Origins and Impacts of Islamic Revival in Contemporary Britain Université

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Origins and Impacts of Islamic Revival in Contemporary Britain Université Université d’Oran 2 Faculté des Langues étrangères THESE Pour l’obtention du diplôme de Doctorat en Sciences En Langue Anglaise Origins and Impacts of Islamic Revival in Contemporary Britain Présentée et soutenue publiquement par : Mlle. Rezga Zahraa Devant le jury composé de : Moulfi Leila, Professeur, Université d’Oran 2 Président Belmekki Belkacem, Professeur, Université d’Oran 2 Rapporteur Meberbeche Snouci Faiza, Professeur, Université de Tlemcen Examinateur Djaafri Yasmina, MCA, Université de Mostaganem Examinateur Année 2019 Abstract Islam, throughout much of its history, continues to be a faith characterized by dynamic change, boundless sweep and vibrant growth. Islam reemerged as a potent global force throughout the later part of the twentieth century, but it has been associated with reformation and revolution. Then, the idea that Islam may re-arise seemed less appealing. In more recent decades, the evidence of the strength of Islamic revival gained much attention worldwide. In the West, it was associated with a new terror and a clash of civilizations. A number of Western writings on Islamic resurgence in the modern Arab world and the West referred to the phenomenon as a matter of renewal of the old pressure of Islam upon Christendom and as a case of fundamentalism, too. Others, however, believed it was the reinterpretation of the Islamic tradition in a creative and unique way with philosophy outside the pale of Islam. On the basis of the most recent newspaper articles and the writings of famous British sociologists and historians, the type and activism of British Islam, the character of British Muslims, and the British attitudes towards Islam and Muslims are examined in this thesis. Drawing from the evident fact that over the centuries, the sway of conversion has moved in Islam’s favor while missionary effort has had no appreciable impact on its tenacity along with the reality that Islam has not succumbed to secularism despite its diminution as a geopolitical force, the question that the present research investigates is why Islam, whatever the condition, has vigorously survived. Why is it strong today in Britain which is less likely to buck up an alien faith? If we consider Islam’s resurgence in Britain to be problematic theoretically whereas in real life it advances unhampered, this would add bewilderment to the matter. The research, therefore, will explore the very reasons behind and the possible impacts of the Islamic revival in the contemporary British society. To achieve this, the concept ‘religious revival’ itself is thoroughly discussed because in the Islamic tradition it differs from the Christian one. After contextualizing Islam in Britain, the dynamics of the faith’s growth are sought. Its very strength proceeds from demographic, educational, socio- economic, psychological, international and political motives altogether. Still much of that resilience resides within its fundamental characteristics. The renewed force of Islam in Britain resulted in a number of impacts that range from anti-Muslim racism, tensions, economic inequalities, and stereotypes to Islamophobic sentiments. The latter proved to be problematic. If we assume Islam thrives under repression, it would be a factor; if we consider more the British worries about a possible