Innovations in Lubrication Technology
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Oil Analysis Handbook Third Edition Copyright © 2017 Spectro Scientific
Predictive Equipment Maintenance Oil Analysis Handbook Third Edition Copyright © 2017 Spectro Scientific. All rights reserved. FluidScan® and LaserNet Fines® are registered trademarks of Spectro Scientific Inc. While every effort is made to assure the information in this document ois accurate, Spectro Scientific does not accept liability for any errors or mistakes that may arise. Specifications are subject to change without notice. | 3 Preface Welcome to the third edition of the In-service Oil Analysis Handbook. It has been a few years since the publication of the first edition of Spectro Scientific’s In-Service Oil Analysis Handbook. Our original goal was to compile a comprehensive reference book of common in-service oil analysis techniques to help readers understand and choose the right technique and instrumentation for their needs. We had to limit the scope in the first two editions because of the amount of effort needed to cover all the topics. In-service oil analysis for condition based maintenance covers a wide array of topics. I am pleased to say that in this third edition, we are much closer to our goal. We reorganized the structure of the content for better clarity and we added articles to cover more topics and instruments associated with oil analysis. Also, we rewrote several articles including the latest developments on the market. As we learned more from our customers about their successes using on site oil analysis, we developed case studies that you can find in this edition. This work is not possible without the time and effort from the contributing authors: Patrick Henning, Daniel Walsh, Robert Yurko, Ken Caldwell, Thomas Barraclough, Maria Bartus, Randi Price, John Morgan, Aifeng Shi and Yuegang Zhao from Spectro Scientific and Ray Garvey from Emerson Process Management. -
Synthetic Lubricant Base Stocks Formulations Guide Table of Contents
Synthetic lubricant base stocks formulations guide Table of contents 1.0 Introduction — Using this guide ����������������������������������������������������������������� 1 7�3 Turbine oils ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������62 2.0 Lubricant formulators FAQs ������������������������������������������������������������������������ 3 7�4 Industrial gear oils ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������67 7�5 Paper machine oils �������������������������������������������������������������������������������72 3.0 Synthetic base stock grade slate summary ���������������������������������������������� 7 7�6 Lubricants for use with food machinery 4.0 Industry trends ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9 (incidental food contact) ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������74 4�1 Energy outlook ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9 7�7 Miscellaneous lubricants ���������������������������������������������������������������������79 4�2 Lubricant industry trends ��������������������������������������������������������������������10 7�7�1 Heat transfer oils �����������������������������������������������������������������������79 4�3 Automotive trends �������������������������������������������������������������������������������10 7�7�2 Chain lubricants �������������������������������������������������������������������������81 -
OWNER's OPERATION and MAINTENANCE MANUAL
OWNER’S OPERATION and MAINTENANCE MANUAL A Division of This Page Was Intentionally Left Blank Thank you for your selection of Pleasurecraft (PCM) Marine Power for your boating needs. We welcome you to Team PCM, which puts you in the company of tens of thousands of boaters who have relied on Pleasurecraft inboards as their power of choice for over 30 years. When you chose PCM, you selected the utmost in premium power for your boating application. Pleasurecraft is the world’s largest manufacturer of gasoline marine inboards, and the clear-cut leader in cutting edge technology. Over the years, we have introduced many breakthrough innovations that quickly became industry standards. The pyramidal exhaust system, light-weight transmission, computerized engine control and the Fuel Control Cell (FCC) are all PCM innovations. No matter which PCM model you purchased, you can be sure it is equipped with the latest in modern technology for added performance and durability. READ THIS MANUAL THOROUGHLY Before starting your engine(s), READ THIS MANUAL CAREFULLY AND COMPLETELY. If you do not understand any portion of the manual, contact your Dealer for clarification or assistance. Ask your Dealer for a demonstration of actual starting and operating procedures. The descriptions and specifications contained in this manual were in effect at the time of printing. PCM Engines’ policy of continued improvement reserves the right to change specifications or design without notice and without obligation. This manual will cover the following year of manufacture PCM engines: Year Model 2013 EX343 MPI *2013 Catanium™ CES HO303 *2013 Catanium™ CES EX343 *2013 Catanium™ CES 6.0L ZR409 *2013 Catanium™ CES 6.0L ZR450 2013 6.2L XS550 MPI 2013 6.2L XR550 MPI * PCM’s Catanium™ Clean Emission System is available to reduce emissions without diminishing performance. -
