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City Indicator Project Sustainable Architecture, Urban and Landscape Plannning

Vorhoelzer Forum - 05.02.2020 - 18 h

| | | Pathways towards sustainable cities - final presentation

SHANGHAI NEW YORK LIMA BARCELONA

LONDON ZURICH ACCRA

CAIRO MALMÖ DHAKA SEOUL

JAKARTA ABU VANCOUVER DHABI

CAPE MEXICO CURITIBA TOKYO TOWN CITY

AMSTERDAM MAPUTO SYDNEY

NAIROBI MOSCOW MEDELLÍN

LAGOS

Sustainable Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning Seminar Master WiSe 2019/20

Technical University of Munich Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang RNB / AR / IÖ

Master of: RNB - Resource Efficient and Sustainable Building, AR - Architecture, IÖ - Engineering Ecology, UI - Environmental Engineering, BI - Civil Engineering City Indicator Project

25 cities from all around the world. How sustainable are they really? Americas What does the sustainable city of the future look like? Vancouver, Canada New York, United States Mexico City, Mexico With the help of key performance indicators, each team has researched Medellín, Colombia the status quo of a city in different sectors: urban planning, green Lima, Peru Curitiba, Brazil infrastructure, mobility, energy, water, and waste. Besides those criteria, they also looked into crucial aspects such as environmental Africa and Middle East

quality, climate hazards and disaster risk, health, education, happiness, Cairo, Egypt equality, or governance. Their vision: how to achieve sustainable Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates development that provides both quality of life for all and a positive Lagos, Nigeria Accra, Ghana ecological footprint. Nairobi, Kenya Maputo, Mozambique Cape Town, South Africa Structure Asia and the Pacific The course consists in a lecture series and 3 seminars according to Seoul, South Korea Tokyo, Japan the different master studies: Shanghai, China Dhaka, Bangladesh Lecture series: Sustainable Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning Jakarta, Indonesia Sydney, Australia

Seminars: Europe and Central Asia

1) Sustainable Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning – RNB, AR, IÖ Moscow, Russia 2) Sustainable Design in an Urban Context – UI Malmö, Sweden London, United Kingdom 3) System Effect and Interdependencies of Sustainable Planning in Civil Zurich, Switzerland Engineering – BI Barcelona, Spain

Description

The lecture series presents the essential approaches of sustainable architecture, urban and landscape planning. Each week a new topic is presented by various expert guest lecturers representing various TUM departments. Such topics form a holistic view of planning sustainable environments. Their intersections and interactions are crucial when investigating complex urban ecosystems. These interdependencies must be considered if we want to fundamentally change the way we design architecture, urban spaces, and landscapes.

During the seminar, this knowledge is applied to the specific case of each city. Through research and critical evaluation, each team has assessed the present situation and formulated a vision for their city. In short, the course intends to discover what it takes to create the sustainable city of the future.

The following lecturers have contributed to the lecture series:

Prof. Lang Sustainable Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning General Introduction to scientific work Prof. Wulfhorst Accessibility - A dialogue for more sustainable urban mobility Prof. Thierstein Urban Development: A Sustainability Trap Prof. Winter Building Technology - Energy-efficient Timber structures. Life Cycle Engineering Prof. Hamacher Renewable energies: a few observations Prof. Michaeli Let’s make the Sustainable City Prof. Lienkamp Status Electromobility - the customer will decide Prof. Lang Passive solar energy use in the building sector Maren Kohaus Resource-efficient constructions - Building with Timber! Prof. Ludwig New Directions in Urban Green Prof. Gehlen Construction materials - the basis for sustainable building Prof. Nübel Construction. Real estate. Management. Sustainability Prof. Auer Climate Responsive Design Prof. Petzold Digital Tools in Early Design Stages

We are grateful for our contributing guest lecturers and their valuable inputs for the course.

Sustainable Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning Seminar Master WiSe 2019/20

Technical University of Munich Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang 10 km

Maputo Mozambique Philipp Eisenlohr, Moritz Kenndoff, Leonie Lang, Tanja Stocker, Maximilian Wolf

Figure 1: Ecological footprint (2016) Country overview Figure 3: Sustainability rating Urban Planning Income classification1 low (460 US$/capita) [1] 5 Life expectancy 59.3 years [2] 4 0.5 Earths Literacy rate 3 Green 50.6 % [3] Waste Infrastructure Happiness ranking 123 of 156 countries [4] 2 1 Figure 2: Disaster risks / city hazards City overview 0 Population 1,110,477 (2019) [5] Density 3,202 inhabitants/km (2019) [5] Flood Cyclone Drought Epidemic Storm Water Mobility surge Climate (Köppen-Geiger) AW [6] emissions CO2 0.39 tCO2/capita (2016) [7]

Energy Vision - Fast forward to a sustainable city, south-east Africa We want the citizens of Maputo to benefit from modern technology and live their dreams without restrictions but with no dependency on non-renewable resources. Everyone should have the same possibilities regardless of age, belief or social background.

Urban planning

The capital Maputo is the most densely populated province in Mozambique with a well- Figure 4: Population by age and gender (2020) developed city centre [8]. Its main part consists of rural informal settlements in the north, male female 100+ 95-99 where more than 70% of Maputo’s inhabitants live. They are characterised by poor 90-94 85-89 80-84 transport, supply and sewage infrastructure. As a coastal city, Maputo is particularly 75-79 70-74 65-69 vulnerable to extreme weather scenarios such as floods, cyclones and the rising sea 60-64 55-59 50-54 level. 45-49 40-44 35-39 • Developing a decentralised city structure by supporting the urban growth in the north RangeAge (years) 30-34 25-29 20-24 • 15-19 Improving situation in informal settlements within the given boundaries of possibility 10-14 5-9 • Realising preventive measures regarding the effects of climate change 0-4 -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% % of Total Population Green infrastructure Despite parks and other recreational areas comprising a small percentage, Maputo’s Figure 5: Green and blue infrastructure (2020) green area overall is much larger. Space which is not used for living, containing vital Built-up areas soil and water supply, is primarily agricultural [9]. The intense demand of land due to Green areas 15% population growth, is endangering the wetlands, a precious natural protector. With the Blue areas depletion of this natural system, Maputo will lose significant biodiversity and inevitably be more vulnerable towards storm surges and floods [10]. 20% • Transforming the remaining wetlands into a National Park • Implementing modern water construction and water retention constructions inland 65% • Applying green roofs to reduce direct runoff during heavy rainfalls • Introducing a comprehensive hazard management to withstand extreme weather

