DOCSLIB.ORG

Contributions to the Genesis and Progress Icf Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Contributions to the Genesis and Progress Icf Of Confinement Nuclear Fusion: Inertial Approch by Pioneers. historical its A and Velarde by Guillermo Edited Santamarfa Natividad (UK) 2007 Ltd © Davies Foxwell & Progress and Genesis Contributions the to ICF of Nuckolls H. John Laboratory, LLNL National Livermore Lawrence explosions ini- large-scale fusion of detonation progressed the from (ICF) has fusion hlertial confinement explosions fusion small-scale initiating preparations for final early 1950s by in the bombs Ihfle atomic to that performance high targets development of ignition be will can major after giant The lasers. step next challenge grand is beyond, ICF's and to 21 the In century lasers. smaller, lower sl much hlfliated with cost fusion inexhaustible clean, low plants that energy. cost, dowlop practical generate power speculations laser early concepts, of ICF origin 1960-61 target in on the describe chapter, first I this large-scale encouraging propulsion, and production rocket and Engines" for lh'lwn "Thermonuclear power ignition dollar multi-billion 40-year, the recall Next, I 1962. cam- in conducted experiments explosive Illldcar sufficiently and implosion lasers high-performance sufficiently of combination matched develop to a ignition the NIF brief with conclude explosions. comments I igniting fusion small capable on of targets centuries-long potential in speculations ICF's and high-performance a lll|lpaign targets, and on very t, competition of future systems. I)ili'winian energy of ICF optimistic designer, proponent explosive nuclear of chapter those perspectives this in My a are and 1970 laser experts Livermore's perspectives post of The leader. Laboratory Livermore and V•ergy, leading sci- Holzrichter, by John chapter written provided experimentalists in a bldlders, fusion and laser a are Kidder, the- chapter, Ray third In fusion generation laser second a Livermore's program. •nlist in and a leader first history of the including the perspectives provides his pioneer, early fusion physicist laser •wefical and 1962-1972. from led he lloneration fusion laser program chapter. of this provides outline Livermore chronology of ICF A brief at an progress Alamos period--ICF's Los H-bomb at Pre-1960 roots 1942-60 explosives TN advanced (1952) focus founded Lab Livermore on plant scheme ICF Plowshare power A-bomb without of ICF initiation for Scheme 1960-61 concepts ICF indirect-drive Early target shaping pulse "bare-drop" targets; Low cost Engines" "Thermonuclear laser-driven Speculations on experiments large-scale nuclear Early ICF PROGRESS OF GENESIS AND TO THE CONTRIBUTIONS 2 fusion First laser 1962-72 program chapter) (See Kidder development design code LASNEX 1969ff target high exploding pusher and Direct-drive targets bare-drop performance targets begins Declassification of ICF 1971ff Second-generation fusion laser 1972-92 program chapter) Holzrichter (see diagnosed experiments pusher Exploding TN 1974 neutrons experimentally demonstrated Indirectly driven 1976ff targets laser/experiments Shiva KJ Ten designs fusion Heavy ion 1976ff target physics barrier; density; plasma liquid implodes 100-times DT Shiva-driven target 1979 to requirement wavelength laser short experiments) Centurion (parallel experiments Alamos Los underground nuclear Halite 1977-87 laser/experiments wavelength Thirty Nova short KJ 1985-95 Third-generation ICF 1992ff program testing ends Nuclear by DOE proposal Zero" Key Decision NIF proposed designs high gain Fast-ignitor and laser target 1994ff beginning construction of approval NIF, of and DOE Final 1997 proposed designs high-performance Very target 2002ff campaign ignition Planned NIF 2010ff high performance Development of targets very 1942-1962 Concepts, of ICF Development Early Creating Dream? Possible a the scientists other Bethe and Oppenheimer, Teller, Edward Hans met at 1942, Robert J. In question: atomic Can Fermi's 1941 