The Truth About Synthetic
File No. RSA-003 revision. 0 -2/26/03 TheThe TruthTruth AboutAbout SyntheticSynthetic OilOil Auto and Oil Industries Best Kept Secret - Finally Revealed (What every Filipino Car Owner Should Know !) Maintenance Excellence Rolly Angeles Table of Contents : Open Letter …………………………………………………………………………… 2 I. What you need to know about petroleum oil ……………………………………. 3 II. Synthetic Lubricant Market In Asia ……………………………………………… 3 III. What is Synthetic Oil ?......………………………………………………………... 4 IV. History Of Synthetic Oil …..………………………………………………………... 4 V. Advantages Of Synthetic Oil Over Petroleum Oil ………………………………… 5 VI. Procedures On How To Switch To Synthetic Oil ………………………………… 6 VII. When Not To Use Synthetic Oil …………………………………………………… 6 VIII. Frequently Asked Questions on Synthetic Oil …………………………………… 7 Maintenance Excellence Rolly Angeles 1 Dear Friend, With the unending increase in petroleum products and fuel in our country today, it is not uncommon for an average Filipino worker who owns a vehicle not to bring their car everyday to work to save money on gas. In view of this I would like to share some knowledge onhow we can save cost in maintaining our vehicle, and I believe that this relevant information must be known by every Filipino specially those who own a vehicle. One of the regular maintenance we perform on our vehicle is changing oil, and many of us are unaware of synthetic lubricants. In fact it is estimated that only a handful of Filipinos knows the value of synthetic oil in their vehicle since most of us use the conventional petroleum or mineral oil that is available in our local gasoline stations . It is my intention that every Filipino must be educated on the benefits and advantages of using synthetic oil in their vehicle. -
Si-18-1997 R5
AIRCRAFT ENGINES SERVICE INSTRUCTION SELECTION OF MOTOR OIL AND GENERAL OPERATING TIPS FOR ROTAX® ENGINES TYPE 912 AND 914 (SERIES) SI-18-1997 R5 Repeating symbols: Please, pay attention to the following symbols throughout this document emphasizing particular information. ▲ WARNING: Identifies an instruction, which if not followed, may cause serious injury or even death. ■ CAUTION: Denotes an instruction which if not followed, may severely damage the engine or could lead to suspension of warranty. ◆ NOTE: Information useful for better handling. 1) Planning information 1.1) Engines affected All versions of the engine type: - 912 (Series) - 914 (Series) 1.2) Concurrent ASB/SB/SI and SL none 1.3) Reason - Due to field experience the recommended engine oil list (section 3.2 and section 3.3) was updated. - Field experience has shown that additional information about the choice of suitable motor oils and oil change and maintenance intervals for the ROTAX engines Type 912 and 914 is necessary. Regardless of which brand of fuel is used, foreign particles are suspended in the motor oil. Heavy accumulation of particles on high temperature zones such as on piston rings, exhaust valve guides, may result in stuck piston rings and valves due to burning and coking of the oil. On turbocharged engine, failing to ensure an adequate cool-down period prior to shut-off may lead to particle deposits on the turbocharger wheels. This could result in an unbalance of the turbo wheel and consequently to a complete destruction of the turbocharger. Particle deposits or cooking may become loose in the engine and may block the lubrication system causing damage to the engine due to lack of oil. -
The Difference Between GL-4 and GL-5 Gear Oils by Richard Widman
The Difference between GL-4 and GL-5 Gear Oils by Richard Widman Revision 6-2020 The original target audience for this paper was my group of friends in the Corvair world, but it applies to all cars, and is particularly important for all classic cars. I originally wrote this in 2013. This is the fifth draft of this paper, updating several areas, especially the section on viscosities, based on emails I’ve received. There is a lot of confusion about gear oils and the API classifications. In this paper I will try to differentiate the two oils and clear up the mysteries that are flying all over the internet. It is extremely common, or normal, for all GL-5 oils to claim they cover the API GL-4 requirements for gear oils. This is a true statement. Does that make them satisfactory for synchromesh or synchronized transmissions? NO! They meet the GEAR OIL specifications, not transmission oil specifications. The API GL-4 and GL-5 categories do not mention or have anything to do with transmission synchronizers. History: The gear oils of a few decades ago had lead additives that were effective at wear reduction, but not very good for the environment. A long time ago they began to be replaced by gear oils with a phosphorous additive (in itself a decent anti-wear additive) with active sulfur to grip hold of the gears and create a very solid sacrificial layer of material that could be worn off, thereby protecting the gear surface. Eventually it was discovered that the active sulfur was causing corrosion of brass and other soft metals used in differentials and transmissions. -