Mobility The demographic explosion in 1975 caused the collapse of Maputo’s infrastructure Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2017) [12]. From this point on cars and private buses were the means of transportation the inhabitants were dependent on [11]. With the introduction of a transport agency infrastructural concerns, like the reorganization of the road system, could be addressed [12]. A strong cooperation of the government, operators and the civil society would set a stable foundation for further steps. • Prioritizing bus lanes, cycle paths and pavement • Implementing affordable prices for public transportation • Introducing visual information about determined bus/train stops and routes [12]

Energy

Mozambique has one of the lowest rates of electricity access in the world eventhough Figure 7: Share of primary energy sources (2016) the country is well-endowed with natural resources for power generation. Currently the Oil 9% people in Maputo have to use biomass (wood and coal) as energy sources and have Gas only sporadic access to electricity [13]. The future development has to be smart, more 6% Coal 4% Nuclear efficient and sustainable so that Maputo can achieve energy sovereignty. Renewables Others • Promoting renewable energy through policy 11% • Abolishing tariffs for renewable technologies

• Promoting investments in renewable energies by the private sector 70% • Introducing decentralised renewable energy sources throughout the city

Water Strong winds, heavy rainfall and rising sea levels regularly lead to the destruction of Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2015) water and sewage systems [14]. Currently less than half of Maputo’s inhabitants have access to drinking water and only a few households in Maputo are connected to a Surface water Groundwater 20% sewage system [15]. It is problematic that only a minimum of all fecal waste actually Seawater passes through the treatment plant, while more than half of the fecal waste contaminate Rainwater Reclaimed water the sewage system and Maputo Bay [16]. Others • Realising protective measures against flooding and storm surges [17] • Extending water networks, wastewater treatment plants and sewage systems [17] • Repairing and treatment of the existing pumping and treatment plant [17] 80% • Constructing underground tanks, pumping stations and water towers[17]

Waste Maputo deposits most of its waste in a single open dump site with minimal compaction and Figure 9: Share of waste disposal (2017) control. This site by far outreaches its capacity. Furthermore, it assumedly contaminates Recycling 2% Composting the groundwater, landslides threaten the surrounding inhabitants, and waste pickers Anaerobic digestion suffer from risk of numerous diseases. Problematic is also the high amount of officially Sanitary landfill 36% Open dump collected waste that is not deposited officially in the end [18]. Reuse • Constructing a new sanitary landfill with a composting plant & safely closing the Incineration Non-collected existing ones [19] 58% • Integrating waste pickers into the official waste management [20] 4% • Informing citizens about the importance of waste segregation and recycling [20] • Preventing redundant fossil-based packaging material entering the system

Sources: For the literature [1] - [20], scan QR Code Figures: 1- UN OCHA. 2- UN OCHA. 4- worldometer. (21.01.2020). [Mozambique Population]. Retrieved from https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/mozambique-population/#populationpyramid on 16.01.2020. 5- Personal assumptions, based on the satellite image of Google Maps with Image data from 2020. 6- Eine Karte für Maputo. (2017). Retrieved from http://kkmosambik.de/ content/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/EineKarteFuerMaputo.pdf on 18.01.2020. 7- Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook – Mozambique, 2016. [Web page]. Retrieved from https://www.cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mz.html on 06.01.2020. 8- personal assumptions due to missing data. 9- dos Muchangos et al. (2017). Application of Material Flow Analysis to Municipal Solid Waste in Maputo City, Mozambique. doi: 10.1177/0734242X16675685. Aerial image- Google Earth (2020).

Sustainable Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning Seminar Master WiSe 2019/20

Scan for further literature: Technical University of Munich Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang 10 km

Dhaka City Bangladesh Eile AI Nawwar, Zhuocheng Zou, Dana Khdairat, Zihad Mohammad Aulad, Magdalena Michalowska, Rawan Gaafar

Figure 1: Ecological footprint (2016) Country overview Figure 3: Sustainability rating

Income classification1 Low middle income (1,750$/cap) [1] Urban Planning 5 Life expectancy 72.43 (2019) [2] 4 0,5 Earths Literacy rate 72.89% (2017) [3] 3 Green Waste Happiness ranking 125 of 156 countries [4] Infrastructure 2 Figure 2: Disaster risks / city hazards City overview 1 0 Population 20.3 million (2019) [5] Density 49182 pop/km2 (2014) [6] Flood Cyclone Landslide Fire Drought Flash Heavy Water Mobility /Mudslide flood rain Climate (Köppen-Geiger) equatorial desert (Aw) [7] emissions CO2 0.53 tCO2/capita (2017) [8]

Energy Vision - Make Dhaka livable again! The vision is to develop Dhaka in a sustainable way and avoid mistakes of other cities. Firstly basic needs of residents should be fullfilled. In the longterm Dhaka should become a healthy place to live in, where people and the environment are cared for.

Urban planning Dhaka City has a young population of 20.3 million with a growth rate of 3.75% [5]. It Figure 4: Population by age and gender (2018) male female constitutes for 12.04% [2] of the nation´s population, but the city’s area is less than 1% 100+ 95-99 90-94 of Bangladesh. Dhaka contains very high density areas that can reach 50,000 person/ 85-89 80-84 2 75-79 km [6], especially in the slums. In 2011 there were 3,394 slums housing approximately 1 70-74 65-69 60-64 million people [6]. It’s an unorganized sprawling city, so the following should take place: 55-59 50-54 • Spread awareness about the danger of occupying wetlands and floodplains areas 45-49 40-44 35-39 • Construct social houses so people stop relying on illegal settlements Age Range (years) 30-34 25-29 20-24 • Decentralize Dhaka City and develop the rural areas around 15-19 10-14 5-9 • Implement the Sponge City concept (raised floor houses, flood ponds etc.) 0-4 -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% % of Total Population Green infrastructure Dhaka has very little green areas when compared to it’s high population density. Only 8,5% Figure 5: Green and blue infrastructure (2005) [9] of the city is covered with trees whereas ideally it should be at least 20% [9]. The median Built-up areas Green areas

Blue areas of green space per capita in Dhaka is 0,0002 m² [10]. However, this number changes 26,0% depending on the wealth and status of residents living in the communities. The public parks in Dhaka are sparce and hard to access. The walking time to a park is ca.20 min [11]. 50,0% • Consider open green spaces in urban planning to make them more accessible • Use vertical gardening and greening in public space to reduce emissions • Encourage rooftop farming, as it gives food security and reduces energy costs oft he 24,0% residents (for building cooling)