Enrico Berkeley considered and University in California of an ?1.2 of the explosion deuterium At of temperatures "Super," thermonuclear ignite explosion bomb a a than micro-second, of fraction liquid in deuterium explosion, of fusion A-bomb more a occurs a an the cycle that and carbon fusion magnitude the faster than orders of proton power sun processes twenty billion-year scales. time and stars on However, late density Super liquid l' scheme, 2 developed Alamos, Teller Beginning in 1943 Los at a indicated others and Neumann, Ulam, John by Fermi, Stanislaw calculations 1940s' uncom- an yon practical. pressed Super is not radiation advocated compressed Supers. Teller proposed Ulam 1951, early and two-stage Teller In primary and implosion, bomb atomic radiation 1'2 coupling In implosion of the sepa- stages. a two an a X-ray pulse giant of thermal by A radiation secondary enclosed thermonuclear energy rate case. a are 3 PIONEERS ITS APPROACH BY I•il*INIIMlablT IISTORICAL IqlSI()N: A ,I(AI( I•t NI I1 '1 Rsdi•tJon Chse • implode the • radiation by the explosion channeled Jllgh-lelnperature is to primary •1111 tllt• case -•/dl• the relative time reducing fusion burn by the to '|]11• l!lll•l•lon burn efficient TN enables time.(1) cooling lh|jlflllt•lllt•l•l radiative the time and 1951, experiment Los in ignition (DT) deuterium-tritium • imploded •llt•t•e-•l'ul radiation it lO-mega- • This 1952. deuterium in explosion of radiation-imploded hu'ge-scale TN !ltllt!l!!tled II confinement lj•l•i•lll inertial initiated A-bomb demonstrated i•ltllel'l111•nllll MIKE device known as by opened. Founded Laboratory Livermore explosion, the before the MIKE new decreases. time i •_ confinement inertial the than specific faster bum _ttlt•l!ljllt•, Implosion •lll|t•l'lcld the increases rate I| confinement Inertial radius. proportional of the the cube inversely t•t||il • l•'t•l•ortlontd density, which is to I!t to I•111 inversely is time, which _• with bum-up increases pro- •|tltlli|!lli|ill total rate Iht• i| rllditls. At temperature, x constant Itl •..|_•ill fill Ihe Ill' rt|dius. il! I•lllllll'l• GENESIS PROGRESS OF ICF CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE AND 4 Laboratory Teller, Fig. Livermore co-founders. 2. E.O. Lawrence and Edward developing explosives. Teller, advanced A and Livermore focused TN O. Lawrence Ernest magnet- on ically initiated. and other small also confined fusion program programs energy were powerful design acquired developed codes. fastest and Livermore the supercomputers weapons Corporation, Theory Alamos, Livermore, Princeton, developed and elsewhere the Rand Los at was analyzed improve diagnostics incorporated and used Results of nuclear into these codes. to test were generations powerful theory. successive of and codes codes and Within computers ten years, more development explosives. helped of Livermore become leader in the TN to a suinmer 1955, implosion in of after left Columbia introduced Teller's radiation scheme the I I to was position Explosives University Physics in Livermore's Thermonuclear Graduate School accept to a subjected highly compressed Design the Division. learned that be when I matter to pres- enormous can practical explosives. explosion, high generated by for nuclear and that densities essential TN are sures a 26-year-old Design 24-year-old Leader, Division studied Brown, assistant Harold the I As TN to a design development explosives code and nuclear and weapons use. 5 PIONEERS ITS BY APPROACH HISTORICAL FUSION: A NUCLEAR CONFINEMENT !It'I'IAI, INI Laboratory. Livermore of directors early and leaders design explosive fusion and fission Brown, Harold and Fig. John Foster 3. production ICF Large-scale power electric commercial producing power feasibility of the help evaluate asked 1957, to Brown In me steam-filled diameter, one-thousand foot in H-bombs yield half-megaton exploding a periodically by Plowshare Teller's program of part scheme large-scale ICF This was mountain. in excavated cavity a elec- of kilotons of hundreds of value explosives.