DOCSLIB.ORG

Positive Economic Analysis of the Constitutions - Case of Formation of the First Constitution of Pakistan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Positive Economic Analysis of the Constitutions - Case of Formation of the First Constitution of Pakistan Positive Economic Analysis of the Constitutions - Case of Formation of the First Constitution of Pakistan Inaugural – Dissertation zur Erlangung der wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Doktorwürde des Fachbereichs Wirtschaftswissenschaften der Philipps-Universität Marburg eingereicht von: Amber Sohail (MBA aus Chakwal, Pakistan) Erstgutachter: Prof Dr. Stefan Voigt Zweitgutachter: Prof Dr.Bernd Hayo Einreichungstermin: 27. August 2012 Prüfungstermin: 25.Oktober 2012 Erscheinungsort: Marburg Hochschulkennziffer: 1180 Positive Economic Analysis of the Constitutions - Case of Formation of the First Constitution of Pakistan PhD Dissertation Department of Business Administartion and Economics Philipps-Universität Marburg Amber Sohail First Supervisor: Prof Dr. Stefan Voigt Second Supervisor: Prof Dr.Bernd Hayo Defense Date: 25.Oktober 2012 : Pakistan in 19561 1Image taken from the online resource “Story of Pakistan”. The cities marked as Lahore, Peshawar and Quetta are the provincial capitals of Punjab, NWFP and Baluchistan respectively. Karachi was the provincial capital of Sind as well as the capital of Pakistan in 1956. The silver line at the top of West Pakistan demaracates the disputed area, Kashmir. East Pakistan laid across India and had Dacca/Dhaka as the provincial capital. 3 Acknowledgements First of all I would like to thank my supervisor and mentor Professor Stefan Voigt for all the guidance that he provided. After 3 years of research when I look back at my initial documents, they seem embarrassingly inadequate and I once again marvel at the patience he showed while reading them. He not only read those documents but appreciated and encouraged me every step of the way. His guidance was so complete that I was able to finish my project in time and in a satisfactory manner despite many odds. I would also like to thank the wonderful scholars and academics who make up a great team with Prof Voigt. I would like to specially thank Nora-El Bialy, Sang Min Park, Matthias Dauner and Jerg Gutmann whose valuable inputs shaped my research for the better. I also owe my gratitude to the University of Marburg which gave me necessary resources and an opportunity to carry out my project. They have excellent faculty and infrastructure which help a scholar focus very diligently on the research. In addition I am grateful to my husband and my father who have supported me in every way they could. This project would not have been here without their help. 4 Abstract This book attempts an economic analysis of the first constitution of Pakistan. We use Rational Choice Model to carry out our research. We propose that the collective choice of constitution-making can be broken down to individual choices aggregated through aggregation mechanisms. Thus we analyse the decision-making at an individual level and take every member of the constitutional assembly as an individual unit. Assuming that the members of constitutional assembly are not participating in the process with altruistic motivations rather they participate because of their own self-interest and to maximize their own utility function. We chose to analyse six constitutional rules and developed hypotheses accordingly. Afterwards four other rules were also discussed because of their importance for the society and the constitutional makers. We used the constitutional choices of system of government, form of government, amendment rules, and human rights as dependent variables and the personal traits of members as independent variables. We find that in case of structure of government the ethnic majorities, linguistic majorities, political and religious majorities favored more the presidential system. While the political and religious minorities as expected favored the parliamentary system. In case of federalism we found out that as expected the older age group members, landowners and foreign educated members favored more the unitary system. Lastly for human rights, we found that that majority (ethnic, linguistic, political and religious) will try to curtail human rights for others. Similarly we assumed that minorities will opt for broader human rights which were corroborated by results in case of political and religious minorities but were not supported by empirical analysis in case of ethnic minority and linguistic minority. 5 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................ 4 Abstract .............................................................................................................................................. 5 Glossary ............................................................................................................................................. 9 List of Tables ................................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter I: Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 11 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 12 2 Constitutional Economics .......................................................................................................... 12 3 Constitution-making .................................................................................................................. 