Mobility Due to the absence of efficient public transport system in Dhaka, motorized vehicles Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2012) are increasing rapidly. Consequently, the average speed is 7 km/h [12] due to traffic congestion, which eats up to 3.2 working hours daily. More than 80% [13] of the air pollution is due to rapid motorization. Besides, conflicts between vehicles and pedestrians caused 2,720 accidents during 2007-2011 [14]. The following should be considered: • Develope public awareness to reduce violation of traffic rules • Build safe, accessible, secure footpaths and safe pedestrian crossings • Introduce Bus Rapid Transit as an alternative transport facility • Introduce Mass Rapid Transit such as Metro to increase accessibility and mobility

Energy In Bangladesh carbon emissions per capita are less than 0.5 tons per year [8], but the Figure 7: Share of primary energy sources (2018) energy use structure is not sustainable since the usage rate of renewable energy is less Oil than 1% [8]. Based on the unhealthy energy use structure, a large amount of people 14% Gas 24% Coal cannot get access to energy, especially the refugees in the slums. Therefore, the key Nuclear thing is to let people living in slums access energy, especially electricity and natural gas. Renewables • Others Reclassify the slums based on the addresses so they can legally register their housing 5% • Give subsidies for energy infrastructure installations, based on registration certificates • Provide the knowledge on how to make use of energy policies that benefit the people

• In terms of long-term planning, solar energy should be made full use of 57%

Water Dhaka WASA (Water Supply and Sewerage Authority) produced daily 2500 million Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2018) liters of water between 2017-2018 [15]. The main problem is that groundwater level Surface water decreases 2.81 m per year [16]. Also, the quality of house-hold tap water is low. Dhaka Groundwater 22% Seawater WASA supplies water without proper treatment, with a high level of bacteria. The people Rainwater are facing sudden flooding problems during rainy seasons due to poor drainage system. Reclaimed water • Consider alternate source of water Others • Government should provide the department with financial help • Import equipment to build more treatment plants and improve the current ones • Reconstruct the drainage system to avoid water logging and mantain it properly 78%

Waste Dhaka generates 3,200t [17] of waste each day. The actual volume of generated waste Figure 9: Share of waste disposal (2005) today is unknown. 65% [17] of it is of domestic source, the rest comes from commercial Recycling Composting 14% and industrial sector. Only 37% [18] of total waste is collected and dumped on an non- Anaerobic digestion sanitary landfill. The rest clogs the canals or lies in the street. Recycling is only done 2% Sanitary landfill Open dump informally, but is effective: 83% [17] of generated plastic waste is recycled. Reuse 46% • Open waste banks to reduce the amount of waste going on a landfill Incineration Non-collected • Formalize the informal workers to improve their work conditions and income • Pass an education policy to spread awareness about 3R principles 38% • In the longterm implement 3R stategies and strive to become a 3R society

Figures: 1-Network, G. F. (2019). Ecological Footprint (Number of Earths). Retrieved from Global Footprint Network. 2-Bangladesh: Floods and Landslides - Jun 2019. (2019, June). 4-[population pyramid]. The world factbook. 5-Byomkesh, T., Nakagoshi, N., & Dewan, A. M. (2012). Urbanization and green space dynamics in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh. Landscape and Ecological Engineering, 8(1), 45-58. 6-(2012, October). [BRT in Metro Dhaka: Towards Achieving a Sustainable Urban Public Transport System]. 7-IEA. (2018). Bangladesh. 8-(2020). Retrieved 28 January 2020, from http://dwasa.org.bd/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Annual-Report-2017-18.pdf. 9-Pacific Consultants International, Yachiyo Engineering, (2005). The study on the solid waste management in Dhaka City, Bangladesh: Japan International Cooperation Agency. / Waste Concern, (2016, March 16). Compost Plant to Receive Carbon Credits.. Aerial image- Google Earth (2019).

Sustainable Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning Seminar Master WiSe 2019/20

Scan for further Technical University of Munich literature: Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang Lit. [1] - [4] Lit. [5] - [9] Lit. [10] - [14] Lit. [15] - [18] 5 km

Nairobi Kenya Lukas Tappertz, Eva Zerwes, Nadine Wallner, Katharina Peter, Matthias Kretzler

Figure 1: Ecological footprint (2016) Country overview Figure 3: Sustainability rating Urban Planning Income classification1 1.046 - 4.125 US$/capita 5 Life expectancy 66.7 years 4 0.6 Earths Literacy rate 81.5 % 3 Green Waste Happiness ranking 121 of 156 countries Infrastructure 2 Figure 2: Disaster risks / city hazards City overview 1 0 Population 4.734.881 (2020) Density 4.85 inhabitants/km (2020) Drought Epidemic Flash flood Climate (Köppen-Geiger) Subtropical mountain climate Water Mobility emissions CO2 0.306 mtCO2/capita (2014)

Energy Nairobi - a City of Opportunities The future Nairobi is a city, in which all inhabitants and their subsequent generations have the same prerequisites and opportunities in terms of primary care, medical care, education and a range of recreational opportunities.

Urban planning Nairobi is one of the fastest-growing cities in Africa and quickly became the second- Figure 4: Population by age and gender (2009) male female 100+ largest city in Africa. The city is growing at a rate of over 4% annually. This is mainly 95-99 90-94 85-89 due to the high birth rates and immigrants coming to Nairobi in search of employment 80-84 75-79 70-74 opportunities. It is estimated that the city will continue its upward trend in terms of 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 population, reaching 5 m people in 2025. Over 60% of the population live in slums [1]. 45-49 40-44 • 35-39

Decrease population in slums through building of large residential complexes Range (years) Age 30-34 25-29 20-24 • Creation of a solid transport infrastructure with organized and reliable public transport 15-19 10-14 5-9 • Free access to drinkable water with equal rights for all residents 0-4 -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% • Implementation of an overall renewable energy supply % of Total Population

Greeen infrastructure The most significant part of the green spaces in Nairobi is the National Park. It is a billboard Figure 5: Green and blue infrastructure (2017) for the city which protects biodiversity and creates a range of jobs while promoting Built-up areas 1% 13% tourism. Nevertheless, it is not always accessible and reachable for locals in everyday Agriculture/ Grass/Riparian life. Green spaces which are accessible to everybody and with a recreational character 32% Rangeland/ Shrubs are way too rare [2]. They need to be improved and developed to the maximum. Forests • Increase the balance about the geographical location of green areas 28% Water Bodies • Create an inspiring green architecture of existing buildings • Development of green infrastructure along roads and pedestrian paths