• commercial The nuclear of peaceful develop uses to the capital. However, and operations, materials, fabrication, of the enough costs is trical to pay energy economic be did to there important, not an seem Most lifetime. cavity uncertain had large-scale an significant plants. A fusion eco- confined magnetically power projected and fission advantage over achieve MFE. and eco- an fission overtake reactors o ICF for to be would advantage nomic necessary A-bomb. eliminating the cavity and the of and size reducing the on cost focused I advantage, nomic on explosions, I nuclear confined of effects blast calculate necessary? To cavity expensive large Is a tensors)) strains and (stresses code explosion were hydrodynamic elastic-plastic-fracture developed an explosive the of proportional the root mass impulse square is to explosive the because that realized I 6 CONTRIBUTIONS THE TO GENESIS AND PROGRESS OF ICF explosion relatively impulse explosion small contained of in TN be small manmade cham- mass can a a plasma by large X-rays, sufficiently shielded from wall is of ber if hot the and neutrons, a mass unva- porized materials.(2) burning ignited explosions (DT small DT Could fusion be without A-bomb? burns 100 very an D). Weapons Design 1950s, .the Foster, Leader, faster than In late times Fission Division invited John meetings special ignite explosions attend of his focused fusion how without DT to to group me use on Physicists Kidder, Ray A-bomb. Jim of and Wilson of this Kidder Shearer Jim members group. an were developed approximations ignition by push- useful small confined the conditions for of DT to a mass a (a shell). (3) metal dense er might realized implode I that few hundred volt radiation suffice and initi- electron temperature to a secondary. small-scale fusion hohlraum Radiation losses into with wall decrease than ate very a a more the the fourth of With radiation radiation excessive wall low losses temperature. temperatures, power though be avoided surface-to-volume ratio increases the the decreased. scale is can as even primary, Non-nuclear indirect drive scheme Beginning early programs' implosion 1960, in used the radiation latest I and TN burn weapons feasibility explore micro-explosion igniting implosion.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nova Laser Technology
    Nova Laser Technology In building the Nova laser, we have significantly advanced many technologies, including the generation and propagation of laser beams. We have also developed innovations in the fields of alignment, diagnostics, computer control, and image processIng.• For further information contact Nova is the world's most powerful at least 10 to 30 times more energetic John F. Holzrichter (415) 423-7454. laser system. It is designed to heat and than Shiva would be needed to compress small targets, typically 0.1 cm investigate ignition conditions and in size, to conditions otherwise produced possibly to reach gains near unity. only in nuclear weapons or in the Because of the importance of such a interior of stars. Its beams can facility to the progress of inertial fusion concentrate 80 to 120 kJ of energy (in research and because of the construction 3 ns) or 80 to 120 TW of power (in time entailed (at least five to seven 100 ps) on such targets. To couple energy years), the Nova project was proposed to more favorably with the target, Nova's the Energy Research and Development laser light will be harmonically converted Administration and to Congress. It was with greater than 50% efficiency from its decided to base this system on the near-infrared fundamental wavelength proven master-oscillator, linear-amplifier­ (1.05-,um wavelength) to green (0.525- chain laser system used on the Argus ,um) or blue (0.35-,um) wavelengths. The and Shiva systems. We had great goals of our experiments with Nova are confidence in extending this to make accurate measurements of high­ neodymium-glass laser technology to the temperature and high-pressure states of 200- to 300-kJ level.
