Confinement Nuclear Fusion: Inertial Approch by Pioneers. historical its A and Velarde by Guillermo Edited Santamarfa Natividad (UK) 2007 Ltd © Davies Foxwell & Progress and Genesis Contributions the to ICF of Nuckolls H. John Laboratory, LLNL National Livermore Lawrence explosions ini- large-scale fusion of detonation progressed the from (ICF) has fusion hlertial confinement explosions fusion small-scale initiating preparations for final early 1950s by in the bombs Ihfle atomic to that performance high targets development of ignition be will can major after giant The lasers. step next challenge grand is beyond, ICF's and to 21 the In century lasers. smaller, lower sl much hlfliated with cost fusion inexhaustible clean, low plants that energy. cost, dowlop practical generate power speculations laser early concepts, of ICF origin 1960-61 target in on the describe chapter, first I this large-scale encouraging propulsion, and production rocket and Engines" for lh'lwn "Thermonuclear power ignition dollar multi-billion 40-year, the recall Next, I 1962. cam- in conducted experiments explosive Illldcar sufficiently and implosion lasers high-performance sufficiently of combination matched develop to a ignition the NIF brief with conclude explosions. comments I igniting fusion small capable on of targets centuries-long potential in speculations ICF's and high-performance a lll|lpaign targets, and on very t, competition of future systems. I)ili'winian energy of ICF optimistic designer, proponent explosive nuclear of chapter those perspectives this in My a are and 1970 laser experts Livermore's perspectives post of The leader. Laboratory Livermore and V•ergy, leading sci- Holzrichter, by John chapter written provided experimentalists in a bldlders, fusion and laser a are Kidder, the- chapter, Ray third In fusion generation laser second a Livermore's program. •nlist in and a leader first history of the including the perspectives provides his pioneer, early fusion physicist laser •wefical and 1962-1972. from led he lloneration fusion laser program chapter. of this provides outline Livermore chronology of ICF A brief at an progress Alamos period--ICF's Los H-bomb at Pre-1960 roots 1942-60 explosives TN advanced (1952) focus founded Lab Livermore on plant scheme ICF Plowshare power A-bomb without of ICF initiation for Scheme 1960-61 concepts ICF indirect-drive Early target shaping pulse "bare-drop" targets; Low cost Engines" "Thermonuclear laser-driven Speculations on experiments large-scale nuclear Early ICF PROGRESS OF GENESIS AND TO THE CONTRIBUTIONS 2 fusion First laser 1962-72 program chapter) (See Kidder development design code LASNEX 1969ff target high exploding pusher and Direct-drive targets bare-drop performance targets begins Declassification of ICF 1971ff Second-generation fusion laser 1972-92 program chapter) Holzrichter (see diagnosed experiments pusher Exploding TN 1974 neutrons experimentally demonstrated Indirectly driven 1976ff targets laser/experiments Shiva KJ Ten designs fusion Heavy ion 1976ff target physics barrier; density; plasma liquid implodes 100-times DT Shiva-driven target 1979 to requirement wavelength laser short experiments) Centurion (parallel experiments Alamos Los underground nuclear Halite 1977-87 laser/experiments wavelength Thirty Nova short KJ 1985-95 Third-generation ICF 1992ff program testing ends Nuclear by DOE proposal Zero" Key Decision NIF proposed designs high gain Fast-ignitor and laser target 1994ff beginning construction of approval NIF, of and DOE Final 1997 proposed designs high-performance Very target 2002ff campaign ignition Planned NIF 2010ff high performance Development of targets very 1942-1962 Concepts, of ICF Development Early Creating Dream? Possible a the scientists other Bethe and Oppenheimer, Teller, Edward Hans met at 1942, Robert J. In question: atomic Can Fermi's 1941 Enrico Berkeley considered and University in California of an ?1.2 of the explosion deuterium At of temperatures "Super," thermonuclear ignite explosion bomb a a than micro-second, of fraction liquid in deuterium explosion, of fusion A-bomb more a occurs a an the cycle that and carbon fusion magnitude the faster than orders of proton power sun processes twenty billion-year scales. time and stars on However, late density Super liquid l' scheme, 2 developed Alamos, Teller Beginning in 1943 Los at a indicated others and Neumann, Ulam, John by Fermi, Stanislaw calculations 1940s' uncom- an yon practical. pressed Super is not radiation advocated compressed Supers. Teller proposed Ulam 1951, early and two-stage Teller In primary and implosion, bomb atomic radiation 1'2 coupling In implosion of the sepa- stages. a two an a X-ray pulse giant of thermal by A radiation secondary enclosed thermonuclear energy rate case. a are 3 PIONEERS ITS APPROACH BY I•il*INIIMlablT IISTORICAL IqlSI()N: A ,I(AI( I•t NI I1 '1 Rsdi•tJon Chse • implode the • radiation by the explosion channeled Jllgh-lelnperature is to primary •1111 tllt• case -•/dl• the relative time reducing fusion burn by the to '|]11• l!lll•l•lon burn efficient TN enables time.