• Create reachable urban green, and recreational spaces 26%

Mobility The major problems of the city in case of mobility are the poorly developed roads and Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2019) throughfares for all traffic participants [3], therefore Nairobi ist the most motorized city in Kenya. Results from this initial situation are long traffic jams and commuting times [4], many traffic accidents and a high level of air pollution in the city [5]. Nairobi is very unsafe for pedestrians and cyclists because almost all sidewalks are damaged or not existing and furthermore there aren’t any cycling lanes. • Increase pedestrianization and cycling network through safer and seperate paths • Creation of more clearly and better structured design and lay-out of the roads • Develop public transport service through implementation of “bus rapid transit system”

Energy The energy sector in Kenya is developing rapidly, using more and more sustainable Figure 7: Share of primary energy sources (2013) and renewable energy sources, such as geothermal energy. In the electricity producing Oil 1% industry more than 75% of the demand is covered by renewable energy sources. Although 15% 18% Biofuels Coal facing upcoming challenges, such as the exponential growth of primary energy demand 1% Renewables and the necessity to connect all households to the power grid, Kenya actively direct its Hydro energy sector towards renewable energy [6, 7]. Important milestones in the future are: • Improving the power grid • Subventions for electricity connections for lower income households • Extend the usage of geothermal and solar energyrchicta pliti sectati illuptia dolorro 65%

Water Access to water services in Nairobi is very unequal. Piped water is available primarily Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2017) to upper-income residents, while the poor rely on untreated wells and surface water Surface water 6% 0% or have to buy expensive bottled water from vendors [9]. This is closely related on the Groundwater consumption of water, which is only a fraction of the water cunsumed by Nairobi’s middle Seawater Rainwater and upper class citziens. A big issue in slum areas is the pollution of groundwater and Reclaimed water the Nairobi River’s ecosystem [8]. Others • Provide affordable drinkable water for all citizens by expanding the water pipe system • Provide improved sanitation system for all citizens by expanding the sewer system • Prevent water pollution especially in slum areas 94%

Waste In Nairobi 3000 tons of solid waste are generated daily. With these waste it gives two big Figure 9: Share of waste disposal (2017) problems. Only 50 % of them is collected. The rest goes to the environment or will be 4% Recycling burned at the households. The most of the collected waste is brought to open dumpsites, which often be controlled by illegal cartels. These cartels make money with selling the Open dump raw materials, which are collected und separated under unsafe working conditions [10].

• 50% Non-collected Reducing the waste generation 46% • Rising the collection of solid waste up to 100 % • Building a safe disposal of solid waste

Sustainable Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning Seminar Master WiSe 2019/20

Scan for further literature: Technical University of Munich Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang 5 km

Lagos Nigeria Franziska Dobler, Lena Fuchs, Liliane Raths, Jonas Schmid-Querg

Figure 1: Ecological footprint (2016) Country overview Figure 3: Sustainability rating

1 Income classification Lower-middle income (1960 US$/ Urban Planning capita) 5

0.67 Earths Life expectancy 53.4 years [1] 4 3 Literacy rate 62 % [2] Waste GreenInfrastructure Happiness ranking 85 of 156 countries [3] 2 Figure 2: Disaster risks / city hazards City overview 1 0 Population 22,710,684 (2017) [4] 2 Density 22,710 inhabitants/km (2017) Water Mobility Epidemic Fire Flood Heatwave Heavy Rain Climate (Köppen-Geiger) Equatorial desert climate (AW)

CO2 emissions 1.4 mtCO2/capita (2012, Nigeria) [5] Energy

Lagos - Guiding the growth Lagos is one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. The vision for Lagos is to compensate this population growth by being a social city with a structured spatial planning, a sustainable development and a high living quality for everybody.

Urban planning Lagos has been facing a population explosion which has for a long time not come along Figure 4: Population by age and gender (2006) male female with proper urban planning by the government. Thus, the high demand for land lead to 100+ 95-99 90-94 about two-thirds of Lagos’ population living in informal settlements without adequate 85-89 80-84 75-79 infrastructure and housing [6]. Recently, Lagos state government has developed new 70-74 65-69 60-64 plans. However, these often favour high income groups or do not keep their promise [7]. 55-59 50-54 45-49 • Establish a comprehensive cadastral land register for land use management [8] 40-44 35-39

Age Range30-34 (years) • Increase community participation in planning processes so that the citizens’ real 25-29 20-24 15-19 needs are addressed [9] 10-14 5-9 • Provide inclusionary and co-operative housing concepts for the poor [7] 0-4 -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% % of Total Population

Green infrastructure Around 8.9% of the city area are covered with healthy vegetation [10]. There are 327 Figure 5: Green and blue infrastructure (2016) parks for which the Lagos Parks and Garden Agency is responsible, but the inhabitants Built-up areas Green areas have the chance to take part by adopting a park [11]. The green areas and trees are 22% Blue areas very unevenly distributed in the city. There is a tree planting campaign and day, but monitoring and the attitude of the Lagosians towards the project pose problems [12].

• More green areas for cooling purposes and water absorption 9% • Better monitoring of planted trees and indigenous tree species; rewards for tree planting efforts of population 69% • Green roofs and walls: recommended for private and mandatory for business buildings

Mobility The transport system in Lagos is suffering a lot from massive traffic congestions due to Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2015) an immense number of cars and bad road infrastructure. However, 95% of the daily trips in the city are by road transport. Other systems of transportation are almost non-existent [13]. Another problem is the underdeveloped public transport system that is dominated by poorly maintained semi-formal minibuses called Danfos [14]. Lagos also has to deal with a high fatality rate due to traffic accidents (26.2 per 100.000 inhabitants) [15]. • Focus on water transportation (travel time reduction, less pressure on roads [16]) • Abolition of the Danfos and replacement by formal bus services • Clear separation of roads and pedestrian paths as well as more pedestrian bridges

Energy Despite a high power demand, the energy sector in Lagos is highly underdeveloped. Figure 7: Share of primary energy sources (2017)

There are three main problems: access to the electricity grid, grid stability, and grid Oil capacity. In addition to that, the allegedly high share of renewables in the primary 16% Gas Coal energy sources originates in the combustion of hardwood fuel [17]. Therefore, forest is Nuclear destroyed, and carbon stored in the wood is released into the atmosphere. 9% Renewables • Lagos State government is already launching initiatives towards expanding and Others improving the electricity grid and a more sustainable power generation. • 16 - 27 GW of new generation capacity required by 2030 to maintain productivity [18]. 75% • Exploiting the solar potential (> 1600 kWh/m2) is crucial [19].