    [Show full text]
  • ENGINEERING DESIGN of the NOVA LASER FACILITY for By
    ENGINEERING DESIGN OF THE NOVA LASER FACILITY FOR INERTIAL-CONFINEMENT FUSION* by W. W. Simmons, R. 0. Godwin, C. A. Hurley, E. P. Wallerstein, K. Whitham, J. E. Murray, E. S. Bliss, R. G. Ozarski. M. A. Summers, F. Rienecker, D. G. Gritton, F. W. Holloway, G. J. Suski, J. R. Severyn, and the Nova Engineering Team. Abstract The design of the Nova Laser Facility for inertia! confinement fusion experiments at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is presented from an engineering perspective. Emphasis is placed upon design-to- performance requirements as they impact the various subsystems that comprise this complex experimental facility. - DISCLAIMER - CO;.T-CI104n--17D DEf;2 013.375 *Research performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract number W-7405-ENG-48. Foreword The Nova Laser System for Inertial Confinement Fusion studies at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories represents a sophisticated engineering challenge to the national scientific and industrial community, embodying many disciplines - optical, mechanical, power and controls engineering for examples - employing state-of-the-art components and techniques. The papers collected here form a systematic, comprehensive presentation of the system engineering involved in the design, construction and operation of the Nova Facility, presently under construction at LLNL and scheduled for first operations in 1985. The 1st and 2nd Chapters present laser design and performance, as well as an introductory overview of the entire system; Chapters 3, 4 and 5 describe the major engineering subsystems; Chapters 6, 7, 8 and 9 document laser and target systems technology, including optical harmonic frequency conversion, its ramifications, and its impact upon other subsystems; and Chapters 10, 11, and 12 present an extensive discussion of our integrated approach to command, control and communications for the entire system.
    [Show full text]
  • Nd Lu Caf2 for High-Energy Lasers Simone Normani
    Nd Lu CaF2 for high-energy lasers Simone Normani To cite this version: Simone Normani. Nd Lu CaF2 for high-energy lasers. Physics [physics]. Normandie Université, 2017. English. NNT : 2017NORMC230. tel-01689866 HAL Id: tel-01689866 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01689866 Submitted on 22 Jan 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THESE Pour obtenir le diplôme de doctorat Physique Préparée au sein de l’Université de Caen Normandie Nd:Lu:CaF2 for High-Energy Lasers Étude de Cristaux de CaF2:Nd:Lu pour Lasers de Haute Énergie Présentée et soutenue par Simone NORMANI Thèse soutenue publiquement le 19 octobre 2017 devant le jury composé de M. Patrice CAMY Professeur, Université de Caen Normandie Directeur de thèse M. Alain BRAUD MCF HDR, Université de Caen Normandie Codirecteur de thèse M. Jean-Luc ADAM Directeur de Recherche, CNRS Rapporteur Mme. Patricia SEGONDS Professeur, Université de Grenoble Rapporteur M. Jean-Paul GOOSSENS Ingénieur, CEA Examinateur M. Maurizio FERRARI Directeur de Recherche, CNR-IFN Examinateur Thèse dirigée par Patrice CAMY et Alain BRAUD, laboratoire CIMAP Université de Caen Normandie Nd:Lu:CaF2 for High-Energy Lasers Thesis for the Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Eyes for Gamma Rays” Though the Major Peaks Suggest a Periodic- Whether These Are Truly Gamma-Ray Bursts for a Description of This System)
    sion of regularity and slow evolution in the They suggested that examination of the Vela exe-atmospheric nuclear detonation. Surpris- universe persisted into the 1960s. data might disclose evidence of bursts of ingly, however, the survey soon revealed that The feeling that transient cosmic events gamma rays at times close to the appearance the gamma-ray instruments on widely sepa- were rare was certainly prevalent in 1959 of supernovae. Such searches were con- rated satellites had sometimes responded when summit meetings were being held be- ducted; however, no distinctive signals were almost identically. Some of these events were tween England, the United States, and found. attributable to solar flare activity. However, Russia to discuss a nuclear test-ban treaty. On the other hand, there was evidence of one particularly distinctive event was dis- One key issue was the ability to detect treaty variability that had been ignored. For exam- covered for which a solar origin seemed violations unambiguously. A leading ple, the earliest x-ray data from small rocket inconsistent. Fortunately, the characteristics proposal for the detection of exo-at- probes and from satellites were often found of this event did not at all resemble those of a mospheric nuclear explosions was the use of to disagree significantly. The quality of the nuclear detonation, and thus the event did satellites with instruments that included de- data, rather than actual variations in the not create concern of a possible test-ban tectors sensitive to the gamma rays emitted sources, was suspected as the reason for treaty violation. by the explosion as well as those emitted these discrepancies.