13 4 Constitution-Makers and Self Interest ....................................................................................... 15 Chapter II: Constitutions and their Formation ................................................................................. 17 1 ViewPoints on Constitutions ..................................................................................................... 18 2 What is a Constitution? .............................................................................................................. 18 3 Functionality of Constitutions ................................................................................................... 20 4 Formation of a Constitution ....................................................................................................... 22 5 Endogenising Constitutions ....................................................................................................... 24 Chapter III: An Economic Model of Individual Behavior in a Constitutional Setting .................... 28 1 The Economic Model of Constitutions ...................................................................................... 29 2 Rationality in Constitution-Making Settings ............................................................................. 32 3 Self-Interest in Constitution-Making Settings ........................................................................... 34 Chapter IV: Implications of the Model ............................................................................................ 37 1 The Designing of Pakistan’s Constitution ................................................................................. 38 2 Personal Attributes under Consideration ................................................................................... 40 3 A Snapshot of Country and Constitutional Assembly in 1956 .................................................. 41 4 Conjectures ................................................................................................................................ 43 Chapter V: Data Sources and Methodology .................................................................................... 59 1 Data Sources .............................................................................................................................. 60 6 2 Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 62 Chapter VI: Background Information of Pakistan and the Constitutional Assemblies of Pakistan .......................................................................................................................................... 66 1 Background about Pakistan in 1956 .......................................................................................... 67 2 States of Pakistan in 1956 .......................................................................................................... 67 3 Interest Groups in the Society .................................................................................................... 70 4 Interim Constitution of Pakistan ................................................................................................ 72 5 First Constitutional Assembly of Pakistan ................................................................................ 75 6 Delay in Constitution Making ................................................................................................... 79 7 Second Constitutional Assembly of Pakistan ............................................................................ 82 Chapter VII: Short Biographical Sketches of Members of Constitutional Assembly ..................... 89 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 90 2 Members of East Pakistan ......................................................................................................... 90 3 Members of West Pakistan
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Makers-Of-Modern-Sindh-Feb-2020
    Sindh Madressah’s Roll of Honor MAKERS OF MODERN SINDH Lives of 25 Luminaries Sindh Madressah’s Roll of Honor MAKERS OF MODERN SINDH Lives of 25 Luminaries Dr. Muhammad Ali Shaikh SMIU Press Karachi Alma-Mater of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Karachi Aiwan-e-Tijarat Road, Karachi-74000 Pakistan. This book under title Sindh Madressah’s Roll of Honour MAKERS OF MODERN SINDH Lives of 25 Luminaries Written by Professor Dr. Muhammad Ali Shaikh 1st Edition, Published under title Luminaries of the Land in November 1999 Present expanded edition, Published in March 2020 By Sindh Madressatul Islam University Price Rs. 1000/- SMIU Press Karachi Copyright with the author Published by SMIU Press, Karachi Aiwan-e-Tijarat Road, Karachi-74000, Pakistan All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any from or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer, who may quote brief passage in a review Dedicated to loving memory of my parents Preface ‘It is said that Sindh produces two things – men and sands – great men and sandy deserts.’ These words were voiced at the floor of the Bombay’s Legislative Council in March 1936 by Sir Rafiuddin Ahmed, while bidding farewell to his colleagues from Sindh, who had won autonomy for their province and were to go back there. The four names of great men from Sindh that he gave, included three former students of Sindh Madressah. Today, in 21st century, it gives pleasure that Sindh Madressah has kept alive that tradition of producing great men to serve the humanity.