(1) cooling lh|jlflllt•lllt•l•l radiative the time and 1951, experiment Los in ignition (DT) deuterium-tritium • imploded •llt•t•e-•l'ul radiation it lO-mega- • This 1952. deuterium in explosion of radiation-imploded hu'ge-scale TN !ltllt!l!!tled II confinement lj•l•i•lll inertial initiated A-bomb demonstrated i•ltllel'l111•nllll MIKE device known as by opened. Founded Laboratory Livermore explosion, the before the MIKE new decreases. time i •_ confinement inertial the than specific faster bum _ttlt•l!ljllt•, Implosion •lll|t•l'lcld the increases rate I| confinement Inertial radius. proportional of the the cube inversely t•t||il • l•'t•l•ortlontd density, which is to I!t to I•111 inversely is time, which _• with bum-up increases pro- •|tltlli|!lli|ill total rate Iht• i| rllditls. At temperature, x constant Itl •..|_•ill fill Ihe Ill' rt|dius. il! I•lllllll'l• GENESIS PROGRESS OF ICF CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE AND 4 Laboratory Teller, Fig. Livermore co-founders. 2. E.O. Lawrence and Edward developing explosives. Teller, advanced A and Livermore focused TN O. Lawrence Ernest magnet- on ically initiated. and other small also confined fusion program programs energy were powerful design acquired developed codes. fastest and Livermore the supercomputers weapons Corporation, Theory Alamos, Livermore, Princeton, developed and elsewhere the Rand Los at was analyzed improve diagnostics incorporated and used Results of nuclear into these codes. to test were generations powerful theory. successive of and codes codes and Within computers ten years, more development explosives. helped of Livermore become leader in the TN to a suinmer 1955, implosion in of after left Columbia introduced Teller's radiation scheme the I I to was position Explosives University Physics in Livermore's Thermonuclear Graduate School accept to a subjected highly compressed Design the Division. learned that be when I matter to pres- enormous can practical explosives. explosion, high generated by for nuclear and that densities essential TN are sures a 26-year-old Design 24-year-old Leader, Division studied Brown, assistant Harold the I As TN to a design development explosives code and nuclear and weapons use. 5 PIONEERS ITS BY APPROACH HISTORICAL FUSION: A NUCLEAR CONFINEMENT !It'I'IAI, INI Laboratory. Livermore of directors early and leaders design explosive fusion and fission Brown, Harold and Fig. John Foster 3. production ICF Large-scale power electric commercial producing power feasibility of the help evaluate asked 1957, to Brown In me steam-filled diameter, one-thousand foot in H-bombs yield half-megaton exploding a periodically by Plowshare Teller's program of part scheme large-scale ICF This was mountain. in excavated cavity a elec- of kilotons of hundreds of value explosives.• commercial The nuclear of peaceful develop uses to the capital. However, and operations, materials, fabrication, of the enough costs is trical to pay energy economic be did to there important, not an seem Most lifetime. cavity uncertain had large-scale an significant plants. A fusion eco- confined magnetically power projected and fission advantage over achieve MFE. and eco- an fission overtake reactors o ICF for to be would advantage nomic necessary A-bomb. eliminating the cavity and the of and size reducing the on cost focused I advantage, nomic on explosions, I nuclear confined of effects blast calculate necessary? To cavity expensive large Is a tensors)) strains and (stresses code explosion were hydrodynamic elastic-plastic-fracture developed an explosive the of proportional the root mass impulse square is to explosive the because that realized I 6 CONTRIBUTIONS THE TO GENESIS AND PROGRESS OF ICF explosion relatively impulse explosion small contained of in TN be small manmade cham- mass can a a plasma by large X-rays, sufficiently shielded from wall is of ber if hot the and neutrons, a mass unva- porized materials.(2) burning ignited explosions (DT small DT Could fusion be without A-bomb? burns 100 very an D). Weapons Design 1950s, .the Foster, Leader, faster than In late times Fission Division invited John meetings special ignite explosions attend of his focused fusion how without DT to to group me use on Physicists Kidder, Ray A-bomb. Jim of and Wilson of this Kidder Shearer Jim members group. an were developed approximations ignition by push- useful small confined the conditions for of DT to a mass a (a shell). (3) metal dense er might realized implode I that few hundred volt radiation suffice and initi- electron temperature to a secondary. small-scale fusion hohlraum Radiation losses into with wall decrease than ate very a a more the the fourth of With radiation radiation excessive wall low losses temperature. temperatures, power though be avoided surface-to-volume ratio increases the the decreased. scale is can as even primary, Non-nuclear indirect drive scheme Beginning early programs' implosion 1960, in used the radiation latest I and TN burn weapons feasibility explore micro-explosion igniting implosion.