    [Show full text]
  • X-Ray Lasing: the Novette Laser
    X-Ray Lasing: The Novelle Laser Although the Novette laser system served primarily as a test bed for advanced concepts of targets and lasers for the Nova system, its flexibility enabled us to use it for research that led to the world's first demonstration of x-ray lasing. ver the past decade, we have harmonic conversion for producing For further information contact built a series of ever more light of higher frequencies (that is, Kenneth R. Manes (415) 423-6207. O powerful and complex laser shorter wavelengths). With Novette, systems Ganus, Argus, Shiva, and now we demonstrated a system for Nova) devoted to research on inertial routinely generating powerful beams confinement fusion (ICF) and weapon of green (0.53-pm) and ultraviolet physics. However, the Novette laser (0.35- and 0.26-pm) light, greatly Fig. 1 system (Fig. 1) did not fit neatly into broadening the range of feasible Artist's rendering of the business end of this series. Although it shared physics experiments. We confirmed the Novette laser system, showing the target characteristics of the other lasers, such that laser-plasma coupling, and chamber, the harmonic-conversion arrays, and the extensive diagnostic instrumentation. as master-oscillator power-amplifier therefore the performance of the rCF The laser amplifier chains are out of the (MOPA) architecture, neodymium­ capsules, is greatly enhanced if green picture, folded trombone style to fit into the glass amplifiers, and a 1.053-pm or ultraviolet light is used instead of available space. fundamental wavelength, in many ways Novette was considerably less complex than its predecessor, the Shiva laser.
    [Show full text]
  • Fusion Energy: `Yes We Can' by Laurence Hecht Editor-In-Chief, 21St Century Science & Technology January 11, 2009
    Fusion Energy: `Yes We Can' by Laurence Hecht Editor-in-chief, 21st Century Science & Technology January 11, 2009 John Nuckolls, former director of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, has proposed a 10-year strategy for achieving laser fusion, which he said could be accomplished with 10 percent of President-elect Obama's $150-billion projected energy program. The contents of Dr. Nuckolls' proposal addresses issues of science not well-known to today's general public, but which should be better known. In laser fusion, a tiny target of deuterium, sometimes combined with tritium, is compressed by a shock wave which is produced by focused laser beams. The shock causes the deuterium, a naturally occurring isotope of hydrogen present in seawater, and tritium to combine, forming a nucleus of helium and a neutron. The mass of the resulting helium nucleus is less than the component nuclei, and the mass difference is released as energy, according to the famous equation E = mc2. The energy release per fusion is several times greater than that produced by the fission of a uranium nucleus, which is millions of times greater than the energy released by burning of a molecule of oil or natural gas. The heat of fusion energy can thus drive electrical turbines with far greater efficacy than any known power source, and can also be utilized in a device known as the fusion torch, to break down raw ore and even garbage into its constituent elements. Dr. Nuckolls, who led research on laser fusion at the national laboratory for many years, proposed "four steps to fusion power." (1) build an efficient high-average power laser module, a factory for producing laser targets, and a fusion chamber; (2) build a surged, heat capacity inertial fusion energy system; (3) build a fusion engine; (4) build a fusion power plant.