    [Show full text]
  • Competing As Lawyers
    Hear students’ thoughts Forget candy, flowers. Sideravages run Disney: about how Feb. 14 What ideal gifts would 48 miles in four days. should be celebrated. you give loved ones? Sound crazy? It’s true! Read page 3. Read pages 6, 7. Read page 8. February 2018 Kennedy High School 422 Highland Avenue The Waterbury, Conn. 06708 Eagle Flyer Volume XIII, Issue V Competing Legal Eagles: Kennedy’s Mock Trial team as lawyers By Jenilyn Djan Staff Writer Win or lose...they still prevailed. Students are already contemplat- ing the 2018 season after competing at the Waterbury Courthouse Thurs- day Dec. 7, 2017 for the Mock Trial Regional competition, where students practiced a semi-altered case mimick- ing an actual trial about whether a man was guilty for the deaths of four fam- ily members aboard his ship. Students won their defense while the prosecu- tion side lost. “It was a good season, even though I was just an alternate. I was able to learn a lot this year,” Melany Junco, a sophomore. Students have been practicing since August 29, 2017 once a week every Monday for this competition, and have even done a few Saturday and addi- LEGAL EAGLES tional practice sessions to be more pre- The defense side of the team won vance to the next round next season. Kennedy’s Mock Trial team competed at the Waterbury Court Thursday, Dec. 7, 2017. They won one case and lost another. Members are, their case, but the prosecution lost. “Our team worked really hard this pared. front row, left to right: sophomores Nadia Evon, Melany Junco, juniors Risper “Even though we lost at the com- “Even though we lost, I thought our year and next year we’ll work even Githinji, Jenilyn Obuobi-Djan, Derya Demirel, Marin Delaney, Kaitlyn Giron, and petition, the students did great,” said prosecution did great,” said Kariny harder to advance,” said William sophomore Samarah Brunette.
    [Show full text]
  • One Unit and Sardar Abdul Rashid Khan
    Pakistan Perspectives Vol. 23, No.1, January-June 2018 One Unit and Sardar Abdul Rashid Khan Syed Minhaj Ul Hassan* & Asma Gul** Abstract Sardar Abdur Rashid Khan, Chief Minister of NWFP remained in office from 23 April 1953 to 18 July 1955. He belonged to the police cadre of the province and was inspector general at the time of his appointment. He was not a politician and never thought of becoming the chief minister of the province. Nevertheless he performed his duties well. It was during Sardar Rashid period that One Unit scheme was adopted. It integrated all the provinces and other units of West Pakistan into a single province. The plan was initially supported by him. Later on, as promises made to him were not fulfilled, he developed differences with the central authorities for which he was removed from his post. ______ Introduction Sardar Abdur Rashid Khan, who replaced Abdul Qaiyum Khan as Chief Minister of North West Frontier Province, on 23 April 1953, was neither a freedom fighter nor a politician but was rather a bureaucrat and the choice of Abdul Qaiyum Khan and central authorities. The appointment of Sardar Rashid as Chief Minister was not only a surprise to the masses but even to Sardar Rashid himself.1 Sardar Abdur Rashid Khan was born in 1906 in a respectable family of Peshawar. After completing his graduation from Islamia College he joined Police Service of the province in 1930. Later on he was transferred to Indian Police Service and remained on high posts. He was appointed Inspector General of police of NWFP2 in 1951.
    [Show full text]
  • Politics of Sindh Under Zia Government an Analysis of Nationalists Vs Federalists Orientations
    POLITICS OF SINDH UNDER ZIA GOVERNMENT AN ANALYSIS OF NATIONALISTS VS FEDERALISTS ORIENTATIONS A Thesis Doctor of Philosophy By Amir Ali Chandio 2009 Department of Political Science & International Relations Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan POLITICS OF SINDH UNDER ZIA GOVERNMENT AN ANALYSIS OF NATIONALISTS VS FEDERALISTS ORIENTATIONS A Thesis Doctor of Philosophy By Amir Ali Chandio 2009 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ishtiaq Ahmed Chaudhry Department of Political Science & International Relations Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Dedicated to: Baba Bullay Shah & Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai The poets of love, fraternity, and peace DECLARATION This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed………………………………………………………………….( candidate) Date……………………………………………………………………. CERTIFICATES This is to certify that I have gone through the thesis submitted by Mr. Amir Ali Chandio thoroughly and found the whole work original and acceptable for the award of the degree of Doctorate in Political Science. To the best of my knowledge this work has not been submitted anywhere before for any degree. Supervisor Professor Dr. Ishtiaq Ahmed Choudhry Department of Political Science & International Relations Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Chairman Department of Political Science & International Relations Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. ABSTRACT The nationalist feelings in Sindh existed long before the independence, during British rule. The Hur movement and movement of the separation of Sindh from Bombay Presidency for the restoration of separate provincial status were the evidence’s of Sindhi nationalist thinking.