Islamification of their homeland, it is an impact. The rise of Islam in the 21st century Britain and the challenges it created such as the relationship of tradition to modernity or postmodernity, text to context, Islam to democracy, divine revelation and human interpretation, and one Islam or European Islam – a kind of intellectual revolution – make the research’s theme so rich that a chapter which debates the prospects of British Islam is indispensable. Based on scholars’ predictions and the scriptures’ prophecies, this would feed our human sense of interest in understanding the future. Here again the power of Islam as the religion of the end times is restated. I Résumé L'Islam, tout au long de son histoire, continue d'être une foi caractérisée par un changement dynamique, un balayage sans limites et une croissance vibrante. L'Islam est réapparu comme une force mondiale puissante tout au long de la dernière partie du XXe siècle, mais il a été associé à la réforme et à la révolution. En suite, l'idée que l'islam pourrait réapparaître semblait moins attrayante. Au cours des dernières décennies, les preuves de la force du renouveau islamique ont attiré beaucoup d'attention dans le monde entier. En Occident, il était associé à une nouvelle terreur et à un choc des civilisations. Un certain nombre d'écrits occidentaux sur la résurgence islamique dans le monde arabe moderne et en Occident ont fait référence au phénomène comme une question de renouvellement de la vieille pression de l'islam sur la chrétienté et comme un cas de fondamentalisme, aussi. D'autres, cependant, croyaient que c'était la réinterprétation de la tradition islamique d'une manière créative et unique avec la philosophie en dehors de l'islam. Sur la base des articles de journaux les plus récents et des écrits de célèbres sociologues et historiens britanniques, le type et l'activisme de l'islam britannique, le caractère des musulmans britanniques et les attitudes britanniques envers l'islam et les musulmans sont examinés dans cette thèse. Puisant dans l'évidence qu'au cours des siècles, l'influence de la conversion s'est déplacée en faveur de l'islam alors que l'effort missionnaire n'a eu aucun impact appréciable sur sa ténacité et la réalité que l'islam n'a pas succombé à la laïcité malgré sa diminution en tant que force géopolitique, la question que la présente recherche étudie est pourquoi l'islam, quelle que soit la condition, a survécu vigoureusement. Pourquoi est-il fort aujourd'hui en Grande-Bretagne qui est moins susceptible d'encourager une foi étrangère? Si nous considérons que la résurgence de l'Islam en Grande-Bretagne est problématique en théorie alors que dans la vie réelle, elle progresse sans entrave, ce qui ajouterait à la confusion. La recherche, par conséquent, explorera les raisons mêmes et les impacts possibles du renouveau islamique dans la société britannique contemporaine. Pour y parvenir, le concept de «renouveau religieux» est lui-même discuté en profondeur car, dans la tradition islamique, il diffère du concept chrétien. Après la contextualisation de l'islam en Grande-Bretagne, la dynamique de la croissance de foi est recherchée. Sa force provient des motifs démographiques, éducatifs, socio-économiques, psychologiques, internationaux et politiques. Une grande partie de cette résilience réside dans ses caractéristiques fondamentales. La force renouvelée de l'islam en Grande-Bretagne a entraîné un certain nombre d'impacts allant du racisme anti- musulman, des tensions, des