Water More and more impervious surfaces due to Lagos’ rapid growth and the incomplete Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2018) or blocked drainage system lead to annual floods [20]. Consequently, freshwater is Surface water 7% contaminated as stormwater enters damaged water pipes [21]. This further reduces the Groundwater Seawater water supply which only covers 40% of the demand [22]. Additionally, the insufficient Rainwater wastewater treatment system cleans only 5% of the wastewater [22]. Reclaimed water • Harvest roof water by installing gutters on the roofs and cisterns to prevent flooding Others 54% 39% and fill parts of the water supply gap [20] • Start of a cleaning campaign to motivate city dwellers to clear the drains • Construct a comprehensive and central wastewater treatment system

Waste Most of the generated waste is of organic type [23]. Until recently all of the waste was Figure 9: Share of waste disposal (2011) disposed on the landfills, mostly open dumps. Recycling happened only informally Recycling for many years [24]. Now the government has introduced the “Blue Box Program”, a 1% Composting Anaerobic digestion waste separation and recycling program [25]. The collection of the waste is a shared 26% Sanitary landfill responsibility of the Lagos Waste Management Authority (LAWMA) and the Private Open dump 44% Reuse Sector Participation (PSP) [23]. Incineration Non-collected • Improvement of collection system • Investing in better equipment for waste collection and treatment • Different treatment for each type, e.g. anaerobic digestion for organic waste share 29%

Sources: [1] The World Bank Group. [2] The World Bank Group. [3] countryeconomy.com. [4] LBS. [5] World Resources Institute. [..] for more information about the literature please scan the QR-Code. Figures: 1- Global Footprint Network. 2- GFDRR. 3-Global Footprint Network, T. Agbola and E M. Agunbiade, J. Hammitt and L. Robinson, GHS, O. A. Ejohwomu, The 2019 Cities Driving Index, World Resources Institute, IEA, D. Ogunbiyi and A. McMahon, Federal Ministry of Water Resources and Bureau of Statistics, J. A. Jideonwo, United Nations, I. R. Aliu et al., LBS, O. Oyelola et al. F. B. Olo- rungemi. 4-UN Statistics Division. 5-GHS; Lagos State Government. 6- O. A. Ejohwomu. 7- IEA. 8- Federal Ministry of Water Resources and Bureau of Statistics. 9- I. R. Aliu et al., LBS, O. Oyelola et al., F. B. Olorunfemi, LAWMA. Aerial image- Google Earth (2020).

Sustainable Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning Seminar Master WiSe 2019/20

Scan for further literature: Technical University of Munich Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang 5 km

JakartaIndonesia Timo Schäle, Julia Heichele, Yixuan Li, Guanting Zeng, Felix Fischer

Figure 1: Ecological footprint (2016) Country overview Figure 3: Sustainability rating

Income classification1 Lower-middle (3.893,596 US$/capita) Life expectancy 72.32 years [1] 1.04 Earth Literacy rate 96 % [2] Happiness ranking 92 of 156 countries [3]

Figure 2: Disaster risks / city hazards City overview

Population 10,467,630 (2017) [4] Density 15,804 inhabitants/km² (2017) [4] Flood Earthquake Tornado Storm Landslide Heavy Flash /Mudslide rain flood Climate(Köppen-Geiger) Tropical monsoon (Am) [5]

CO2 emissions 1,880 mtCO2/capita (2017) [6]

Jakarta - Future for the sinking City We want Jakarta to be a modern city with a future for educated, relaxed and peaceful living in a green, healthy and clean environment. Meeting not only physiological needs, Jakarta will help his inhabitants with a good urban infrastructure to enjoy social life, gain esteem and find happiness.

Urban Planning Jakarta is a city with a high population density and growth rate (1.07 %). [4] A city growing this fast has Figure 4: Population by age and gender (2017) big problems to keep up with producing liveable places and the required infrastructure. Consequently, one quarter of Jakarta is classified as an informal settlement. Second big problem is the air pollution, which is four and a half times higher than the WHO recommendation. [7] Another point is a very high rate of built up land (83,7 %). [8] This stems the natural drainage system and the ground water storage doesn’t get refilled from rainfalls, what is the main reason for the sinking of the city. • Decrease ratio of informal settlements by giving the possibility to move to social housing • Decrease air pollution to the WHO recommendation by actions of green infrastructure and energy supply • Reduce the percentage of built-up land by developing former slums into green areas

Green Infrastructure (GI) Jakarta has a green area of 5,25% of the total area (3.32 m²/capita) [9]. The extent of an insufficient GI Figure 5: Green and blue infrastructure (2018) for stormwater & flooding drainage can be seen in the flooding & sinking of the city. Furthermore, the low proportion of green areas in the city leads to poor air quality [10], high air temperatures (UHI) [11], polluted water & reduced accessibility to green & public areas [12]. • Increase the total green area to a min. of 50% by integrating GI in the building stock, e.g. green roofs & walls & creating city forests, parks, public spaces [11], [13] • Ensure the accessibility to green areas by using GIS to optimize their distribution & connection [14] • Ensure a efficient GI for flooding drainage & a high water quality by reforestation, urban wetlands, renaturalization of rivers, catchment areas, rainwater harvesting, green roofs, etc. [15], [16]

Mobility Jakarta is a huge city which is facing chronic traffic congestion problems. The urban area sprawled rapidly Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2018) in the last 30 years, but the infrastructure development can’t meet the commuters’ need in city surrounding areas [17]. Because of unreliable public transport, motorcycles became the main transport in Jakarta [18], which causes a lot of air pollution and large greenhouse gas emissions [19]. • Improve the usage rate by changing the currently existing motorcycles into Motor-sharing system • Build a reliable public transport by investing in public transport (better accessibility to public transport station, higher frequency of buses and trains, cheaper tickets for public transport) • Develop alternative fuel technologies for cars and motorcycles. (such as bio-diesel, bio ethanol, gas fuel, electricity, etc.)