    [Show full text]
  • Students, Space, and the State in East Pakistan/Bangladesh 1952-1990
    1 BEYOND LIBERATION: STUDENTS, SPACE, AND THE STATE IN EAST PAKISTAN/BANGLADESH 1952-1990 A dissertation presented by Samantha M. R. Christiansen to The Department of History In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the field of History Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts September, 2012 2 BEYOND LIBERATION: STUDENTS, SPACE, AND THE STATE IN EAST PAKISTAN/BANGLADESH 1952-1990 by Samantha M. R. Christiansen ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate School of Northeastern University September, 2012 3 ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the history of East Pakistan/Bangladesh’s student movements in the postcolonial period. The principal argument is that the major student mobilizations of Dhaka University are evidence of an active student engagement with shared symbols and rituals across time and that the campus space itself has served as the linchpin of this movement culture. The category of “student” developed into a distinct political class that was deeply tied to a concept of local place in the campus; however, the idea of “student” as a collective identity also provided a means of ideological engagement with a globally imagined community of “students.” Thus, this manuscript examines the case study of student mobilizations at Dhaka University in various geographic scales, demonstrating the levels of local, national and global as complementary and interdependent components of social movement culture. The project contributes to understandings of Pakistan and Bangladesh’s political and social history in the united and divided period, as well as provides a platform for analyzing the historical relationship between social movements and geography that is informative to a wide range of disciplines.
    [Show full text]
  • Gazzette MBBS 4Th Prof Ann 2016.Pdf
    KHYBER MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, PESHAWAR BACHELOR OF MEDICINE & BACHELOR OF SURGERY (MBBS) FOURTH PROFESSIONAL ANNUAL EXAMINATION 2016 EXAMINATION HELD IN OCT - NOV 2016 RESULT DECLARED ON FEBRUARY 03, 2017 MAX MARKS: 1000 NOTIFICATION NO. MBBS (4th Prof -A16)-1 Roll Reg.No. Name Father's Name Result No. Khyber Medical College, Peshawar 43001 2012/KMU/KMC/72 JAWAD ROYAIDAR BAKHT ROYAIDAR 633 43002 2012/KMU/KMC/73 KAINAT EMEL KHAN 752 43003 2012/KMU/KMC/74 KAINAT RIAZ KHAN RIAZ AHMAD KHAN 771 43004 2012/KMU/KMC/283 KAMILAH AZAM ZULFIQAR AZAM Re: Path 43005 2012/KMU/KMC/75 KARISHMA REHMAN HIDAYAT UR REHMAN 753 43006 2012/KMU/KMC/212 KASHIF RASHID DR.GUL RASHID 669 43007 2012/KMU/KMC/76 KHADEEJA ANWAR DR. ANWAR ZADA 731 43008 2012/KMU/KMC/77 KHADIJA KHUSH BAKHT