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Análise Ecológica Da Helmintofauna Do Sabiá

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Análise Ecológica Da Helmintofauna Do Sabiá CLÁUDIA CALEGARO-MARQUES ANÁLISE ECOLÓGICA DA HELMINTOFAUNA DO SABIÁ-LARANJEIRA Turdus rufiventris E DO PARDAL Passer domesticus NA REGIÃO METROPOLITANA DE PORTO ALEGRE, RS. Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutor em Biologia Animal. Área de Concentração: Biodiversidade Orientador: Profa Dra Suzana Bencke Amato UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL PORTO ALEGRE 2006 Livros Grátis http://www.livrosgratis.com.br Milhares de livros grátis para download. 2 ANÁLISE ECOLÓGICA DA HELMINTOFAUNA DO SABIÁ-LARANJEIRA Turdus rufiventris E DO PARDAL Passer domesticus NA REGIÃO METROPOLITANA DE PORTO ALEGRE, RS. CLÁUDIA CALEGARO-MARQUES Aprovada em 20 /dezembro/2006. __________________________________________ Profa Dra Carla Suertegaray Fontana __________________________________________ Profa Dra Inga Ludmila Veitenheimer Mendes __________________________________________ Prof. Dr Luís Cláudio Muniz Pereira __________________________________________ Profa Dra Suzana Bencke Amato SUMÁRIO Página AGRADECIMENTOS .................................................................................................... v LISTA DE TABELAS ....................................................................................................vii LISTA DE FIGURAS ..................................................................................................... xi RESUMO ....................................................................................................................... xiv 1. INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................................1 1.1. O parasitismo e a biodiversidade ................................................................1 1.2. A biodiversidade e a urbanização ...............................................................3 1.3. Ecologia e estrutura das comunidades de helmintos ...............................5 1.4. As aves.............................................................................................................9 1.5. Biologia das espécies hospedeiras.............................................................10 1.6. O estudo da helmintofauna de aves: considerações históricas .............14 1.7. A helmintofauna do sabiá-laranjeira e do pardal....................................16 1.8. Objetivos........................................................................................................20 2. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS .......................................................................................23 2.1. Caracterização da área de estudo e dos locais de coleta ........................23 2.2. Coleta dos hospedeiros ...............................................................................29 2.3. Necropsia e exame das aves .......................................................................34 2.4. Coleta e fixação dos helmintos...................................................................37 2.5. Processamento dos helmintos ....................................................................38 2.6. Identificação dos helmintos........................................................................40 2.7. Depósito dos espécimes ..............................................................................41 2.8. Parâmetros ecológicos e análise estatística...............................................42 ii 3. RESULTADOS ...........................................................................................................48 3.1. Taxonomia, descrição e resenha taxonômica dos helmintos.......................48 3.1.1. Digenéticos.................................................................................................48 Brachylaima sp. ........................................................................................... 48 Tamerlania inopina....................................................................................... 55 Conspicuum conspicuum.............................................................................. 60 Lutztrema obliquum ..................................................................................... 66 Eumegacetes sp. ........................................................................................... 71 3.1.2. Cestóides ....................................................................................................76 Fernandezia spinosissima .............................................................................76 Choanotaenia passerina ................................................................................80 Dilepis undula .............................................................................................. 83 Wardium fernandensis ..................................................................................87 3.1.3. Acantocéfalos.............................................................................................92 Lueheia inscripta........................................................................................... 92 3.1.4. Nematóides ..............................................................................................100 Aonchotheca sp. ......................................................................................... 100 Oxyspirura petrowi .................................................................................... 107 Microtetrameres pusilla.............................................................................. 113 Dispharynx nasuta ..................................................................................... 119 Aproctella stoddardi.................................................................................... 126 Cardiofilaria pavlovskyi.............................................................................. 132 Cardiofilaria sp. ......................................................................................... 138 Strongyloides oswaldoi ............................................................................... 143 Syngamus trachea....................................................................................... 149 iii 3.2. Análise ecológica e estrutura da comunidade de helmintos do sabiá-laranjeira e do pardal .............................................................................154 3.2.1. Parâmetros ecológicos ............................................................................154 3.2.2. Estrutura da comunidade de helmintos ..............................................168 3.2.2.1. Valor de importância das espécies nas comunidades de helmintos de Turdus rufiventris e Passer domesticus................. 168 3.2.2.2. Padrão de dispersão dos helmintos..........................................169 3.2.2.3. Associações interespecíficas ......................................................169 3.2.2.4. Análise sexo-etária......................................................................173 3.2.2.5. Influência da sazonalidade na coleta das aves .......................188 3.2.2.6. Influência da paisagem ..............................................................192 4. DISCUSSÃO .............................................................................................................199 4.1. Importância dos ciclos de vida na estruturação das comunidades de helmintos.......................................................................................................202 4.2. Interações interespecíficas e a estrutura da comunidade de helmintos............................................................................................................210 4.3. Comparação entre a helmintofauna do sabiá-laranjeira e do pardal .......211 4.4. Influência da idade e do sexo dos hospedeiros na comunidade de helmintos............................................................................................................213 4.5. A estrutura da comunidade de helmintos e a variação entre as estações...............................................................................................................217 4.6. A influência da paisagem na fauna helmintológica....................................220 5. CONCLUSÃO ...........................................................................................................223 6. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ....................................................................226 iv ANEXOS Anexo 1. Lista de helmintos registrados para as espécies do gênero Turdus (exceto Brasil) Anexo 2. Lista de helmintos registrados para Passer domesticus (exceto Brasil) Anexo 3. Nota de pesquisa publicada na revista científica Biociências v AGRADECIMENTOS A DEUS, pelo dom da vida,do amor e da esperança... Muitas pessoas foram importantes... Profa Dra Suzana Bencke Amato pela orientação e apoio durante o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, mas, principalmente por ter aberto meus olhos para o fascinante mundo dos parasitos. Prof. Dr. José Felipe Ribeiro Amato pela orientação e auxílio com as técnicas laboratoriais e fotográficas necessárias para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa e por me mostrar a parasitologia como um prisma multifacetado... Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA) pelas licenças para captura e transporte dos hospedeiros e Secretaria Municipal do Meio Ambiente (SMAM) pela autorização para coleta nos parques da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Dr. Régis Alexandre Lahm e geógrafo Roger Santos do Laboratório
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