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Forestry in the Princely State of Swat and Kalam (North-West Pakistan)

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Forestry in the Princely State of Swat and Kalam (North-West Pakistan) Forestry in the Princely State of Swat and Kalam (North-West Pakistan) A Historical Perspective on Norms and Practices IP6 Working Paper No.6 Sultan-i-Rome, Ph.D. 2005 Forestry in the Princely State of Swat and Kalam (North-West Pakistan) A Historical Perspective on Norms and Practices IP6 Working Paper No.6 Sultan-i-Rome, Ph.D. 2005 The Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South is based on a network of partnerships with research institutions in the South and East, focusing on the analysis and mitigation of syndromes of global change and globalisation. Its sub-group named IP6 focuses on institutional change and livelihood strategies: State policies as well as other regional and international institutions – which are exposed to and embedded in national economies and processes of globalisation and global change – have an impact on local people's livelihood practices and strategies as well as on institutions developed by the people themselves. On the other hand, these institutionally shaped livelihood activities have an impact on livelihood outcomes and the sustainability of resource use. Understanding how the micro- and macro-levels of this institutional context interact is of vital importance for developing sustainable local natural resource management as well as supporting local livelihoods. For an update of IP6 activities see http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch (>Individual Projects > IP6) The IP6 Working Paper Series presents preliminary research emerging from IP6 for discussion and critical comment. Author Sultan-i-Rome, Ph.D. Village & Post Office Hazara, Tahsil Kabal, Swat–19201, Pakistan e-mail: [email protected] Distribution A Downloadable pdf version is availale at www.nccr- north-south.unibe.ch (-> publications) Cover Photo The Swat Valley with Mingawara, and Upper Swat in the background (photo Urs Geiser) All rights reserved with the author. Copyright © Sultan-i-Rome 2005 To Abdul Halim Advocate (Ghaligay, Swat) Acknowledgements Research on subjects like the present study is always a hard and painstaking undertaking and could not be completed without assistance and cooperation of others. A number of persons assisted and cooperated in course of this study. Rustam Ali Qazalbash and Irfanullah Khan (Research officers), Liaqat Ali and the other staff members of the Tribal Affairs Research Cell, Peshawar; Mian Muqarab Shah, Range Officer, Pakistan Forest Institute; Qalb-e-Ali and Mumtaz Hasan of the Library of Pakistan Forest Institute; Muqarab Khan and the other members the Record Section at the Directorate of Archives and Libraries, Peshawar, greatly cooperated during the course of my research work in the said places. Saifullah Khan (Mingawara, Swat), Assistant Professor in History, Govt. Jahanzeb Post- Graduate College, Saidu Sharif, Swat, cooperated and assisted a lot. Saeed-uz-Zaman, Project Director, Palas Conservation Project, Indus Kohistan, and Sultan Alam M.Phil. (Dedawar, Swat), Lecturer in Chemistry, Government, Jahanzeb Post-Graduate College, Saidu Sharif, Swat cooperated. Nawsherawan Khan Advocate (Kotah, Swat) and Ghulam Taqi Bangash, Ph.D., Professor and Chairman, Department of History, and Dean, Faculty of Arts, University of Peshawar, showed their interest in the study all along. Abdul Halim Advocate (Ghaligay, Swat; formerly Information Officer-cum-Assistant Secretary, Swat State); Shah Salam Khan Advocate (Chail, Swat Kohistan, presently: Gulkada, Swat); Abdul Wahab Khan M.Phil. (Ronryal, Swat), Assistant Professor in Biology, Government Degree College Matta, Swat, encouraged me and cooperated and took interest in the study all along. They went through the draft of the report thoroughly and minutely. Their evaluation contributed to the improvement and refinement of the report. The present study would have been not possible without the support my elder brothers, Alamzeb Bacha and Sultan Mahmud, which they extended all the time. Their sons also shared some of the burden of my domestic engagements. My wife showed her interest in the completion of the study and also shouldered a lot of responsibilities. Being in charge of the Pakistan research component of the research programme undertaken by a consortium of six Swiss research organisations, of which the present study is a part, Urs Geiser, Ph.D., initiated the work, developed the draft proposal, asked some queries after going through the draft report and coordinated to his best. The Swiss National Science Foundation and the Swiss Directorate for Development and Cooperation (SDC) funded the study. I am grateful to all the above mentioned and to those who took interest in the study and facilitated me anyway but whose names remained unmentioned, though not wilfully; and also to all those, quoted or not, who gave their precious time to be interviewed and provided valuable information. Contents Acknowledgements 7 Contents 8 Abbreviations 10 Glossary 12 1 Introduction 16 2 Political History 19 2.1 Geography 19 2.2 Early History 20 2.3 Genesis of Swat State 24 2.4 Expansion of the State 26 2.5 Brief History up till Merger of the State 28 3 Land Ownership in the Pre- and Swat State Periods 31 3.1 The Traditional Wesh System 31 3.2 Abolition of the Traditional Wesh System 34 3.3 When Did the Permanent Settlement Took Place? 