    [Show full text]
  • To Ignition to Ignition
    ON THE PATH TO IGNITION 10 S&TR March 2013 National Ignition Campaign National Ignition Facility experiments produce new states of matter as scientists close in on creating the conditions required to ignite fusion fuel. MONG the most challenging scientific closer to achieving ignition and fulfilling A quests over the past 50 years has the vision of early fusion pioneers such as been the international effort to create, in former Laboratory Director John Nuckolls. a laboratory setting, a miniature “star on Shortly after the laser’s invention in 1960, Earth.” The goal of this endeavor is to Nuckolls conceived of using the x rays surpass the extreme mix of temperature, generated by a powerful laser pulse to fuse density, and pressure at the center of the hydrogen isotopes, convert matter into Sun and generate conditions in which energy (as in Einstein’s famous equation, hydrogen fusion reactions can start and E = mc2), and thereby liberate more energy sustain themselves, thus creating a fusion than is delivered by the laser pulse. fire in the laboratory. The ongoing fusion “NIF was designed to be the world’s reaction in the Sun’s center provides largest laser,” says NIF chief scientist John all the energy needed for life on Earth. Lindl. “In fact, it now operates as such. Replicating this sustained reaction in a We have known from the outset that the laboratory requires conditions that are even energy it delivers does not give us a large more extreme: temperatures in the tens of margin of performance to achieve ignition. millions of degrees, pressures hundreds Everything that occurs during the implosion of billions of times Earth’s atmosphere, of hydrogen fuel must be nearly perfect.” and a density of burning matter that is Lindl notes that significant progress has more than 100 times the density of lead.
    [Show full text]
  • Weapons-Test Connection by Roger C
    COMMENT The Weapons-Test Connection by Roger C. Eckhardt t the test ban summit meetings in 1959, Stirling Colgate from the gamma-ray detectors were searched for enhanced signals in watched the attention of the delegates drifting off the the vicinity of the times of reported supernovae in distant galaxies. technical discussion onto thoughts of wine and women. When these searches proved fruitless, the idea that an unknown and A He refocused their attention with one abrupt question: startlingly different phenomenon might be hiding in the data could Would the gamma rays from a supernova trigger the detectors in the not be examined with high priority by the people involved. During the proposed test-surveillance satellites? With this question, Colgate ten-year span they, instead, pursued an answer to a broader version connected the political goal of test surveillance with the scientific goal of Colgate’s original query: Could a natural background event mimic of understanding cosmic phenomena. In the satellite detection of the signal of an exe-atmospheric weapons test? Although this gamma rays this connection has persisted now for two decades. question was directed primarily toward the political goal, the natural However, it has been perceived in different ways with different scientific drive to eliminate even minor doubts resulted eventually in a consequences by different groups of people. surprise—the discovery of gamma-ray bursts. In truth, the time span At one extreme is the opinion represented by the National was due, not to classification, but to the fact that gamma-ray bursts Enquirer story that claimed gamma-ray bursts were evidence of were totally unexpected.