JAMANDOS KHAN 707 43009 2012/KMU/KMC/270 KIFAYAT HUSSAIN QAZALBASH MUHAMMAD HABIL 696 43010 2012/KMU/KMC/78 KIRAN HABIB SYED HABIB ULLAH SHAH 760 43011 2012/KMU/KMC/213 KIRAN KHAN AMJAD ALI KHAN SHINWARI 709 43012 2012/KMU/KMC/79 KIRAN MUSLIM MUSLIM DIN 735 43013 2012/KMU/KMC/80 LAIBA AZHAR AZHAR KHAN 732 43014 2012/KMU/KMC/81 LAILA HAZRAT MUHAMMAD HAZRAT 765 43015 2012/KMU/KMC/82 LAILA NOWSHAD AMIR NOUSHAD 668 43016 2012/KMU/KMC/275 LAYLA ALI AKBAR ALI 669 43017 2012/KMU/KMC/233 MAHAM BABAR SAEED NAWAZ BABAR 729 43018 2012/KMU/KMC/234 MAHNOOR AZHAR AZHAR PERVEZ 691 43019 2012/KMU/KMC/235 MAHNOOR INAMULLAH 761 43020 2012/KMU/KMC/83 MAHNOOR KHAN KHWAJA MUHAMMAD 765 43021 2012/KMU/KMC/24 ASAD JAHANGIR GANDAPUR MUHAMMAD JAHANGIR 750 43022 2011/KMU/KMC/134 MUHAMMAD ADNAN MUHAMMAD SULTAB 731
    [Show full text]
  • Contesting Candidates in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly
    FORⅣl-33 つOC‐ 1See rule 56(1)l LIST OF CONTESTING CANDIDATES :Bye/ Election to the : f] NationalAssembly Provincial Assem bly ofthe: E Puniab I slnal E Khyber Pakhtunkhwa E Balochistan No. and Name oI Constituency: EK-LebltEl Serial Name ofthe Contesting Candidates Address of the Svmbolallocated Party No in the Urdu Alphabetical Order Corltesting Candidrtes Affiliation, if an 1 4 5 l Amir UHah Village lzh CarumchashmaTehsil Chitrali Cap(No 59) Independent &DlstHct Chital イ| 0ソ J吹 "レ 2 lsrar-ud-Din V‖ lagc Karimabad Tehs‖ & Bat(No 19) Pakistan Tehreek-elr Di゛rict Chltral cl)t,t/t " Siraj ud Din Villagc Parabcg Garumchashma lron (No.l47) Pakistan Rah‐ e‐ Haq I Tehsil&District Chitral げり1し / び/1 4 Sardar Ahmad Khan ViHage Gologh Dcnin Tchsil& Lantcm(No 162) ´■vami National Paぃ District Chitral l υじ′171ぅ / ♂」 5 VHlagcヽ Varjun Tchsn Mastu」 (No.l49) Independent ヽ Saadat Hussain Makhfi Jeep Dlstlict Chiral ご〆 し,レ ´ 6 Sohrab Khan Villagc Kashindel Tehsil Drosh Eagle (No.93) A‖ Paklstan Muslim Distict Chital League υじYし〆 ツレ 7 Sved Sardar Hussain Shah V‖ 1電c CrccnLsht TchJI Mastu」 Study Tablc with Chair Independent District Chitral (No263し DVrl- )J / -t - 元′ァぁ6嘘 8 Shaflq ur Rehman vinage cOldoor Tchsil& Pick Up (No.20l) Independent Dlst百 ct Chiral 〆力t/ ジイ 9 ShahzadaAman ur Rehman Shahi QHla TChSil&Dist● ct Pitcher (No.204) Independent Chitral sf )tutt"tV り Abdur Rehman ViHagc Thoriandch´ ッun Tchsil Apple (No.l l) lndependent &Dlst市 ct Chital 〆力′ ll Abdulヽ Mali Khan Abid Villagc Wali Abad Dcnin Tchsil Tiger (No.284) Pakistan Muslim Leag &Dlstact
    [Show full text]
  • D.B List for 01-11-2018(Thursday
