DOCSLIB.ORG

AAA Engine Oil Research

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
AAA Engine Oil Research (this page intentionally left blank) 2 Abstract AAA conducted primary and secondary research to understand the differences between conventional and synthetic engine oils that are readily available for use in gasoline engines. While synthetic oils began to gain prominence on an industrial scale in 1931 [1], they were not significantly used for automotive applications until the 1980s [2]. The majority of vehicles are capable of using either conventional or synthetic engine oil that meets the latest American Petroleum Institute (API) and International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee (ILSAC) specifications. However, some automakers mandate that oils used in their vehicles meet proprietary internal specifications as well. Synthetic oils are generally promoted as having superior performance compared to conventional oils, albeit at a higher cost. The objective of this research is to determine the validity of these claims and to determine the overall cost of switching to a synthetic oil. Research Questions: 1. Are there differences in performance between oils marketed as conventional versus oils marketed as synthetic? a. Quantitatively determined by analysis of multiple ASTM1 International (ASTM) standardized tests required for ILSAC GF-5 certification 2. What is the percentage of current model year vehicles that “require” synthetic engine oil? 3. What is the cost increase, if any, associated with switching to a synthetic oil? 4. What are current consumer trends regarding the use of synthetic engine oil? Key Findings: 1. On average, synthetic oils outperformed conventional oils in the conducted tests by 47 percent. The selected tests evaluated shear stability, deposit formation, volatility, cold- temperature pumpability, oxidation resistance, and oxidation-induced rheological changes. 2. Very few vehicles specifically “require” synthetic oil; however, most vehicle manufacturers require compliance to an internal oil specification for warranty purposes. 3. The average price difference between a conventional and a synthetic oil change is $32 at a AAA Approved Auto Repair facility. 4. 44 percent of drivers are either not sure if synthetic motor oil is better for their engine, or do not believe synthetic motor oil is better for their engine. 1 Formerly known as the American Society for Testing and Materials 3 Contents 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 6 2 Background ........................................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Defining the Base Oil ..................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.1 API Base Stock Categories ..................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Engine Oil Ratings ......................................................................................................................... 9 2.2.1 API Certification Mark ........................................................................................................... 9 2.2.2 API Service Symbol ................................................................................................................ 9 2.2.3 SAE Viscosity Grade ............................................................................................................. 10 3 Base Oil and Additive Chemistry ......................................................................................................... 11 3.1 Conventional Mineral Base Oil .................................................................................................... 11 3.1.1 Solvent Extraction ............................................................................................................... 11 3.1.2 Dewaxing ............................................................................................................................. 11 3.1.3 Hydrocracking ..................................................................................................................... 11 3.2 Polyalphaolefins (PAOs) .............................................................................................................. 11 3.3 API Group V Base Stocks ............................................................................................................. 12 3.4 Additives ..................................................................................................................................... 12 3.4.1 Antioxidants ........................................................................................................................ 12 3.4.2 Anti-Wear/Extreme Pressure Components (AW/EP Additives) .......................................... 13 3.4.3 Detergents ........................................................................................................................... 13 3.4.4 Dispersants .......................................................................................................................... 13 3.4.5 Viscosity Modifiers .............................................................................................................. 14 3.4.6 Pour Point Depressants ....................................................................................................... 14 3.4.7 Foam Inhibitors ................................................................................................................... 14 4 Inquiry #1: Are there differences in performance between oils marketed as conventional versus oils marketed as synthetic? ............................................................................................................................... 14 4.1 Objective ..................................................................................................................................... 14 4.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 14 4.3 Test Oil Selection ......................................................................................................................... 15 4.4 Test Results ................................................................................................................................. 15 4.4.1 ASTM D6278 Kurt Orbahn Shear Stability Test & ASTM D4683 High Temperature/High Shear (HTHS) Viscosity ........................................................................................................................ 15 4 4.4.2 ASTM D7097 Moderately High Temperature Piston Deposits by Thermo-Oxidation Engine Oil Simulation Test (TEOST MHT) ........................................................................................................ 21 4.4.3 ASTM D6335 High Temperature Deposits by Thermo-Oxidation Engine Oil Simulation Test (TEOST 33C) ......................................................................................................................................... 24 4.4.4 ASTM D5800 Evaporation Loss of Lubricating Oils by the Noack Method (Procedure C) .. 26 4.4.5 ASTM D5133 Low Temperature, Low Shear Rate Viscosity/Temperature Dependence by the Scanning Brookfield Test .............................................................................................................. 29 4.4.6 ASTM D4742 Oxidation Stability by Thin-Film Oxygen Uptake (TFOUT) ............................ 32 4.4.7 ASTM D7528 Bench Oxidation by Romaszewski Oil Bench Oxidation (ROBO Apparatus) . 34 4.5 Summary of Findings ................................................................................................................... 