Energy Indonesia has a ratio of 67% of primary energy produced from fossil fuels [20]. The electricity sector is Figure 7: Share of primary energy sources (2017) even worse: 88% of produced electricity comes from fossil sources [21]. Other problems Jakarta faces in electricity supply is stability and consistency. With only a surplus of 8% according to electricity consumption, peak periods cannot be overcome without danger of a blackout [22]. This situation brings two conflicting problems together: Change the energy supply to renewable sources and produce more electricity. • improve the quality of voltage in the grid • support the electricity production with decentralised power plants (solar panels on roofs…) • make the geothermal potentials usable (investments and science for more efficiency, lower risks and better maintenance)

Water The city of Jakarta is facing big issues concerning water. Just one half of the population is connected to a Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2012) supply system of drinking water, the other half has to rely on insecure sources such as rivers and illegally bored groundwater of a poor water quality.[23] [22] Jakarta’s biggest challenge is the increasing amount of flooding events in monsoon periods and the lack of a working drainage system to lead the huge masses of rainwater out of the city. Also some parts of the sinking city are endangered not only of the flooding from rainfalls, but also of the rise of the sealevel due to climate change, as they are already under sealevel.[24] • Flood security for whole population by building more drainage channels • Offering flowing drinking water of a good quality by harvesting rainwater & recycle wastewater • Good water quality of rivers and groundwater by implementing a decentralized wastewater management

Waste Jakarta produces a lot of solid waste per year, especially in the area of food and green. [25] More than Figure 9: Share of waste disposal (2018) one-fifth of waste is incinerated in modern facilities. [26] Particularly some figures suggest that 15 percent of global plastic waste in oceans comes from Indonesia. Many problems exist regarding to low quality waste management, limited final disposal sites and waste management institution. [27] The goal is to form a developed waste disposal system and to get people in Jakarta to earn consciousness and scientific understanding about treatment, recycling and utilization of garbage. • Enact relevant laws to limit waste generation • Increase the price of plastic. • Research for highly technical methods for waste disposal.

Sources: [1] Worldometer (2018) [2] Worldbank (2018) [3] World happiness report 2019 [4] B. Airlangga and A. Latif, “PROVINSI DKI JAKARTA DALAM ANGKA 2019 - DKI Jakarta Province in Figures 2019,”, 2019. [5] World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification (2006) [6] statista (2017) Figures: 1- https://www.footprintnetwork.org/our-work/ecological-footprint/ 2- [4]. 3- [4], [6], [7], [9], [12], [17], [20], [21], [22], [23], [26], [28], [29], [30], [31] 4- [4]. 5- Setiowati, R., Hasibuan, H. S., & Koestoer, R. H. . “Green open space masterplan at Jakarta Capital City, Indonesia for climate change mitigation”, 2018. . 6- [17], [19] 7- “International Energy Agency,” 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics?country=INDONESIA&fuel=Energy%20supply&indicator=Total%20prima- ry%20energy%20supply%20(TPES)%20by%20source [Zugriff 2020]. 8- JABODETABEK MPA Strategic plan, C. Ministry and F. E. A. C. o. Indonesia, 2012. 9- [26] Aerial image- Google Earth (2020).

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Cairo Egypt Egi Kalaj, Gizem Eryenilmez, Prem Kumar Yadav, Saurav Chauhan, Sofija Grinevska

Figure 1: Ecological footprint (2016) Country overview Figure 3: Sustainability rating Urban Planning Income classification1 Lower-middle (2,800 US$/capita) 5 Life expectancy 72 years [1] 4 1,1 Earths Literacy rate 71 % [2] 3 Green Waste Infrastructure Happiness ranking 122 of 156 countries [3] 2

Figure 2: Disaster risks / city hazards City overview 1 0 Population 9,539,673 (2018) [4] Density 15,333 inhabitants/km (2018) [5] Flash Drought Fire Earthquake Water Mobility flood Climate (Köppen-Geiger) Hot desert climate (BWh) [6] emissions CO2 2,233 mtCO2/capita (2014) [1]

Energy Vision: Cairo - Better Place for Everyone Cairo is the city with a great potential. Our goal is to use all its capacity to develop inclusive and sustainable urbanization, provide affordable housing, make the transportation sustainable, energy – renewable, water and air – clean, waste – recycled.

Urban planning Cairo is one of the world’s most rapidly growing cities, with nearly two percent annual Figure 4: Population by age and gender (2017) male female population growth. Cairo struggles with many issues, including illegal settlements, traffic 75+ 70-74 congestion, health issues and severe air pollution. Our aim is to make Cairo and human 65-69 60-64 settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. 55-59 50-54 45-49 • Renovation of old buildings; 40-44 35-39 • Social Marketing’s to solve traffic congestion; 30-34 25-29 • Bicycle system for transport; Age Range (years) 20-24 15-19 10-14 • Optimization of green energy production. 5-9 0-4 -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% % of Total Population

Greeen infrastructure The problem with overpopulation of the city starting in 20th century affected the existence Figure 5: Green and blue infrastructure (2019) of green spaces. “Almost all of the city’s trees, its most effective dust sponges, have Built-up areas 3% Green areas disappeared under the concrete.” [7] Our goal is to increase accessibility of green open Blue areas spaces in Cairo, improve attractiveness of GI and involve citizens with urban farming. Two main challenges are discussed in order to solve the problem with green open spaces in Cairo: dense urban areas and arid climate. The solution offered: • Urban farming on building roofs; • Interaction between mobility and GI;

• Water sensitive landscape. 97%

Mobility The state of mobility in Cairo faces several issues such as: lack of standardized roads, Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2017) high rates of traffic congestion, high rates of CO2 emissions, lack of metro lines, irregular and overcrowded bus services, unsafe road infrastructure for pedestrians and cyclists. Our vision is to achieve accessible, affordable and attractive public and non-motorized transportation for everyone. • Increasing the efficiency of public transportation (less buses, more metro); • Insertion of separate cycling and pedestrian lines and easy connection with other means of transportation; • Improvement of quality of the roads and parking facilities.

Energy Energy consumption in Egypt exceeds energy production from oil and natural gas which Figure 7: Share of primary energy sources (2017) is turning the country into oil and natural gas importer although Egypt was the net exporter Oil 0% 4% Gas for both sources in previous years. A sound energy strategy is crucially needed, and Coal should be based on two pillars: first, production of clean energy from various renewable Renewables and non-renewable sources, and second, managing and rationalizing energy demand 45% and decreasing the consumption, with related reforms. Steps to achieve: • Increasing the consumption energy from renewable energy sources; 51% • Promoting to use low energy lights and energy saving devices; • Building energy efficient buildings.

