and Arifwala. (Mahmood, 1998: 491). While Mian worked hard to organize League in Tehsil Montgomery. Although, in 1941 Punjab Provincial Muslim League (PPML) was not a strong political force in the province. But it was a strong party in Montgomery District. In the city it had 227 members while in the whole district it had 20 branches and 3200 members. While the membership of PPML was

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14823 with 138 branches in the province. Iftikhar Hussain Mamdot, and Mian Mumtaz Daultana worked hard to organize and popularized the League. (Sheikh, 1999: 274). The League organized a Public meeting at Montgomery in 1944, which was attended by ten thousand people. The former Unionist and even Sajjada Nashin of Pakpattan also joined the League. (Talbot, 1996: 91). The Unionist Party’s activists also attempted to make use of the Pir’s influence. The Montgomery District Zamindara League Organizer, Agha Barkat Ali Khan, set up a camp during the urs ceremonies at the Shrine of Baba Farid at Pakpattan. Multitudes flocked to the shrine that was famous for its Door of Paradise. Pakpattan was considered hostile land, however, for the Unionist workers. The large quantity of literature, gramophone records, and even the touring film van, used by Unionists counted for little in the face of the hostility of the Dergah authorities. In marked contrast with the Muslim League, the Unionists were not permitted to hold a meeting in the shrine itself. Furthermore, the Sajjada Nasheens who had gathered at Pakpattan refused to sign the Unionist manifesto that Agha Barkat Ali had especially prepared. (Talbot, 1996: 91). The League Campaign for Pakistan gathered momentum; it emerged victorious in 1946 Elections. It won all the three Muslim seats in the district. Mian Abdul Haq defeated his Unionist rival M. Noor Muhammad, he secured 87.9% votes, while Syed Ashiq Hussain from Depalpur Constituency secured 68.3% votes. In Pakpattan Rana Abdul Hameed Khan defeated his old Unionist rival Sultan Mahmood Hotiana and secured 63.2%.(Talbot, 1988: 130). The fourth Sikh seat was won by Narindar Singh Sant from (Montgomery East -Sikh Rural). The Muslim League victory in the 1946 elections paved the way for creation of Pakistan. This area was included in Pakistan. Although, Sikh strongly advocated the preservation of their land allotted in canal colonies and reminded the British their valuable military services. The Sikhs demanded that in case of any division, an independent Sikh state consisting of the whole of Jullundhur, Ambala, and division, together with Montgomery and Lyallpur Districts should be created.(Singh, 7 April 1946.) The Congress and Sikh leaders in the Interim Government were repeatedly requesting that some Muslim majority districts like Gurdaspur, Lyallpur and Montgomery should be made a part of the ‘East Punjab’. On the other hand, Sardar Baldev Singh, the Defense Minister of the Interim Government, asked Sikhs to be prepared to make all sacrifices if the verdict of the Boundary Commission went against them. (Dar, 2003: 82). The Boundary Commission’s decesion was disturbing news for the Sikh community as they were liable to lose countless farms and properties in Montgomery and other districts. (Dar, 2003: 91). The serious communal disturbances in Amritsar and Lahore eventually created an environment of fear and panic in most districts in the Punjab. The signs of panic were more visible in Lyallpur, Jullundhur, and to a lesser extent, Montgomery District. (Dar, 2003: 87). There were some skirmishes occurred, as in the Pakpattan Tehsil an unorganized group of the Muslims attacked the Sikh village Kartaro, but Sikh defended successfully due to the batter weapons and batter organization. Ralph Izzard, the Daily Mail correspondent, witnessed “first signs of trouble” at Montgomery Railway Station during his train journey from Karachi to Lahore. The platforms were packed

206 with Hindu and Sikh refugees waiting desperately for transport to India. In the week ending 30 October 1947, over 570,000 Muslim refugees were said to have crossed into Pakistan via Amritsar and Ferozpur alone, while some 471,000 non-Muslims crossed the other way. (Pandey, 2001: 36). The large-scale migration not only changed the demographic structure, but also affected the economic, social, and political life of the people of the area. Many refugee settlements were emerged in the area. The people started a new life in changed circumstances. Political Representatives of the area Punjab Legislative Council First Council (January 8, 1921 to October 27, 1923) Bawa Hardit Singh Bedi (Montgomery — Sikh Landholders) Syed Muhammad Hussain (Shergarh, Montgomery -- Muhammadan, Rural) Second Council (January 2, 1924 to October 27, 1926) Syed Muhammad Hussein (Montgomery --Muhammadan, Rural) Third Council (January 3, 1927 to July 26, 1930) Syed Muhammad Hussein (Montgomery — Muhammadan, Rural) Punjab Legislative Assembly First Assembly (April 5, 1937 to March 19, 1945) Malik Fateh Sher Khan (Montgomery — Muhammadan, Rural) Tikka Jagjit Singh Bedi (Montgomery East — Sikh, Rural) Khan Sahib Mian Noor Ahmad Khan (Depalpur — Muhammadan, Rural) Mian Sultan Mahmood Hatiana, B.A. (Pakpattan — Muhammadan, Rural) Second Assembly (March 21, 1946 to July 4, 1947) Rana Abdul Hamid Khan, B.A., LL.B. (Pakpattan — Muhammadan, Rural) Mian Abdul Haq (Okara — Muhammadan, Rural) Syed Ashiq Hussain (Depalpur— Muhammadan, Rural) Mehr Khan Muhammad Khan Kathia (Montgomery — Muhammadan, Rural) Sant Narindar Singh (Montgomery East — Sikh Rural) First Assembly (August 15, 1947 to January 25, 1949) Mian Abdul Haq (Okara — Muhammadan, Rural) — Home parliamentary secretary Rana Abdul Hamid Khan, B.A., LL.B. (Pakpattan — Muhammadan, Rural) Syed Ashiq Hussein (Depalpur Muhammadan, Rural) Sant Narindar Singh (Montgomery East — Sikh, Rural)