40 4.6 Secondary Research .................................................................................................................... 40 5 Inquiry #2: What is the percentage of 2016 model year vehicles that “require” synthetic engine oil? 41 5.1 Objective ..................................................................................................................................... 41 5.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 41 5.3 Findings ....................................................................................................................................... 41 6 Inquiry #3: What is the cost increase associated with switching to a synthetic engine oil? .............. 42 6.1 Objective ..................................................................................................................................... 42 6.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 42 6.3 Findings ....................................................................................................................................... 42 7 Inquiry #4: What are current consumer trends in selection of synthetic engine oil? ........................ 43 7.1 Objective ..................................................................................................................................... 43 7.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 43 7.3 Test Results ................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Oil Analysis Handbook Third Edition Copyright © 2017 Spectro Scientific
    Predictive Equipment Maintenance Oil Analysis Handbook Third Edition Copyright © 2017 Spectro Scientific. All rights reserved. FluidScan® and LaserNet Fines® are registered trademarks of Spectro Scientific Inc. While every effort is made to assure the information in this document ois accurate, Spectro Scientific does not accept liability for any errors or mistakes that may arise. Specifications are subject to change without notice. | 3 Preface Welcome to the third edition of the In-service Oil Analysis Handbook. It has been a few years since the publication of the first edition of Spectro Scientific’s In-Service Oil Analysis Handbook. Our original goal was to compile a comprehensive reference book of common in-service oil analysis techniques to help readers understand and choose the right technique and instrumentation for their needs. We had to limit the scope in the first two editions because of the amount of effort needed to cover all the topics. In-service oil analysis for condition based maintenance covers a wide array of topics. I am pleased to say that in this third edition, we are much closer to our goal. We reorganized the structure of the content for better clarity and we added articles to cover more topics and instruments associated with oil analysis. Also, we rewrote several articles including the latest developments on the market. As we learned more from our customers about their successes using on site oil analysis, we developed case studies that you can find in this edition. This work is not possible without the time and effort from the contributing authors: Patrick Henning, Daniel Walsh, Robert Yurko, Ken Caldwell, Thomas Barraclough, Maria Bartus, Randi Price, John Morgan, Aifeng Shi and Yuegang Zhao from Spectro Scientific and Ray Garvey from Emerson Process Management.
    [Show full text]
  • Advanced Petroleum-Based Fuels -- Diesel Emissions Control Project
    NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone: 865.576.8401 fax: 865.576.5728 email: mailto:[email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 phone: 800.553.6847 fax: 703.605.6900 email: [email protected] online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste The test program and subsequent data analysis represent a collaborative effort of a technical working group consisting of representatives from the government and industry organizations listed on the front cover of this report.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthetic Lubricant Base Stocks Formulations Guide Table of Contents
    Synthetic lubricant base stocks formulations guide Table of contents 1.0 Introduction — Using this guide ����������������������������������������������������������������� 1 7�3 Turbine oils ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������62 2.0 Lubricant formulators FAQs ������������������������������������������������������������������������ 3 7�4 Industrial gear oils ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������67 7�5 Paper machine oils �������������������������������������������������������������������������������72 3.0 Synthetic base stock grade slate summary ���������������������������������������������� 7 7�6 Lubricants for use with food machinery 4.0 Industry trends ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9 (incidental food contact) ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������74 4�1 Energy outlook ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9 7�7 Miscellaneous lubricants ���������������������������������������������������������������������79 4�2 Lubricant industry trends ��������������������������������������������������������������������10 7�7�1 Heat transfer oils �����������������������������������������������������������������������79 4�3 Automotive trends �������������������������������������������������������������������������������10 7�7�2 Chain lubricants �������������������������������������������������������������������������81
    [Show full text]
  • OWNER's OPERATION and MAINTENANCE MANUAL
    OWNER’S OPERATION and MAINTENANCE MANUAL A Division of This Page Was Intentionally Left Blank Thank you for your selection of Pleasurecraft (PCM) Marine Power for your boating needs. We welcome you to Team PCM, which puts you in the company of tens of thousands of boaters who have relied on Pleasurecraft inboards as their power of choice for over 30 years. When you chose PCM, you selected the utmost in premium power for your boating application. Pleasurecraft is the world’s largest manufacturer of gasoline marine inboards, and the clear-cut leader in cutting edge technology. Over the years, we have introduced many breakthrough innovations that quickly became industry standards. The pyramidal exhaust system, light-weight transmission, computerized engine control and the Fuel Control Cell (FCC) are all PCM innovations. No matter which PCM model you purchased, you can be sure it is equipped with the latest in modern technology for added performance and durability. READ THIS MANUAL THOROUGHLY Before starting your engine(s), READ THIS MANUAL CAREFULLY AND COMPLETELY. If you do not understand any portion of the manual, contact your Dealer for clarification or assistance. Ask your Dealer for a demonstration of actual starting and operating procedures. The descriptions and specifications contained in this manual were in effect at the time of printing. PCM Engines’ policy of continued improvement reserves the right to change specifications or design without notice and without obligation. This manual will cover the following year of manufacture PCM engines: Year Model 2013 EX343 MPI *2013 Catanium™ CES HO303 *2013 Catanium™ CES EX343 *2013 Catanium™ CES 6.0L ZR409 *2013 Catanium™ CES 6.0L ZR450 2013 6.2L XS550 MPI 2013 6.2L XR550 MPI * PCM’s Catanium™ Clean Emission System is available to reduce emissions without diminishing performance.