    _ 1 _ PESHAWAR HIGH COURT, PESHAWAR DAILY LIST FOR THURSDAY, 01 NOVEMBER, 2018 MR. JUSTICE WAQAR AHMAD SETH,CHIEF JUSTICE & Court No: 1 BEFORE:- JUSTICE MS. MUSARRAT HILALI MOTION CASES 1. COC 833/2018(in Farman Ali (Abdus Salam Khan) Fazal Shah Mohmand WP 1503/2011) V/s (Date By Court) Imtiaz Ayub Secretary Admin AG KPK Department i COC 834/2018 in WP Farman Ali Fazal Shah Mohmand V/s 1503/2011 Imtiaz Ayub Secy Admin AG KPK Department 2. cm. 1967/2018 in Chief Executive PESCO In Person W.P 1662/2018() V/s Govt of KPK 3. W.P 3267/2017 Riaz Ahmad Javed Ali Asghar, Shakeel Aman With IR(M),() V/s Usafzai Govt.of Pakistan through Secretary Information etc A.G 4. W.P 4597/2017() Mst Amina etc Khaled Rehman V/s Govt of KPK and Others A.A.G 5. W.P 4976/2017() Mohsin Khan and Others Fida Gul V/s Govt of KPK and Others A.A.G 6. W.P 309/2018() Dr. Naila Muram Wazir M. Asif Yousafzai V/s Govt of KPK and Others A.A.G MIS Branch,Peshawar High Court Page 1 of 71 Report Generated By: C f m i s _ 2 _ DAILY LIST FOR THURSDAY, 01 NOVEMBER, 2018 MR. JUSTICE WAQAR AHMAD SETH,CHIEF JUSTICE & Court No: 1 BEFORE:- JUSTICE MS. MUSARRAT HILALI MOTION CASES 7. W.P 1185/2018() Abdur Rashid Muhammad Isa Khan Khalil V/s Registrar, Islamia College Waseem ud Din Khattak Peshawar and Others 8. W.P 1674/2018() Rooh ul Amin Pst Yasir Saleem V/s (Date By Court) Govt of KPK thr: Secretary E AG KPK and SE and Others 9.
    [Show full text]
  • Mardan (Posts-1) Scoring Key: Grade Wise Marks 1St Div: 2Nd Div: 3Rd Div: Age 25-35 Years 1
    At least 2nd Division Master in Social Sciences (Social Work/ Sociology will be preferred) District: Mardan (Posts-1) Scoring Key: Grade wise marks 1st Div: 2nd Div: 3rd Div: Age 25-35 Years 1. (a) Basic qualification Marks 60 S.S.C 15 11 9 Date of Advertisement:- 22-08-2020 2. Higher Qualification Marks (One Step above-7 Marks, Two Stage Above-10 Marks) 10 F.A/FSc 15 11 9 SOCIAL CASE WORKER (BPS-16) 3. Experience Certificate 15 BA/BSc 15 11 9 4. Interviews Marks 8 MA/MSc 15 11 9 5. Professional Training Marks 7 Total;- 60 44 36 Total;- 100 LIST OF CANDIDATES FOR APPOINTMENT TO THE POST OF SOCIAL CASE WORKER BPS-16 BASIC QUALIFICATION Higher Qual: SSC FA/FSC BA/BSc M.A/ MS.c S. # on Name/Father's Name and address Total S. # Appli: Remarks Domicile Malrks= 7 Total Marks Marks Marks Marks Marks Date of Birth Qualification Division Division Division Division Marks P.HD Marks M.Phil Marks of Experience Professional/Training One Stage Above 7 Two Two Stage Above 10 Interview Marks 8 Marks Year of Experience 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Mr. Farhan Raza S/O Abid Raza, Koz Kaly Madyan, P.O Madyan, Tehsil and District Swat, 0314- Mphil Agriculture Rual 71 3/2/1992 Swat 1st 15 1st 15 1st 15 1st 15 10 70 70 9818407 Sociology Mr. Muhammad Asif Khan S/O Muhammad Naeem Khan, Rahat Abad Colony, Bannu Road P.O PHD Business 494 16-04-1990 Lakki Marwat 1st 15 1st 15 1st 15 1st 15 10 70 70 Sheikh Yousaf District D.I.Khan.