inégalités économiques et des stéréotypes aux sentiments islamophobes. Ce dernier s'est avéré problématique. Si nous supposons que l'islam prospère sous la répression, ce serait un facteur; si nous considérons plus les inquiétudes britanniques sur une éventuelle islamisation de leur patrie, c'est un impact. La montée de l'islam au 21ème siècle Grande-Bretagne et les défis qu'elle a créés comme le rapport de la tradition à la modernité ou la postmodernité, le texte au contexte, l'islam à la démocratie, la révélation divine et l'interprétation humaine - un type de révolution intellectuelle - rendre le thème de la recherche si riche qu'un chapitre qui débat des perspectives de l'islam britannique est indispensable. Basé sur les prédictions des érudits et les prophéties des Ecritures, cela nourrirait notre sens humain d'intérêt à comprendre le futur. Ici encore, le pouvoir de l'islam en tant que religion de la fin des temps est réaffirmé. I ملخص ﻻيزال اﻹسﻻم، عبرمعظم تاريخه، إيمانا يتميز بالتغيرالديناميكي، واﻻنتشار الذي ﻻحدود له والنموالنابض بالحياة. ظهراﻹسﻻم كقوة عالمية قوية طوال الجزء اﻷخيرمن القرن العشرين، لكنه ارتبط باﻹصﻻح والثورة. ثم فكرة أن اﻹسﻻم قد يعيد الظهور بدت أقل جاذبية. في العقود اﻷخيرة اكتسبت اﻷدلة على قوة اﻻنتعاش اﻹسﻻمي الكثيرمن اﻻهتمام في جميع أنحاء العالم. في الغرب، ارتبطت باﻹرهاب الجديد و صدام الحضارات وقد أشارعدد من الكتابات الغربية حول النهضة اﻹسﻻمية في العالم العربي الحديث والغرب إلى هذه الظاهرة باعتباره امسألة تجديد للضغوط القديمة لﻹسﻻم على المسيحية وكحالة أصولية أي ًضا. غيرأن آخرين اعتقدواأن إعادة تفسيرالتقليد اﻹسﻻمي بطريقة إبداعية وفريدة من نوعها مع الفلسفة خارج إطاراﻹسﻻم. على أساس أحدث المقاﻻت الصحفية و كتابات علماء اﻻجتماع والمؤرخين البريطانيين المشهورين، تم فحص نوع و نشاط اﻹسﻻم البريطاني، وشخصية المسلمين البريطانيين، والمواقف البريطانية تجاه اﻹسﻻم و المسلمين في هذه الرسالة. انطﻻقا من الحقيقة الواضحة أنه على مرالقرون، نفوذ التحول قد تح ّول لصالح اﻹسﻻم، في حين أن الجهد التبشيري لم يكن له تأثيرملموس على ثباته إلى جانب حقيقة أن اﻹسﻻم لم يستسلم للعلمانية على الرغم من تناقصه كقوة جيوسياسية، السؤال الذي يبحثه البحث الحالي هو لماذا نجا اﻹسﻻم، مهما كان حاله، بقوة. لماذاهوقوي اليوم في بريطانيا وهي أقل احتماﻻ لق بول ديانة أجنبية. إذا اعتبرنا ظهوراﻹسﻻم في بريطانيا مشكلة من الناحية النظرية، في حين أنه في الحياة الحقيقية يتقدم دون عوائق، فإن هذا من شأنه أن يضيف الحيرة إلى هذه المسألة. وبالتالي، فإن البحث سوف يستكشف اﻷسباب الكامنة وراء التأثيرات اﻹسﻻمية المحتملة في المجتمع البريطاني المعاصر. و لتحقيق ذلك، فإن مفهوم "النهضة الدينية" نفسه قد تمت مناقشته بشكل شامل ﻷنه في التقاليد اﻹسﻻمية يختلف عن المفهوم المسيحي. بعد التطرق لﻹسﻻم في بريطانيا، يتم السعي إلى ديناميكيات نمو اﻹيمان. وتتحرك قوتها من اﻻسباب الديموغرافية ’التعليمية ’ اﻻجتماعية’ اﻻقتصادية والنفسية’ الدولية والسياسية برمتها. ﻻيزال الكثير من هذه المرونة يكمن في خصائصه اﻷساسية. أسفرت قوة اﻹسﻻم المتجددة في بريطانيا عن عدد من اﻵثارالتي تتراوح بين العنصرية المعادية للمسلمين، والتوترات، وعدم المساواة اﻻقتصادية، والصورالنمطية للمشاعرالمعادية لﻹسﻻم. أثبتت هذه اﻷخيرة )اﻻسﻻموفوبيا ( أنها إشكالية. إذا افترضنا أن اﻹسﻻم يزدهر تحت القمع، فسيكون ذلك عام ﻻً. إذااعتبرناالمزيدمن المخاوف البريطانية بشأن احتمال قيام إسلمة بوطنهم، فهذا تأثير. صعود اﻹسﻻم فيا لقرن الواحد والعشرين في بريطانيا والتحديات التي خلقته مثل العﻻقة بين التقليد والحداثة أو ما بعد الحداثة، والنص إلى السياق، واﻹسﻻم و الديمقراطية، والوحي اﻹلهي والتفسيرالبشري، واﻹسﻻم أواﻹسﻻم اﻷوروبي– وهونوع من الثورة الثقافية–جعل موضوع البحث غنيا لدرجة أن الفصل الذي يناقش آفاق اﻹسﻻم البريطاني ﻻغنى عنه.
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