    [Show full text]
  • Super-D® 3 Diesel Engine Oil 15W-40
    Super-D® 3 Diesel Engine Oil 15W-40 Premium Universal Fleet Kendall® Super-D 3 Diesel Engine Oil, SAE 15W-40, is a premium quality universal fleet engine oil designed for use in on-highway diesel trucks and off-highway Engine Oil diesel equipment, as well as in passenger cars and light trucks with either diesel or gasoline engines. It is recommended for use both in EGR-equipped diesel engines and in older, non-EGR diesel engines. It also will provide excellent protection for gasoline engines for use in mixed commercial fleets. Super-D 3 SAE 15W-40 is formulated with advanced additive technology to provide outstanding wear protection, soot control and bearing corrosion protection. Outstanding soot dispersancy protects against abrasive wear and soot-induced oil thickening, and ensures good low-temperature pumpability even with soot-laden oil. High dispersancy-detergency and a high alkaline reserve (TBN) provide extra protection in extended drain or severe service intervals, and in EGR-equipped engines. Super-D 3 SAE 15W-40 meets or exceeds the performance requirements of API Service Categories CI-4 and SL, API CI-4 PLUS, and leading OEM specifications and worldwide standards for diesel engine oils. It is backward serviceable for use where API CH-4 or earlier “C” category engine oils, or the concurrent earlier OEM specifications, are specified. Applications • On-highway diesel trucks equipped with cooled-EGR, ACERT or other technologies to meet 2004 and earlier exhaust emission standards • Older diesel equipment with conventional, non-EGR engines • Mixed fleets with both diesel and gasoline-fueled vehicles • Off-highway construction, earth moving and mining equipment • Farm equipment with diesel or gasoline engines Super-D 3 SAE 15W-40 is licensed or OEM-certified for: • API Service CI-4 with CI-4 PLUS, CI-4, CH-4, SL • Cummins CES 20078 • Detroit Diesel DFS 93K214 • Mack EO-N Premium Plus 03 • Mercedes-Benz Sheet 228.3 • Renault VI RLD-2 • Volvo VDS-3 KendallMotorOil.com U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Truth About Synthetic
    File No. RSA-003 revision. 0 -2/26/03 TheThe TruthTruth AboutAbout SyntheticSynthetic OilOil Auto and Oil Industries Best Kept Secret - Finally Revealed (What every Filipino Car Owner Should Know !) Maintenance Excellence Rolly Angeles Table of Contents : Open Letter …………………………………………………………………………… 2 I. What you need to know about petroleum oil ……………………………………. 3 II. Synthetic Lubricant Market In Asia ……………………………………………… 3 III. What is Synthetic Oil ?......………………………………………………………... 4 IV. History Of Synthetic Oil …..………………………………………………………... 4 V. Advantages Of Synthetic Oil Over Petroleum Oil ………………………………… 5 VI. Procedures On How To Switch To Synthetic Oil ………………………………… 6 VII. When Not To Use Synthetic Oil …………………………………………………… 6 VIII. Frequently Asked Questions on Synthetic Oil …………………………………… 7 Maintenance Excellence Rolly Angeles 1 Dear Friend, With the unending increase in petroleum products and fuel in our country today, it is not uncommon for an average Filipino worker who owns a vehicle not to bring their car everyday to work to save money on gas. In view of this I would like to share some knowledge onhow we can save cost in maintaining our vehicle, and I believe that this relevant information must be known by every Filipino specially those who own a vehicle. One of the regular maintenance we perform on our vehicle is changing oil, and many of us are unaware of synthetic lubricants. In fact it is estimated that only a handful of Filipinos knows the value of synthetic oil in their vehicle since most of us use the conventional petroleum or mineral oil that is available in our local gasoline stations . It is my intention that every Filipino must be educated on the benefits and advantages of using synthetic oil in their vehicle.
