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POST-EARTHQUAKE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY (For the City of Vancouver and the Surrounding Area)

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POST-EARTHQUAKE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY (For the City of Vancouver and the Surrounding Area) POST-EARTHQUAKE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY (for the City of Vancouver and the Surrounding Area) by MARGARET WOJTAROWICZ B.A.Sc, The University of Waterloo, 1997 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF APPLIED SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Civil Engineering, Pollution Control and Waste Management) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA March 2000 © Margaret Wojtarowicz, 2000 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Civil Engineering The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date: March 27, 2000 Abstract The Lower Mainland of British Columbia faces a high risk of a devastating seismic event occurring at any moment. Such damaging earthquakes generate tremendous amounts of disaster debris, and present great challenges for the solid waste management system. Global experience with disasters has indicated that preplanning and mitigation are of substantial value in earthquake response, recovery and reconstruction. The current lack of such measures has extensive socio-economic and environmental repercussions, and grave solid waste management implications. Consequently, a strategy for the cleanup of all solid waste generated during an earthquake, as well as during the recovery stages, was developed for the Lower Mainland. The need for a post-earthquake municipal solid waste management strategy, and a separate strategy for disaster debris is identified. The main feature of the former is the strategy's dependence on the current solid waste management system. The main premise of the latter is the recognition of the similarity in waste characteristics and handling requirements between disaster debris and demolition, landclearing and construction waste. The proposed Post-Earthquake Solid Waste Management Plan (Plan) presents an Action Plan Procedure (Action Plan), recommends Preplanning Actions, and identifies Strategy Options. The Plan also acknowledges the necessity for finalizing an Operational Plan once an earthquake occurs and the damage is known. The Action Plan, which is independent of the magnitude and time frame of an earthquake event, provides a framework for developing the Operational Plan. The Preplanning Actions identify the tasks that should be undertaken prior to an earthquake occurrence, in order to facilitate the recovery effort. The Strategy Options Report (Report) provides a sample waste characterization scheme, an action prioritization scheme, various handling options, and a number of decision-making criteria. Furthermore, the Report proposes a series of procedures that address five damage severity scenarios. In conclusion, the proposed Plan confirms that earthquake related solid waste management issues must be addressed on a regional basis. Unconventional and alternative solid waste management methods should be researched and considered for utility in earthquake recovery. Narrow scope and prescribed methodology are advantageous to the preparation of a management plan. ii Table of Contents Abstract ii List of Tables vii List of Figures vii PART T: INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION 2 1.1 Overview 2 1.2 Purpose 2 1.3 Objectives 2 1.4 Beneficiaries 3 1.5 Thesis Content 3 1.6 Thesis and Plan Utility 5 PART II: BACKGROUND 2. BACKGROUND - EARTHQUAKES 7 2.1 Seismicity 7 2.1.1 General 7 2.1.1.1 Causes of Earthquakes _ 7 2.1.1.2 The Mechanism of Earthquakes 8 2.1.1.3 Tectonics and Earthquake Documentary Videos 9 2.1.1.4 The Measurement of Earthquakes 10 2.1.1.5 Effects of Earthquakes . 12 2.1.2 Lower Mainland 13 2.1.2.1 Ongoing Seismic Activity 13 2.1.2.2 Earthquake History 18 2.1.2.3 Liquefaction ______ 20 2.1.2.4 Tsunamis 21 2.2 Damaging Effects of Earthquakes 21 2.2.1 Western United States Earthquake Experience 21 2.2.1.1 1906 San Francisco Earthquake 23 2.2.1.2 1965 Seattle-Tacoma Earthquake 23 2.2.1.3 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake . 23 2.2.1.4 1994 Northridge Earthquake ________ 24 2.2.2 Construction Vulnerable to Earthquake Damage 25 2.2.3 Earthquake Damage Prediction 25 2.2.3.1 Seismic Prediction in Lower Mainland . 26 2.2.3.2 New Westminster Damage Estimate Study , 26 2.2.3.3 San Francisco Damage Estimation , . 27 2.2.3.4 Economic Impact in Lower Mainland . 