Water The city of Cairo is under water stress due to over consumption and dependency on Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2018)

River Nile for usage. Evaporation and dilapidated network of pipes create water losses Surface water towards the city. The booming population creates shortage of supply in periods of high 17% Groundwater demand and illegal irrigation practices and industrial and sewage discharges have posed Seawater 2% a challenge to put the water into reuse. Our aim is to make water in Cairo accessible, 0% Rainwater Reclaimed water efficient and carbon neutral. 12% • Renovation of existing pipe network to minimize losses; • Solar desalination and rain water harvesting techniques; 69% • Switching the agriculture sector to less water intensive crops and farming.

Waste In Cairo, the public sector has been unable to provide the required services effectively, as Figure 9: Share of waste disposal (2014) the existing regulations are still very limited and the local taxation system is inadequate, Recycling while the illegal disposal of domestic and industrial waste remains a common practice. 10% Absence of source separation of waste, no policy and practical focus on reduction and 7% Composting reuse of waste is the main problem. Our aim is get all waste collected and treated. 7% Sanitary landfill • Vehicle productivity(in kg/vehicle/day); Open dump • Biological treatment of biodegradable waste.(Anaerobic digestion); • The “Recycling School” concept; 76% • Formalization of the traditional garbage collectors.

Sources: [1] The World Bank data. [2] Data by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics. [3] Data by World Happiness Report (2018). [4] UN data. [5] City Population Statistics. Link: https://www.citypopula- tion.de/en/egypt/cities/?cityid=572. [6] World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification. [7] Cairo’s bad breath. (2017). UN environmental programme. Figures: Figures: 1- Global Footprint Network. 2- Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, the natural hazard risk profile ‘ThinkHazard’. 3- Urban Planning: Global Footprint Network; David Sims (2003) „Case Studies of Cairo, Egypt“ in UNDERSTANDING SLUMS: Case Studies for the Global Report.; Green Infrastructure: Kafafy, N. & Betawi, Y. (bez datuma). Urban Green Space Benefits and the Pivotal Role of Conservation, Cairo’s Case - Egypt. 4- UN data. 5- Calculated from Google Earth (2019). 6- Ghonimi I., El ZAmly H. (2017) “Sustainable urban mobility: Assessing Different Neighbourhood Models in Greater Cairo Region, Egypt.” 7- IEA World Energy Balances and Statistics. 8- Fanack Water: Water Resources in Egypt. 9- “Country report on the solid waste management in EGYPT” (2014) The Regional Solid Waste Exchange of Information and Expertise network in Mashreq and Maghreb countries. Aerial image- Google Earth (2019).

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Accra Ghana Tabea Horn, Martina Gruzlewski, Dominik Eckl, Sabrina Majewski

Figure 1: Ecological footprint (2016) Country overview Figure 3: Sustainability rating

Income classification1 Lower-middle income (2.130 US$/ capita) [15] Urban Planning 1,2 Earths Life expectancy 62/64 years (2016) [1] 5 Literacy rate 76,1 % (2010) [2] 4 3 Green Happiness ranking 98 of 156 countries (2019) [3] Waste Infrastructure Figure 2: Disaster risks / city hazards City overview 2 1 Population 2.514.005 (2020) [4] 0 Density 13.122 inhabitants/km (2016) [5] Flash Fire Epidemic Earthquake Climate flood (Köppen-Geiger) equatorial, winter dry (Aw) [16] Water Mobility CO emissions 2 0,97 mtCO2/capita (2016) [17]

“Ambitious - Cultural - Caring - Renewable - Agile” Energy A well educated young generation strives for being a rolemodel for their whole country and even western-central Africa. Therefore they will have acchieved financial independence, solid management of their economy, infrastructure, resources and culture. Also, social justice, overall-health and other sustainable nature-based solutions were implemented in their development.

Urban Planning Figure 4: Popilation by age and gender (2020) [26]

male female About 8.2% of the population of Ghana lives in Accra [9]. The population growth rate is estimated at 100+ 95-99 90-94 2.09%. About 56% of the inhabitants are under 24 years old. [4] The population density with 13,122 85-89 80-84 75-79 inhabitants per km² is 2.8 times higher than in Munich. [7, 8] Accra has a size of 225.7 km² [4]. 92% 70-74 65-69 60-64 is built-up area and about 15.7% (2011) of this is informal settlements [10, 11]. An estimated 45% of 55-59 50-54 45-49 the population lives in these [12]. 40-44 35-39

Age Age Range (years) 30-34 • Change from a uni-centric to a well-connected polycentric city 25-29 20-24 15-19 • Change from one-storey to multi-storey houses 10-14 5-9 • Building affordable and sustainable homes for everyone 0-4 -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% • Creation of a development plan with separate areas for industry % of Total Population

Green infrastructure Figure 5: Green and blue infrastructure (2017) [27] Many different ministries tackling the same issue of sustainable nature-based solutions not properly. Built-up areas 7% 1% Green areas There is a lack of proper stormwater management causing flood and water logging, especially in the Blue areas rainy season, as well as poor maintenance, especially of organic drains. On top of that these drains must handle grey and black wastewater in addition to stormwater. The growing urbanization of the metropolis and rural regions without control impacts a decreased infiltration and increased surface water run-off combined with a growing amount of solid waste. Also, there are only about 7% of green areas in the urbanized region. [20], [21] • a well-functioning drainage system saving and storm water management 92% • sustainable solid waste management needs to be integrated to free the blocked drains • big need of greener housing spaces to ensure a healthier life (temperature, pollution) and improve the quality of the city (tourism, social life)

Mobility Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2018) [18] Most of the people are walking (49,6 %) or using their own car (28,6%), only 0,5% are using the bicycle [18]. Car ownership is a sign of status which means every year the number of newly registered vehicles in the Greater Accra Region is raising. 2016 it was about 70,000 in 2018 it was about 93,135 [19]. Poor roaddesign for pedestrians, cyclists and public transport (called trotros) are hindering the traffic, the result is congestion in central area. Most of the trotros are private and under no control of government. • Pedestrianfriendly roaddesign (more intersections, street lights, seperated lines for vehicles, more parking spots, no more trading on the road) • Better public transportation access (no more private trotros, just few stations along the road, carsharing) • School education about carsharing, public transportation, NO MORE private cars • Strictly speedlimits at highway

Energy Figure 7: Share of primary energy sources (2018) [14]

The energy supply share in Ghana is dominated by oil and biomass. Biomass is not counted as a Oil renewable source, because it´s a very uncontrolled burning of firewood, agriculture residue and Gas Coal waste for cooking and heating [13]. This residental use makes the biggest part oft he primary enegry Nuclear use by 43%. Due to discovery of offshore oil fields in the westcoast of Ghana, oil has increased in 37% Renewables 44% Others the electricity generation mix over the last ten years. The access to electricity in the region of greater Accra is 97% [14]. • increase solar power: Ghana has ideal conditions, due to its geographical location • develop waste to energy systems to reduce share of biomass in energy supply mix 5% 14% • rise awareness: reduce consumption through energy efficiency

