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NASA-CR-199664 S o o COLOR ILLUSTRATIONS P4 H COSMOLOGY K u Research Briefing U HH HH (NASA-CR-19966O COSMOLOGY: A RESEARCH BRIEFING Final Technical N96-14076 Progress Report, 1 Dec. 1992 - 31 May 1995 (NAS-NRC) 52 p Unclas G3/90 0075802 Cosmology: A Research Briefing Panel on Cosmology Board on Physics and Astronomy Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications National Research Council National Academy Press Washington, D.C. 1995 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the panel responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Harold Liebowitz is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an advisor to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. Harold Liebowitz are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council. This project was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) under Grant No. NAGW-3304. Front Cover: The anisotropy of the temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation, as mapped by the Differential Microwave Radiometer on NASA's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite. Red shades represent hotter fluctuations, and blue and black shades represent cooler fluctuations. (Courtesy of the COBE team and NASA.) Back Cover: Looking back in time with NASA's Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The HST's Wide-Field Planetary Camera (WFPC2) captured this image of galaxies as they were billions of years ago. Many objects are irregular and ill-formed compared to nearby galaxies, showing the evolution of forms of galaxies between the distant past and times closer to the present. The size of the image is 75 arc seconds, and the total exposure time is 15 hours. (Courtesy of Edward Groth, Jerome Kristian, and members of the WFPC2 team.) Additional copies of this report are available from: Board on Physics and Astronomy HA 562 National Research Council 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20418 Copyright 1995 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES — NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL COMMISSION ON PHYSICAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICS, AND APPLICATIONS Board on Physics and Astronomy FINAL TECHNICAL PROGRESS REPORT TO THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION ON THE PANEL ON COSMOLOGY Grant No. NAGW-3 3 04 November 1995 / SUMMARY As part of its effort to update topics dealt with in the 1986 decadal physics survey, the Board on Physics and Astronomy of the National Research Council (NRC) formed a Panel on Cosmology. The Panel was asked to produce a report on this exciting but abstruse field in a research briefing format, intended to be accessible to science policymakers and nonscientists. The effort was led by the Chair of the NRC's Committee on Astronomy and Astrophysics (CAA), Marc Davis. The NRC reviewed and released Cosmology: A Research Briefing, in September 1995. The report was well-received at a meeting of the NASA Chief Scientist and the NSF's Assistant Director for Mathematics and Physical Sciences and Director of the Division of Astronomical Sciences. Presentations were also given to congressional staff members of pertinent science committees and others. An attractive printed version is available, and the full text with illustrations can be accessed on the National Academy of Science's internet home page. The CAA is exploring ways to disseminate the report widely to universities and high schools. Attachments (1) Research Briefing on Cosmology n:\cosmology\fpr95.doc 11/1/95 PANEL ON COSMOLOGY MARC DAVIS, University of California at Berkeley, Chair BLAS CABRERA, Stanford University SANDRA M. FABER, University of California, Santa Cruz MARGARET GELLER, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics JACQUELINE N. HEWITT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology RICHARD KRON, Yerkes Observatory, University of Chicago PHILIP M. LUBIN, University of California, Santa Barbara STEPHAN S. MEYER, University of Chicago JEREMIAH P. OSTRIKER, Princeton University Observatory DAVID N. SCHRAMM, University of Chicago DAVID WILKINSON, Princeton University DONALD C. SHAPERO, Director ROBERT L. RIEMER, Senior Program Officer PRECEDSNG PAGE BLANK NOT FILMED BOARD ON PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY DAVID N. SCHRAMM, University of Chicago, Chair ROBERT C. DYNES, University of California, San Diego, Vice Chair LLOYD ARMSTRONG, JR., University of Southern California DAVID H. AUSTON, Rice University DAVID E. BALDWIN, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory PRAVEEN CHAUDHARI, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center FRANK DRAKE, University of California, Santa Cruz HANS FRAUENFELDER, Los Alamos National Laboratory JEROME I. FRIEDMAN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology MARGARET GELLER, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics MARTHA P. HAYNES, Cornell University WILLIAM KLEMPERER, Harvard University ALBERT NARATH, Sandia National Laboratories JOSEPH M. PROUD, GTE Corporation (retired) ROBERT C. RICHARDSON, Cornell University JOHANNA STACHEL, State University of New York at Stony Brook DAVID WILKINSON, Princeton University SIDNEY WOLFF, National Optical Astronomy Observatories DONALD C. SHAPERO, Director ROBERT L. RIEMER, Associate Director DANIEL F. MORGAN, Program Officer NATASHA A. CASEY, Program Assistant STEPHANIE Y. SMITH, Project Assistant IV COMMISSION ON PHYSICAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICS, AND APPLICATIONS RICHARD N. ZARE, Stanford University, Chair RICHARD S. NICHOLSON, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Vice Chair STEPHEN L. ADLER, Institute for Advanced Study SYLVIA T. CEYER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology SUSAN L. GRAHAM, University of California, Berkeley ROBERT J. HERMANN, United Technologies Corporation RHONDA J. HUGHES, Bryn Mawr College SHIRLEY A. JACKSON, Rutgers University KENNETH I. KELLERMANN, National Radio Astronomy Observatory HANS MARK, University of Texas at Austin THOMAS A. PRINCE, California Institute of Technology JEROME SACKS, National Institute of Statistical Sciences L.E. SCRIVEN, University of Minnesota LEON T. SILVER, California Institute of Technology CHARLES P. SLIGHTER, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ALVIN W. TRIVELPIECE, Oak Ridge National Laboratory SHMUEL WINOGRAD, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center CHARLES A. ZRAKET, MITRE Corporation (retired) NORMAN METZGER, Executive Director Preface The Board on Physics and Astronomy (BPA) is reassessing the areas of physics that were examined by the Physics Survey Committee in its report, Physics Through the 1990s (National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1986). One of the eight volumes of the report, Gravitation, Cosmology, and Cosmic-Ray Physics, was the subject of a National Research Council program initiation meeting that I chaired in 1992. At that meeting, the need for reassessments in the areas of cosmology, neutrino astrophysics, and cosmic-ray physics was identified. The Panel
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