Owners Manual
Owners Manual S&S® KN, P, and SH-Series Engines DISCLAIMER: • Consult an appropriate service manual for your motorcycle for correct S&S parts are designed for high performance, closed course, racing applications disassembly and reassembly procedures for any parts that need to be removed and are intended for the very experienced rider only. The installation of S&S parts to facilitate installation. may void or adversely effect your factory warranty. In addition such installation and • Use good judgment when performing installation and operating motorcycle. use may violate certain federal, state, and local laws, rules and ordinances as well Good judgment begins with a clear head. Don’t let alcohol, drugs or fatigue as other laws when used on motor vehicles used on public highways, especially in impair your judgment. Start installation when you are fresh. states where pollution laws may apply. Always check federal, state, and local laws before modifying your motorcycle. It is the sole and exclusive responsibility of the • Be sure all federal, state and local laws are obeyed with the installation. user to determine the suitability of the product for his or her use, and the user shall • For optimum performance and safety and to minimize potential damage to assume all legal, personal injury risk and liability and all other obligations, duties, carb or other components, use all mounting hardware that is provided and and risks associated therewith. follow all installation instructions. The words Harley®, Harley-Davidson®, H-D®, Sportster®, Evolution®, and all H-D Motorcycle exhaust fumes are toxic and poisonous and must not be breathed. -
Uniform Fuels and Automotive Lubricants Regulation
Handbook 130 – 2020 IV. Uniform Regulations G. Uniform Fuels and Automotive Lubricants Regulation G. Uniform Fuels and Automotive Lubricants Regulation Table of Contents Section Page Section 1. Definitions ............................................................................................................................................... 187 1.1. ASTM (ASTM International). ................................................................................................................ 187 1.2. Antiknock Index (AKI). .......................................................................................................................... 187 1.3. Automatic Transmission Fluid. ............................................................................................................... 187 1.4. Automotive Fuel Rating. ......................................................................................................................... 187 1.5. Automotive Gasoline, Automotive Gasoline-Oxygenate Blend. ............................................................ 187 1.6. Aviation Gasoline. .................................................................................................................................. 187 1.7. Aviation Turbine Fuel. ............................................................................................................................ 187 1.8. Biodiesel. ............................................................................................................................................... -
Commentary on Motor Oils Frequently Asked Questions
COMMENTARY ON MOTOR OILS LIBRARY FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS TECHNICAL BY CHARLES NAVARRO TECHNICAL LIBRARY Commentary on Motor Oils and Frequently Asked Questions 7 The purpose of proper lubrication is to provide a physical barrier (oil film) that separates Oil companies have been cutting back on the use of Zn and P as anti-wear additives. moving parts reducing wear and friction. Oil also supplies cooling to critical engine This reduction of phosphorus content is a mandate issued by API, American Petro- components, such as bearings. Detergent oils contain dispersants, friction modifiers, 8 leum Institute, who is in charge of developing standing standards for motor oils. Zn anti-foam, anti-corrosion, and anti-wear additives. These detergents carry away and P have been found to be bad for catalytic converters. In 1996, API introduced the contaminants such as wear particulates and neutralize acids that are formed by combus- API SJ classification to reduce these levels to a maximum of 0.10% for viscosities of tion byproducts and the natural breakdown of oil. Likewise, the viscosity of the motor oil 9 10w30 and lighter. The 15w40 and 20w50 viscosities commonly used in Porsche throughout the operating range of the engine is very important to the “hydro-dynamic engines did not have a maximum phosphorus limit. The API SL standard maintained bearing” layer (oil film that forms on and between moving engine parts). Boundary this higher limit but with reduced limits for high temperature deposits. With the API Lubrication occurs when insufficient film to prevent surface contact and where the SM, phosphorus content less than 0.08% was mandated to reduce sulfur, carbon primary anti-wear additive ZDDP plays its role in protecting your engine. -