    [Show full text]
  • Si-18-1997 R5
    AIRCRAFT ENGINES SERVICE INSTRUCTION SELECTION OF MOTOR OIL AND GENERAL OPERATING TIPS FOR ROTAX® ENGINES TYPE 912 AND 914 (SERIES) SI-18-1997 R5 Repeating symbols: Please, pay attention to the following symbols throughout this document emphasizing particular information. ▲ WARNING: Identifies an instruction, which if not followed, may cause serious injury or even death. ■ CAUTION: Denotes an instruction which if not followed, may severely damage the engine or could lead to suspension of warranty. ◆ NOTE: Information useful for better handling. 1) Planning information 1.1) Engines affected All versions of the engine type: - 912 (Series) - 914 (Series) 1.2) Concurrent ASB/SB/SI and SL none 1.3) Reason - Due to field experience the recommended engine oil list (section 3.2 and section 3.3) was updated. - Field experience has shown that additional information about the choice of suitable motor oils and oil change and maintenance intervals for the ROTAX engines Type 912 and 914 is necessary. Regardless of which brand of fuel is used, foreign particles are suspended in the motor oil. Heavy accumulation of particles on high temperature zones such as on piston rings, exhaust valve guides, may result in stuck piston rings and valves due to burning and coking of the oil. On turbocharged engine, failing to ensure an adequate cool-down period prior to shut-off may lead to particle deposits on the turbocharger wheels. This could result in an unbalance of the turbo wheel and consequently to a complete destruction of the turbocharger. Particle deposits or cooking may become loose in the engine and may block the lubrication system causing damage to the engine due to lack of oil.
    [Show full text]
  • Owners Manual
    Owners Manual S&S® KN, P, and SH-Series Engines DISCLAIMER: • Consult an appropriate service manual for your motorcycle for correct S&S parts are designed for high performance, closed course, racing applications disassembly and reassembly procedures for any parts that need to be removed and are intended for the very experienced rider only. The installation of S&S parts to facilitate installation. may void or adversely effect your factory warranty. In addition such installation and • Use good judgment when performing installation and operating motorcycle. use may violate certain federal, state, and local laws, rules and ordinances as well Good judgment begins with a clear head. Don’t let alcohol, drugs or fatigue as other laws when used on motor vehicles used on public highways, especially in impair your judgment. Start installation when you are fresh. states where pollution laws may apply. Always check federal, state, and local laws before modifying your motorcycle. It is the sole and exclusive responsibility of the • Be sure all federal, state and local laws are obeyed with the installation. user to determine the suitability of the product for his or her use, and the user shall • For optimum performance and safety and to minimize potential damage to assume all legal, personal injury risk and liability and all other obligations, duties, carb or other components, use all mounting hardware that is provided and and risks associated therewith. follow all installation instructions. The words Harley®, Harley-Davidson®, H-D®, Sportster®, Evolution®, and all H-D Motorcycle exhaust fumes are toxic and poisonous and must not be breathed.
    [Show full text]
  • Uniform Fuels and Automotive Lubricants Regulation
    Handbook 130 – 2020 IV. Uniform Regulations G. Uniform Fuels and Automotive Lubricants Regulation G. Uniform Fuels and Automotive Lubricants Regulation Table of Contents Section Page Section 1. Definitions ............................................................................................................................................... 187 1.1. ASTM (ASTM International). ................................................................................................................ 187 1.2. Antiknock Index (AKI). .......................................................................................................................... 187 1.3. Automatic Transmission Fluid. ............................................................................................................... 187 1.4. Automotive Fuel Rating. ......................................................................................................................... 187 1.5. Automotive Gasoline, Automotive Gasoline-Oxygenate Blend. ............................................................ 187 1.6. Aviation Gasoline. .................................................................................................................................. 187 1.7. Aviation Turbine Fuel. ............................................................................................................................ 187 1.8. Biodiesel. ...............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • When Your Car Leaks Oil on the Street, Remember It's Not Just Leaking Oil on the Street