    [Show full text]
  • Caught Between Fear and Repression
    CAUGHT BETWEEN FEAR AND REPRESSION ATTACKS ON FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION IN BANGLADESH Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. © Amnesty International 2017 Cover design and illustration: © Colin Foo Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence. First published in 2017 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street, London WC1X 0DW, UK Index: ASA 13/6114/2017 Original language: English amnesty.org CONTENTS FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION TIMELINE 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY & METHODOLOGY 6 1. ACTIVISTS LIVING IN FEAR WITHOUT PROTECTION 13 2. A MEDIA UNDER SIEGE 27 3. BANGLADESH’S OBLIGATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW 42 4. BANGLADESH’S LEGAL FRAMEWORK 44 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 57 Glossary AQIS - al-Qa’ida in the Indian Subcontinent
    [Show full text]
  • THE ROLE of MAULANA ABD-UL-HAMID BADAYUNI in POLITICS of BALOCHISTAN and NWFP UNDER the PLATFORM of ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUES (1937 to 1947)
    THE ROLE OF MAULANA ABD-UL-HAMID BADAYUNI IN POLITICS OF BALOCHISTAN AND NWFP UNDER THE PLATFORM OF ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUES (1937 To 1947) Dr. Shahid Hassan Rizvi* Muhammad Ajmal Bhatti** Abstract Through this paper an attempt has been made to encompass the role of Maulana Abd-ul-Hamid Badayuni in politics of Balochistan and NWFP especially with regard to strengthen the politics of All India Muslim League. He was an exuberant member of Anjuman Khudamey Ka’bba, Jamiat Ulemaye Hind, Khilafat Movement, All India Sunni Conference and All India Muslim League. He played a pivotal role in Muslim politics of sub-continent. He devoted his services for the “Muslim Nationalism”. He was member of All India Muslim League Central Council and confidant of Quiad-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinah. He visited Saudi Arab along with Maulana Abd-ul-Aleem Sidiqui and Abu Tayyab Tahir to introduce the objectives of AIML. During the Pakistan movement, his services in provincial politics are remarkable. He toured all across the Balochistan and NWFP along with Peer Sahib Manki Shareef, Qazi Muhammad Isa, Nawab Bahadur Yar Jang, Meer Jafar Khan Jamali, Ubaidullah Baloch and Maulana Karam Ali Maleeh Abadi. He was historically titled “Fateh-e-Serhad” by Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Key words: Badayuni, NWFP, Muslim League, India, Balochistan * Chairman Deptt of History, Islamia University Bahawalpur ** Lecturer Govt College Bahawalnagar 42 Introduction Indeed, there has been a fundamental role of the Ulema in the history of Sub-continent. It is evident from history that the Muslim Kings used to seek advices and opinions from the Ulema in every sphere of governance.
    [Show full text]
  • THE DECLINE of the MUSLIM L,EAGUE and the ASCENDANCY of the BUREAUCRACY in EAST PAKISTAN 1947-54
    THE DECLINE OF THE MUSLIM l,EAGUE AND THE ASCENDANCY OF THE BUREAUCRACY IN EAST PAKISTAN 1947-54 A H AITh1ED KAMAL JANUARY 1989 A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF THE AUSTRALL.\N NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 205 CHAPTER 7 POLICE, PEOPLE, AND PROTEST I The Muslim League's incapacity to control the police force and its eventual dependence on them as the mainstay of state power introduced tensions into the League itself; in addition, it directly contributed to certain developments in the realm of politics. I also intend to highlight in this chapter instances where the police could not be controlled by civil bureaucrats and magistrates. Much of the erosion of the legitimacy of the Muslim League rule in East Pakistan was caused by the brutality, unlicensed tyranny, and corruption of the police. The press and the members of the Opposition in the East Bengal Legislative Assembly on many occasions exposed police atrocities on the population in a language that quite often verged on sentimentality. The Muslim League leadership in government explained police atrocities in terms of inexperience and indiscipline of the force. But people refused to see the regime as something different in intent and purpose from the police actions . Indeed, people's interpretation of 'political independence' did not fit well with what the ' police called 'law and order', and as a result a number of serious clashes occured. Police power was liberally employed to sustain the Muslim League rule; as a result 'police excesses' occurred at a regular rate. In a propaganda tract on the six years of Muslim League rule in East Pakistan that the United Front circulated at the time of the March 1954 election , cases of police atrocities featured prominently and the League was called a 'Murderer' .1 It was, in fact, the Front's pledge to limit police power that inspired the people to vote for the United Front in the first general election in the province.
    [Show full text]