27 2.2.3.5 Damage in San Francisco and Projection to Greater Vancouver 28 2.2.3.6 GVRD Damage Prediction Study 29 2.3 Conclusion to Background on Earthquakes 30 iii 3. BACKGROUND - SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 31 3.1 GVRD Solid Waste Management Plan 31 3.2 Demolition, Landclearing and Construction Waste 33 3.2.1 Current Quantities 33 3.2.2 Waste Sources 33 3.2.3 Waste Composition 33 3.3 Municipal By-Laws Regarding Nuisance Properties 34 3.3.1 Vancouver Charter ' 34 3.3.2 Vancouver By-Law No. 4548: "Untidy Premises By-Law " 35 3.3.3 Cases of Application of Statute 324A of Vancouver Charter 36 3.4 Conclusion to Background on Solid Waste Management System 40 4. BACKGROUND - AUTHORITY AND FUNDING FOR EARTHQUAKE RECOVERY 41 4.1 Authority for Earthquake Recovery 41 4.1.1 Responsibilities of the Three Levels of Government in Disaster Response 41 4.1.2 Federal Government Policy 42 4.1.3 Role and Responsibility of Provincial Government 43 4.1.4 Responsibility for Waste Disposal 45 4.1.5 Responsibility for Disaster Debris Management 46 4.2 Funding for Earthquake Recovery 46 4.2.1 Federal Disaster Assistance 46 4.2.2 Provincial Financial Assistance 47 4.2.2.1 Disaster Financial Assistance Program 48 4.2.2.2 Interpretation of Disaster Financial Assistance Program 49 4.2.2.3 Applicability of Disaster Financial Assistance Program 57 4.2.3 Social Assistance 51 4.2.4 Mutual Aid Agreements 52 4.3 Conclusion to Background on Authority and Funding for Earthquake Recovery 52 PART III: EXISTING PLANS AND METHODOLOGIES 5. EXISTING PLANS AND METHODOLOGIES - CANADIAN PERSPECTIVE 54 5.1 Canadian Disaster Debris Management Report 54 5.2 City of Vancouver Emergency Response Procedures Manual 54 5.3 JELC Disaster Debris Management Report 56 5.4 Emergency Preparedness 57 5.4.1 Sample Emergency Preparedness Plans 57 5.4.2 Provincial Emergency Program 57 5.5 Conclusion to Canadian Perspective of Existing Plans and Methodologies 57 6. EXISTING PLANS AND METHODOLOGIES - UNITED STATES PERSPECTIVE 58 6.1 California Integrated Waste Management Disaster Plan 58 6.2 Environmental Protection Agency Guide 58 6.3 San Francisco Disaster Debris Management Plan 58 6.4 City of Los Angeles Emergency Operations Organization 65 6.5 Conclusion to US Perspective of Existing Plans and Methodologies 66 iv PART TV: RESULTS 7. RESULTS - LESSONS LEARNED 68 7.1 Northridge Earthquake Recovery Documentation 68 7.2 Research Trip to California 68 7.2.1 Purpose of Research Trip 68 7.2.2 Establishing Contacts 69 7.2.3 Itinerary 69 7.2.4 Emergency Preparedness Fair 70 7.2.5 Results 70 7.2.6 Site Tours of Recycling Facilities 79 7.2.7 Demolition and Debris Removal Program Summary 81 7.3 Investigation of White Rock Floods Disaster 82 7.4 Conclusion to Results of Lessons Learned 82 8. RESULTS - LESSONS APPLIED 83 8.1 Debris Quantity Estimation 83 8.1.1 Disaster Debris Committee Estimates 83 8.1.2 Earthquake Recovery Planning Exercise - Gastown Scenario 85 8.2 Disposal Options 86 8.2.1 Disposal in Municipal Solid Waste Landfill 86 8.2.2 Disposal in Demolition, Landclearing and Construction Landfill 87 8.2.3 Recycling 89 8.2.4 Resource Recovery 93 8.2.5 Processing and Composting Green and Wood Waste 95 8.2.6 Handling and Disposal of Hazardous Waste 96 8.2.7 Waste Transfer Facilities 97 8.2.8 Incineration 97 8.2.9 Ocean Disposal 98 8.2.10 Dyke Construction 100 8.2.11 Artificial Reef Construction 101 8.2.12 Land Reclamation and Reshaping 103 8.2.13 Disposal in Earth's Cavities 104 8.2.14 Disaster Debris Disposal Site _ 104 8.2.15 Waste Exchange and Export_ 105 8.3 Vulnerability of Current Solid Waste Management System 105 8.3.1 Stability of Landfills 105 8.3.2 Stability of Vancouver Landfill 106 8.3.3 Waste Transfer Stations 106 8.3.4 Transportation Routes 107 8.4 Conclusion to Results of Lessons Applied 108 v PART V: POST-EARTHQUAKE SOT TP WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN 9. PLAN - INTRODUCTION 110 10. PLAN - ACTION PLAN PROCEDURE 112 11. PLAN - PREPLANNING ACTIONS 115 12. PLAN - STRATEGY OPTIONS REPORT 130 12.1 Summary 130 12.2 Table of Contents 131 12.3 Introduction 132 12.3.1 Scope of Proposed Strategy 133 12.3.2 Time Dependency of Proposed Strategy 133 12.3.3 Pre-Earthquake Solid Waste Management System 134 12.3.3.1 Pre-Earthquake Solid Waste Generation 134 12.3.3.2 Available Solid Waste Disposal Options 134 12.3.4 Report Organization 135 12.4 Post-Earthquake Solid Waste Composition 136 12.4.1 Post-Earthquake Solid Waste Stream 136 12.4.2 Post-Earthquake Municipal Solid Waste Stream 136 12.4.3 Disaster Debris Waste Stream 137 12.4.3.1 Processed Waste Materials 138 12.5 Post-Earthquake Municipal Solid Waste Management Strategy 139 12.5.1 Principal Strategy for Post-Earthquake Municipal Solid Waste Management 139 12.5.2 Time Aspect of Post-Earthquake Municipal Solid Waste Management Strategy 139 12.5.3 Vulnerability of
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