Gear Oil Hydraulics Engine Oil Additives
Order ™ NLINE www.midwestwheel.com 10 Order ™ NLINE www.midwestwheel.com CATALOG NUMBER CATALOG ENGINE OIL ADDITIVES HEAVY DUTY OIL STABILIZER ▪ Increase oil life at least 50% longer ▪ Reduces oil consumption ▪ Eliminates dry starts ▪ Raises oil pressure ▪ Increases power and miles per gallon LUC10001 Quart LUC10002 Gallon Low Viscosity Stabilizer ▪ Low viscosity formulation designed to amplify the life and performance of your vehicle SYNTHETIC OIL STABILIZER ▪ Friction reduction ▪ Increase oil life by at least 50% ▪ Wear reduction ▪ Reduces oil consumption ▪ Improvement in oxidation resistance ▪ Eliminates dry starts ▪ Improvement with dispersancy which reduces ▪ Raises oil pressure deposits and varnish ▪ Increases power and MPG ▪ Ideal for use with vehicles equipped with LUC10130 Quart variable valve timing and cylinder deactivation LUC10131 Gallon LUC11097 12 oz. ENGINE OIL STOP LEAK ENGINE BREAK-IN OIL ADDITIVE ▪ Compatible with petroleum, semi- ▪ Protects camshaft lifters and valve train synthetic and full synthetic motor oils. during break-in period of motor. ▪ Renews worn seals with no risk of ▪ Excellent for flat tappet camshafts during damage or eventual corrosion. break-in or as an additive to any motor oil ▪ Reduces engine noise and oil to prevent premature wear. consumption, while raising oil pressure. ▪ Exclusive blend of extreme pressure ▪ Contains no harmful solvents. additives. LUC10278 Quart LUC10063 16 oz. Bottle LUC10279 Gallon GEAR OIL HEAVY DUTY GEAR OIL SAE SYNTHETIC GEAR OIL ▪ Contains special anti-wear and lubricity -
Lubrication Performance of Engine Commercial Oils with Different
lubricants Article Lubrication Performance of Engine Commercial Oils with Different Performance Levels: The Effect of Engine Synthetic Oil Aging on Piston Ring Tribology under Real Engine Conditions Pantelis G. Nikolakopoulos *, Stamatis Mavroudis and Anastasios Zavos Machine Design Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; [email protected] (S.M.); [email protected] (A.Z.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +30-261-096-9421 Received: 4 August 2018; Accepted: 25 September 2018; Published: 9 October 2018 Abstract: To further improve efficiency in automotive engine systems, it is important to understand the generation of friction in its components. Accurate simulation and modeling of friction in machine components is, amongst other things, dependent on realistic lubricant rheology and lubricant properties, where especially the latter may change as the machine ages. Some results of research under laboratory conditions on the aging of engine commercial oils with different performance levels (mineral SAE 30, synthetic SAE10W-40, and bio-based) are presented in this paper. The key role of the action of pressure and temperature in engine oils’ aging is described. The paper includes the results of experiments over time in laboratory testing of a single cylinder motorbike. The aging of engine oil causes changes to its dynamic viscosity value. The aim of this work is to evaluate changes due to temperature and pressure in viscosity of engine oil over its lifetime and to perform uncertainty analysis of the measured values. The results are presented as the characteristics of viscosity and time in various temperatures and the shear rates/pressures. -
Chemical Guide
BRAKES COOLING ELECTRICAL ENGINE FUEL SYSTEM GEAR OILS CHEMICAL HEATING-A/C GUIDE MOTOR OILS POWER STEERING TRANSMISSION MAGIC WORDS Brake Products Brake Fluid Brand Part Number Description 12oz. Johnsen’s JON2224 12oz. DOT 3 BRAKE FLUID Johnsen’s JON5012 12oz. DOT 4 BRAKE FLUID Johnsen’s JON817500 12oz SYN DOT 3 BRAKE FLUID Johnsen’s JON7012 12oz DOT 5 BRAKE FLUID Motorcraft MTAPM1C 12oz. DOT 3 HP BRAKE FLUID 32oz. Johnsen’s JON5032 32oz. DOT 4 BRAKE FLUID Johnsen’s JON817501 32oz SYN DOT 3 BRAKE FLUID 1 Liters Pentosin CRP1224116 1L DOT 4 LOW BRAKE FLUID 5 Liters Pentosin CRP1204204 5L DOT 4 BRAKE FLUID 1 Gallon Johnsen’s JON817502 1g SYN DOT 3 BRAKE FLUID Johnsen’s JON5034 1g DOT 4 BRAKE FLUID Brake Cleaner Brand Part Number Description 13oz. Motorcraft MTAPM4A 13oz. BRAKE CLEANER 14oz. 3M MMM08880 14oz. BRAKE CLEANER Berryman BER2420 14oz NON-CHLORINATED CRC CRC05088 14oz NON-CHLORINATED Johnsen’s JON817202 14oz NON-CHLORINATED 15oz. Mopar MOP68065196AB 15oz Non Chlorinated 16oz. Johnsen’s JON817200 16oz. CHLORINATED BRAKE 19oz. Berryman BER1420 19oz. CHLORINATED BRAKE CRC CRC05089 19oz. CHLORINATED BRAKE 5 Gallon CRC CRC05186 5g. BRAKE CLEANER 55 Gallon Johnsen’s JON2413-55 55g. BRAKE CLEANER NON-CHLORINATED Johnsen’s JON2456 55g. BRAKE CLEANER Brake Products Brake Misc. Brand Part Number Description BG Products CHMBG860 1oz STOP SQUEAL CRC CRC05016 4oz DISC BRAKE QUIET CRC CRC05353 12oz BRAKE CALIPER GREASE Motorcraft MTAXG11 14oz SILICONE BRAKE Motorcraft MTAXG3A 3oz DIELECTRIC GREASE Permatex PRM80077 9oz DISC BRAKE QUIET NOTES Brand Part Number Description Cooling System Products Antifreeze Brand Part Number Description 1.5 Liters Pentosin CRP8112106 1.5L PENTOFROST E Pentosin CRP8113106 1.5L P-FROST E.