    [Show full text]
  • NIF, an Unexpected Journey
    NIF: An Unexpected Journey and Lessons Learned to Secure “Projects of Scale” LLNL Seminar Mike Campbell July 9, 2020 1 Outline History is important: Look forward but learn from the past • LLNL ICF Program History – “100× Campaign” (compressing DT to ~20 g/cm3 as a focus) • Past research programs with lessons to be learned – X-ray laser program (“Star Wars”) • National Ignition Facility – background – technical approach – “political” approach • Lessons for future large-scale facilities 2 LLNL ICF Program History* Nova laser at LLNL ____________ * Any inaccuracies are mine 3 The 1970s was a decade of laser building at LLNL culminating in the planned construction of Nova • Janus (two beams at ~100 J/beam) first LLNL neutrons! (KMS was first!) • Argus (two beams ~1000 J/beam) ~first modern laser architecture • Shiva (20 beams at 500 J/beam) radiation-driven ablative implosions to high density • Nova (20 beams at 12 kJ/beam) ignition and gain All lasers Nd:Glass with 흀 = 1 흁m with “unconditioned” laser beams on target. 4 The LLNL (NIF) main fusion approach is laser- produced x-ray drive (“indirect drive”) Target design and temporally tailored drive pulse produce an assembled fuel configuration –1/2 • Pign ~(Efuel) What was the motivation? • NIF has achieved ~350 Gbar • Alpha heating of fuel demonstrated (~55 kJ) 5 In the 1970s direct drive faced many scientific challenges Direct-drive target “Unsmoothed laser beam Shell breakup with high (R/횫R) • Direct-drive issues 훾t – hydrodynamic instabilities: A(t) = A0 e – A0: “seeds” for Rayleigh–Taylor
    [Show full text]
  • Late-Time Simulation of National Ignition Facility Hohlraums
    UCRL-JRNL-206693 Late-time simulation of National Ignition Facility Hohlraums D.C. Eder, O.S. Jones, M.M. Marinak, M.T. Tobin, B.J. MacGowan September 21, 2004 Nuclear Fusion 2004 Disclaimer This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor the University of California nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or the University of California, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. Late-time simulation of National Ignition Facility hohlraums D. C. Eder, A. E. Koniges, O. S. Jones, M. M. Marinak, M. T. Tobin, and B. J. MacGowan Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551 Abstract The late-time (t ≥ 80 ns) behavior of hohlraums designed for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) is simulated using the multiphysics radiation hydrodynamics codes LASNEX and HYDRA. The spatial distribution of x-radiation outside the hohlraum is shown as a function of time. The energy spectrum of the x-ray emission is presented for various hohlraum viewing angles.
    [Show full text]
  • The Proceedings of the 1St International Workshop O Laboratory Astrophysics Experiments with Large Lasers
    CONF-960297— The Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop o Laboratory Astrophysics Experiments with Large Lasers B. A. Remington W.H. Goldstein August 9,1996 DISCLAIMER This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government Neither die United States Government nor the University of California nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any infonriation,apparatas,prodnc^orprocessdisdosed,ori«presentsthatitsnsewonldnotinfrmgeprivatelyownedright8. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement; recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Govenunent or the University of California, and shall notbe used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. This report has been reproduced directly from the best available copy. Available to DOE and DOE contractors from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Prices available from (615) 576-8401, FTS 626-8401 Available to the public from the National Technical Information Service US. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Rcu, Springfield, VA 22161 WorkperfonnedundertheatispicesoftheU^.Departmentof Energy by IawrenceLivennoreNationalLaboratory-under Contract W-7405-Eng-48. DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document Contents Conference Photo i Title Page ii Scientific Committee/ Organizing Committee iii Preface iv-v Summary vi-xi I.
    [Show full text]
  • Signature Redacted %
    EXAMINATION OF THE UNITED STATES DOMESTIC FUSION PROGRAM ARCHW.$ By MASS ACHUSETTS INSTITUTE Lauren A. Merriman I OF IECHNOLOLGY MAY U6 2015 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING I LIBR ARIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY FEBRUARY 2015 Lauren A. Merriman. All Rights Reserved. - The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly Paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of Author:_ Signature redacted %. Lauren A. Merriman Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering May 22, 2014 Signature redacted Certified by:. Dennis Whyte Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering I'l f 'A Thesis Supervisor Signature redacted Accepted by: Richard K. Lester Professor and Head of the Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering 1 EXAMINATION OF THE UNITED STATES DOMESTIC FUSION PROGRAM By Lauren A. Merriman Submitted to the Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering on May 22, 2014 In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nuclear Science and Engineering ABSTRACT Fusion has been "forty years away", that is, forty years to implementation, ever since the idea of harnessing energy from a fusion reactor was conceived in the 1950s. In reality, however, it has yet to become a viable energy source. Fusion's promise and failure are both investigated by reviewing the history of the United States domestic fusion program and comparing technological forecasting by fusion scientists, fusion program budget plans, and fusion program budget history.
    [Show full text]