37 3.4 Misconceptions about the Wesh System and the Permanent Settlementt 38 3.5 Land Ownership in Indus and Swat Kohistan 41 4 Forest Use During the Pre- Swat State Period 45 4.1 Ownership and Privileges 45 4.2 Traditional Use 47 4.3 Past System of Management 48 5 The Walis Period (1917-1947) 58 5.1 Forests Declared State Ownership 58 5.2 When did the State Claimed the Proprietorship 59 5.3 The Colonial Government Steps 61 5.4 Obstacles in Proper Conservancy 63 5.5 Steps for Conservancy of the Forests 67 5.6 Some Other Points 72 5.7 Cutting Kept Continued 73 5.8 Forest Service 74 5.9 Rights and Concessions 75 6 Kalam Tract 77 6.1 Agreement with the Gawri Tribes 78 6.2 Past System of Management 81 6.3 Survey of the Forests and Recommendations 82 6.4 Complications 87 6.5 Occupation by Swat State 94 7 The Walis Period (1947-1969) – An Overview 100 7.1 Instrument of Accession 100 7.2 Change of Ruler 102 7.3 Supplementary Instrument of Accession 102 7.4 Forest Management Service 103 7.5 Rights and Concessions 104 7.6 Control 105 7.7 Illegal Cutting and Smuggling 105 8 Conclusion 107 Bibliography 115 Forestry in the Princely State of Swat and Kalam Abbreviations B.N. Bundle Number CC Chief Commissioner CCAGG Chief Commissioner and Agent to the Governor General CCF Chief Conservator of Forests CCOP Files of the Chief Commissioner Office, Peshawar, at the Directorate of Archives and Libraries, Peshawar CNWFPD Confidential, North-West Frontier Provincial [Political] Diary COP Files of the Commissioner Office, Peshawar, at the Directorate of Archives and Libraries, Peshawar CS Chief Secretary DCOP Files of the Deputy Commissioner Office, Peshawar, at the Directorate of Archives and Libraries, Peshawar DCF Deputy Conservator of Forests DFO Divisional Forest Officer D.O. Demi Official DSC Dir, Swat and Chitral F.N. File Number FO Foreign Office FPD Foreign and Political Department FS Foreign Secretary GG Governor General Govt. Government GI Government of India GP Government of Pakistan IA Interview by the Author IGF Inspector-General of Forests JS Joint Secretary MSFR Ministry of States and Frontier Regions NWF North-West Frontier NWFP North-West Frontier Province NWFP:RBA The North-West Frontier of Pakistan: Report on the Border Administration PA Political Agent PRFANWFP Progress Report on Forest Administration in the North-West Frontier Province PRFA-WF Progress Report on the Forests in the West Pakistan PS Political Secretary RABNWFP Report on the Administration of the Border of the North-West Frontier Province RC Revenue Commissioner Secy Secretary 10 SCC Secretary to the Chief Commissioner SDSC Spedding, Dinga Singh and Company (Timber Merchants and Contractor) SFRD States and Frontier Regions Division S.N. Serial Number TARC Tribal Affairs Research Cell, Home and Tribal Affairs Department, Government of North-West Frontier Province, Peshawar 11 Forestry in the Princely State of Swat and Kalam Glossary The meanings of the local words and terms have been given in the text on the spot. Here only those words and terms are given which are either used more than once or could not be given in the text due to the length. Ajars: The Ajars are a segment of the Gujars. Unlike the majority of the Gujars, they practiced nomadism by proceeding to the down plains in winter, along with their cattle etc. and belongings, and to the high up hills and pastures (Bandas) in the summer. They possessed cattle, few ponies (for transporting their belongings and foodstuff), dogs for protection and few number of goats also. Bacha/Badshah: A King; an emperor; a monarch. Banda (plural: Banday/Bandajat): Hamlet; remote pasture in the hills with few residential quarters. Dala: Party; faction. Traditionally the Swat’s Pukhtuns and also of the other areas that later became part of Swat State as well as the inhabitants of Swat and Indus Kohistan were divided into two rival factions or parties each one known as dala. However, the word party and faction did not stand for and never gives the sense, which the term dala has. Dawtar also spelled as daftar/dafter: The land liable to re-allotment in the traditional wesh system. The owners of dawtar had the proportionate shares in all the categories of land of the village or locality where they had their shares in the dawtar and other related privileges and obligations as well. Garzinda Wesh: Literally moving distribution/allotment, meaning non-permanent; the wesh system under which the dawtar landowners had to shift from one locality/village to another at regular intervals and to take their shares in the new place for the next tenure.
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