    When your car leaks oil on the street, Remember it’s not just leaking oil on the street. Leaking oil goes from car to street. Then it gets washed from the street into the storm drain and into our lakes, rivers, and streams. Now imagine the number of cars in the area and you can imagine the amount of oil that finds its way from leaky gaskets into our water. So please, fix oil leaks. The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, One Winter Street, Boston, MA 02108 Clean water is important to all of us. Clean Water Tips: It’s up to all of us to make it happen. In recent years, sources How can you fertilize and of water pollution like industrial wastes from factories have help keep our waters been greatly reduced. Now, more than 60 percent of water clean? pollution comes from things like cars leaking oil, fertilizers from farms and gardens, and failing septic tanks. All these sources add up to a big pollution problem. But each of us can Check for oil leaks from your do small things to help clean up our water too—and that adds vehicle regularly and fix them promptly! up to a pollution solution! Never dispose of oil or other engine Why do we need clean water? fluids down the storm drain, on the Having clean water is of primary importance for our health ground, or into a ditch. Recycle used motor oil. For more and economy. Clean water provides recreation, commercial information on recycling, contact opportunities, fish habitat, drinking water, and adds beauty to the closest DEP regional office.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecopower Motor Oil Includes Grades 5W-20, 5W-30, 10W-30, 10W-40, 20W-50, 10W, 30, SAE 30 Safety Data Sheet SDS ID: 820038
    EcoPower Motor Oil Includes Grades 5W-20, 5W-30, 10W-30, 10W-40, 20W-50, 10W, 30, SAE 30 Safety Data Sheet SDS ID: 820038 Section 1 - PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION Material Name ECOPOWER MOTOR OIL Includes Grades: 5W-20, 5W-30, 10W-30, 10W-40, 20W-50, 10W, 30, SAE 30 Synonyms Petroleum oil; Lube oil; Petroleum hydrocarbon; Lubricant. Product Use Recommended Use For lubricating passenger car motors. If this product is used in combination with other products, refer to the Safety Data Sheets for those products. Restrictions on Use None known. FOR PRODUCT MANUFACTURED IN THE U.S.A.: MANUFACTURER SUPPLIER (in Canada) Safety-Kleen Systems, Inc. Safety-Kleen Canada, Inc. 42 Longwater Drive 25 Regan Road Norwell, MA 02061-9149 Brampton, Ontario, L7A 1B2 U.S.A. Canada FOR PRODUCT MANUFACTURED IN CANADA: MANUFACTURER SUPPLIER (in the U.S.A.) Safety-Kleen Canada Inc. Safety-Kleen Systems, Inc. 25 Regan Road 42 Longwater Drive Brampton, Ontario, L7A 1B2 Norwell, MA 02061-9149 Canada U.S.A. www.safety-kleen.com Phone: 1-800-669-5740 Emergency Phone #: 1-800-468-1760 Issue Date March 19, 2020 Supersedes Issue Date March 30, 2017 Original Issue Date October 31, 1988 Section 2 - HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION Classification in accordance with Schedule 1 of Canada’s Hazardous Products Regulations (HPR) (SOR/2015-17) and paragraph (d) of 29 CFR 1910.1200 in the United States Not hazardous according to classification criteria. GHS Label Elements Symbol(s) None needed according to classification criteria. Signal Word None needed according to classification criteria. Hazard Statement(s) None needed according to classification criteria.
    [Show full text]
  • Commentary on Motor Oils Frequently Asked Questions
    COMMENTARY ON MOTOR OILS LIBRARY FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS TECHNICAL BY CHARLES NAVARRO TECHNICAL LIBRARY Commentary on Motor Oils and Frequently Asked Questions 7 The purpose of proper lubrication is to provide a physical barrier (oil film) that separates Oil companies have been cutting back on the use of Zn and P as anti-wear additives. moving parts reducing wear and friction. Oil also supplies cooling to critical engine This reduction of phosphorus content is a mandate issued by API, American Petro- components, such as bearings. Detergent oils contain dispersants, friction modifiers, 8 leum Institute, who is in charge of developing standing standards for motor oils. Zn anti-foam, anti-corrosion, and anti-wear additives. These detergents carry away and P have been found to be bad for catalytic converters. In 1996, API introduced the contaminants such as wear particulates and neutralize acids that are formed by combus- API SJ classification to reduce these levels to a maximum of 0.10% for viscosities of tion byproducts and the natural breakdown of oil. Likewise, the viscosity of the motor oil 9 10w30 and lighter. The 15w40 and 20w50 viscosities commonly used in Porsche throughout the operating range of the engine is very important to the “hydro-dynamic engines did not have a maximum phosphorus limit. The API SL standard maintained bearing” layer (oil film that forms on and between moving engine parts). Boundary this higher limit but with reduced limits for high temperature deposits. With the API Lubrication occurs when insufficient film to prevent surface contact and where the SM, phosphorus content less than 0.08% was mandated to reduce sulfur, carbon primary anti-wear additive ZDDP plays its role in protecting your engine.
    [Show full text]