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Indigeneity, State Formation and Politics in Evo Morales' Bolivia

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Indigeneity, State Formation and Politics in Evo Morales' Bolivia Department of Political and Economic Studies (Development Studies) Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki IN THE NAME OF VIVIR BIEN INDIGENEITY, STATE FORMATION, AND POLITICS IN EVO MORALES’ BolIVIA Eija M. Ranta ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented for public examination with the permission of the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, in Auditorium XII, Unioninkatu 33, University of Helsinki Main Building, on Friday, October 31, 2014, at 12 noon. Helsinki 2014 Opponent Dr. Jeffery R. Webber, Queen Mary University of London Pre-examiners Professor Harry E. Vanden, University of South Florida Professorial Fellow Rosalind Eyben, University of Sussex Supervisors Professor Jeremy Gould, University of Jyväskylä Docent Maaria Seppänen, University of Helsinki Publications of the Department of Political and Economic Studies 17 (2014) Development Studies © Eija Ranta Cover: Riikka Hyypiä Graphic design, layout and figures: Miina Blot Photos: Johanna Pohjola Distribution and Sales: Unigrafia Bookstore http://kirjakauppa.unigrafia.fi/ [email protected] PL 4 (Vuorikatu 3 A) 00014 Helsingin yliopisto ISSN-L 2243-3635 ISSN 2243-3635 (Print) ISSN 2243-3643 (Online) ISBN 978-952-10-9129-2 (paperback) ISBN 978-952-10-9130-8 (PDF) Unigrafia, Helsinki 2014 ABSTRACT This is an ethnographic study of the politics of indigeneity in the contemporary Bolivian state transformation process. It is a story of an attempt to transform the state through indigenous ideas in a poor and ethnically heterogeneous country in the Global South. By following the notion of vivir bien, good life, a term that has emerged in Bolivia’s political and policy discourses since the election of Evo Morales as the first indigenous president of the country in December 2005, it examines contested articulations between policy, politics, and power. Through ethnographic examination of what is said and done in the name of good life by key policy actors such as ministers, public servants, development experts, and indigenous activists, this study aims to develop a critical understanding of the notion of good life both as a democratizing discursive construction and as a contested practice. It pretends to unveil the multiple and intricate ways in which power works – is articulated and contested – not solely between the governing regime and its political opposition but also within the ruling political party, within the state bureaucracy, and between and within local social movements. Methodologically, this study is a response to the challenge of the changing circumstances of indigenous peoples in contemporary Bolivia: if representatives of social movements, indigenous organizations, and peasant unions have shifted from rural communities to the presidential palace and ministerial cabinets, the methodological choices of those who study indigenous peoples have to respond to this situation. In line with this, this study discusses how the bureaucratic context of the state in which new indigenous policy ideas circulate can be grasped, ethnographically, by tracking the notion of vivir bien. Additionally, it asks what comparative advantage an ethnographic approach brings to the examination of policy making and state formation amidst processes of social change. The data is based on a six-month ethnographic fieldwork in La Paz between 2008 and 2009. Additional insights are drawn from earlier stays in Bolivia for a total of 13 months. Amidst global inequalities, there is an urgent demand for the examination of critical political alternatives and perceptions of new kinds of ‘development’, which are emerging in the Global South in response to – and often opposed to – the global capitalist political economy. The examination of the notion of vivir bien in contemporary Bolivian state transformation process pretends to make a contribution to this end. Consequently, this study examines theoretically how discourses and practices of social change are produced; how the state works in processes of change; and, how power and rule operate in the context of indigenous challenge to state formation. It makes a case for the utility of iii moving at the intersections of social anthropology, political science and development studies; and, from a theoretical perspective, at the intersections of postcolonial critique, postmodern Foucauldian approaches and political economy. Although global and local processes are crucial to indigenous experience, this study indicates that the state is, and has increasingly become, an important reference point for indigenous peoples and social movements. The Bolivian state is the object of transformation through the application of indigenous policy and the provision of political alternatives but it is also the subject through which changes are executed. The politics of indigeneity is perceived as a contested combination of identity concerns and resource struggles. Today, the battles are also fought through state policy, which is a heterogeneous and contingent assemblage that produces and articulates diverse forms of power and governance. In the process of indigenous change, as this study illuminates, the state has become a battlefield between three kinds of historically constructed governmental schemes of improvement. Indigenous, neoliberal, and state-led models for social change articulate and often conflict with each other, illustrating the insight that the state works in complex and articulated ways. Furthermore, indicates the study, various forms of power and rule overlap and collide with each other. This conflictive interaction between governmental, disciplinary, and authoritarian forms of power and rule seems to impede and challenge the potential of radically democratizing indigenous ideas by hampering their translation into bureaucratic practice. This has implications for the more normative question of the feasibility of radical political alternatives that aim to counteract economic globalization and the universalism of development ideas through the politics of indigeneity. Keywords: vivir bien, decolonization, plurinationalism, sovereignty, indigeneity, social move ments, develop ment policy, state formation, politics, power, ethnography, government al ity, postcolonial critique, Bolivia. iv CONTENTS Acknowledgments ...............................................................................................ix List of Acronyms ................................................................................................ xiv PART I: FRAMING THE STUDY ..........................................................................................1 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................6 1.1 Background for the Study ..........................................................................10 1.1.1 Colonial Governance and Economic Exploitation ...........................11 1.1.2 The Nationalist Revolution and Co-Governing Arrangements ........13 1.1.3 Economic Globalization and the Universalism of Development Ideas .....................................................................16 1.1.4 Social Movements and Indigenous Organizations as Counterforce ..18 1.2 Research Questions ....................................................................................22 1.3 Dissertation Synopsis .................................................................................24 2 Following the Notion of Vivir Bien ....................................................26 2.1 La Paz as a Microcosm of the State .............................................................27 2.2 Indigenous Peoples in the Corridors of Power ............................................30 2.3 Ethnographic Fieldwork and Specific Methodological Techniques ..............32 2.3.1 Policy Documents as Entry Points ..................................................34 2.3.2 Participant-Observation ..................................................................36 2.3.3 Interviewing....................................................................................40 2.4 Positioning within Contentious Politics .....................................................43 2.4.1 Personal Experiences amidst Indigenous Politics .............................44 2.4.2 How to Study Those in Positions of Power? ....................................46 2.4.3 Differences in Class and Ethnic Positions ........................................48 2.4.4 Gendered Encounters .....................................................................49 2.4.5 Ethics in the Study of Power ...........................................................50 3 Indigeneity, State Formation and Politics ......................................52 3.1 The Politics of Indigeneity: Identity Concerns, Resource Struggles .............54 3.1.1 Indigenous Ideas as Decolonial Alternatives to Development ..........55 3.1.2 Indigeneity as an Anthropological Construction .............................58 v 3.1.3 Indigeneity as a Legal Category .......................................................60 3.1.4 Social Movements and Contentious Politics ....................................63 3.2 Policy-Making, State Formation and Power ................................................66 3.2.1 Theoretical Views on State Formation .............................................67 3.2.2 Policy as the Practice of Government ..............................................71 3.2.3 De-Politicizing Effects of Policy ......................................................75 3.2.4 Other Forms
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