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Second Assembly (May 7, 1951 to October 14, 1955) Rana Abdul Hamid Khan (Montgomery-VIII — Muslim) Mian Abdul Haq (Montgomery-III — Muslim) Malik Bahawal Sher (Montgomery-II — Muslim) Joiya Faiz Ahmad (Montgomery-IX — Muslim Reserved Seat) Mr. Ghulam Sabir Khan (Montgomery-VI — Muslim Reserved Seat) Mian Ghulam Muhammad (Montgomery-VI — Muslim) Haji Shah, Saiyad (Montgomery-IX — Muslim) Syed Hassan Ali Shah (Montgomery-VII — Muslim) Haji Jalal Din Bhandara (Montgomery-VIII — Muslim Reserved Seat) Mr. Ahmad Khan (Montgomery-II — Muslim Reserved Seat) Malik Muhammad Jahangir Khan Langrial (Montgomery-I — Muslim) Mian Muhammad Khuda Yar Khan Maneka (Montgomery-X — Muslim). Mian Muhammad Sarwar Bodala (Montgomery-V — Muslim Reserved Seat) (Montgomery-VII — Muslim Reserved Seat) Malik Nur Muhammad (Montgomery-IV — Muslim) Syed Shah Nawaz, B.A (Montgomery-V — Muslim)

Provincial Assembly of West Pakistan (May 19, 1956 to October 7,1958) Malik Fateh Sher Langrial (Montgomery District) — Deputy Minister Prisons Mian Faiz Ahmed Joiya (Montgomery District) Rana Ghulam Sabir Khan (Montgomery District) Haji Syed Shah Qadri Gilani (Montgomery District) Syed Hassan Ali Shah (Montgomery District) Mr. Jalal-ud-Din Bhandara (Montgomery District) Rai Muhammad Iqbal Ahmed (Montgomery District) Mian Muhammad Shafi, M.A. (Montgomery District) Malik Noor Muhammad (Montgomery District) Syed Shah Nawaz, B.A. (Montgomery District)

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Conclusion The Pakpattan is the center of great attraction due to shrine of Hazrat Baba Farid. Baba Farid bears great influence on thinking and attitude of the people of that area. The majority of the people are traditionalists and belong to the profession of agriculture. The most of the semi- nomadic tribes abandoned their life style after the colonization of the area. The prosperity was witnessed in the area due to the canal irrigation. Pakpattan is still a less developed district with no large industries as compared to Sahiwal and Okara. The reason was being their logistic and communication facilities and its location i.e. on the main Grand Trunk Road (G. T. Road) and the main railway track between Lahore and Karachi. But the gradual transformations are undergone in economy, in society, and also literacy rate has increased. But despite of all these hardships, the people of the area actively participated in political movements. They struggled against the British in 1857, and struggled for in 1947. It reflected their love for freedom and independence. References Ali, Imran (2003). The Punjab Under Imperialism: 1885-1947 Karachi: Oxford. Awan, M. J. (1993). Therik-i-Azadi mein Punjab ka Kirdar: 1857-1947. Islamabad: Modern Book Depot. Bourne, F. C. and Wach, F. B. (1935). Punjab District Gazetteers: Montgomery District, vol. Xviii-a Lahore: Punjab Government. Carter, Lionel, comp. and ed., (2005). Punjab Politics, 1940-1943: Governor’s Fortnightly Reports and other Key Documents. Delhi: Manohar. Dar, Farooq Ahmad (2003) Communal Riots in the Punjab: 1947. Islamabad: National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research. District Census Report of Pakpattan: 1998, no. 52 (1999) Islamabad: Population Census Organization (Statistics Division). Dungen, P. H. M. Vanden (1972). The Punjab Tradition: Influence and Authority in Nineteenth- Century India. : George Allen. Extracts from the District and States Gazetteers of the Punjab (Pakistan),(1983). vol. I Lahore: Research Society of Pakistan. Mahmood, Sayed Qasim (1998). Encyclopedia Pakistanika. Karachi: Shahkar Book Foundation. Noon, Muhammad Hayat Khan (1933). Third Revised Settlement (1919-1922) of the Pakpattan and Depalpur Tehsils of the Montgomery District. Lahore: Punjab Government. Pasha, Mustafa Kamal (1998). Colonial Political Economy: Recruitment and Underdevelopment in the Punjab. Karachi: Oxford University Press.

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Pandey, Gyanendra (2001) Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism and History in India New Delhi: Foundation Books. Punjab District Gazetteers (1932) vol.XVIII, Montgomery District. Lahore: Punjab Government. Sheikh, Asad Salim (1999) Encyclopedia Tehrik-i-Pakistan. Lahore: Sang-i-Meel Publications. Talbot, Ian (1996). Freedom’s Cry: The Popular Dimension in the Pakistan Movement and Partition Experience in North-West India. Karachi: Oxford University Press. Talbot, Ian (1988).Provincial Politics and the Pakistan Movement: the Growth of the Muslim League in North-West and North-East India 1937-47. Karachi: Oxford University Press.

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