Water Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2019) [6,22,23,24,25]

GAMA (2010) is mainly supplied with treated surface and sea water through the pipeline system Surface water

9% Groundwater (365,000 m³/day). But the supply volume is only about 75% of demand and only 51% of the population 1% Seawater is connected to the pipeline system. 67% of the population has access to improved drinking water. Rainwater The water consumption is about 71 litres/capita per day. Only 11% of the waste water ends up in the Reclaimed water Others sewage system. Less than 0.5% of waste water was treated in 2014. [6, 22] • Reducing pipeline losses (detection system for leaks, rehabilitation of pipes) • Increase access to water systems without long distances (e.g. stand pipes) • Increasing the treatment capacity of existing surface water treatment plants 90% • Construction of treatment plants for the use of ground and sea water • Improvement / extension of the pipeline systems (pipe- and wastewater) • Repair / expansion of wastewater treatment plants

Waste Figure 9: Share of waste disposal (2016) [28]

The main issue regarding waste, is the solid waste management. 25% oft he waste ends up in Recycling 5% 1% Composting streets, drains, on the beaches or is burnt, because it is not collected. The waste collected, is put in Anaerobic digestion 25% two open dumps which are almost full [28]. The other big concern is the amount of e-waste coming Sanitary landfill Open dump down at the dumpsite ‚Agbogbloshie‘. Because people are burning the e-waste to recycle it, there is Reuse

Incineration a dangerous level of toxic gases [29]. 1% Non-collected • waste bins and collection all over the city in streets and private households • fines for uncontrolled waste disposal • extensions to landfill sites 68% • controlled recycling of e-waste (improvement for workplaces and health) • dams and streets built with incinerated waste product

Figures: 1–Ecological footprint (2016). 2-Disaster risks / city hazards. 3-Sustainability rating. 4-Population by age and gender (2020). 5- Green and blue infrastructure (2017). 6-Modal split of transportation (2018). 7-Share of primary energy sources (2018). 8-Share of water supply sources (estimated, 2019). 9-Share of waste disposal (2016). Aerial image- Google Earth (2020). Sustainable Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning Seminar Master WiSe 2019/20

Technical University of Munich Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang 5 km

Medellín Colombia Gerda Cones, David Guillen, Andres Grisales, Holman Latorre, Ayberk Ozyurek

Figure 1: Ecological footprint (2016) Country overview Figure 3: Sustainability rating Urban Planning Income classification1 Upper-middle (6,180 US$/capita) [1] 5 Life expectancy 77 years [2] 4 2,05 Earths Literacy rate 95 % [3] 3 Green Waste Infrastructure Happiness ranking 43 of 156 countries [4] 2

Figure 2: Disaster risks / city hazards City overview 1 0 Population 2.596.625 (2018) [5] Density 6.353,7 inhabitants/km (2018) [5] Landslide Flood Flash Fire Techno- Earthquake Water Mobility /Mudslide flood logical Climate (Köppen-Geiger) Tropical monsoon (Am) [6] disaster CO emissions 2 1,66 mtCO2/capita (2017) [7]

Energy Vision - The Right to a Sustainable Life A more equal Medellín where all its inhabitants have the right to adequate housing, sustainably-sourced public services, and opportunities regardless of age, gender, education, and economic power.

Urban planning Medellín has a young and independent population [5]. The poor and vulnerable classes Figure 4: Population by age and gender (2018) male female make up 4,2% and 19,4% of the population, respectively [8]. These lower classes are 100+ 95-99 90-94 only able to live in specific districts of the city and therefore have limited access to 85-89 80-84 2 75-79 various services and quality education. The city qualifies inequality using an IMCV [9]. 70-74 65-69 60-64 The district with the highest IMCV has more than double that of the lowest. 55-59 50-54 45-49 • Develop affordable housing programs for the lower classes and the young population. 40-44 35-39

Age Range (years) 30-34 • Promote the use of sustainable materials and natural ventilation for all new construction. 25-29 20-24 15-19 • Fund interdimensional programs that benefit communities and the city as a whole, 10-14 5-9 0-4 like the mobility Encicla program, Green Belt, and Library Parks. -10,00% -5,00% 0,00% 5,00% 10,00% % of Total Population

Green infrastructure Total green areas account for 18,9% of urban Medellín (6,6m²/capita), while public- Figure 5: Green and blue infrastructure (2006) use green areas are only 13,2% of urban Medellín (4,6m²/capita) [10]. The ecological Built-up areas 4% Green areas 9% network is significantly fragmented. The rapidly expanding slums along the valley walls Blue areas are the most vulnerable to disasters due to poor quality housing. • Increase effective green area per capita by converting private-use areas. • Improve connectivity of the ecological network through green corridors, green belts, and library parks, using hedgerows, green roofs, and urban farming. • Implement green measures against landslides, mudslides, floods and flash floods, such as filter strips, detention and infiltration basins, retention ponds, and rain gardens. 87%

Mobility The public transport system consists of Metro, Tram, Cablecar, and BRT. 45% of daily Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2018) cycling trips are completed via public transport, 29% via active modes but only 1% by bicycle [11]. 1 The city has a high and growing demand for private transport (e.g. cars and motorbikes). Medellin is the 25th most congested city in the world (2018) with 138h lost in traffic [12]. • Develop interconnected electric bicycle stations and expand system coverage. • Connect all public transport modes with pedestrian and bicycle systems with extended hours of operation. • Implement electric-powered cars, motorbikes, and buses. • Develop new cable car stations and expand public transport coverage.

Energy Renewable resources account for one-fourth of Medellín’s primary energy sources. Figure 7: Share of primary energy sources (2017)

Electricity is mainly supplied by hydropower with a percentage of 78%; therefore, the Oil electricity used in the city is mostly renewable [7]. All inhabitants have access to electricity. Gas 26% Coal The city has an efficiency score of 2,6 this is below the global average of 5,27 [7], [13]. Nuclear 37% • Implement of photovoltaic solar panels in different sizes such as residential, commercial Renewables Others and large-scale. • Construct mini-grid systems using residential-sized PV applications. 11% • Increase energy efficiency in new construction projects. • Decrease thermal energy conversion and carbon emissions. 26%

Water Medellin has 96% water coverage [14]. The Medellin River represents 75% of the water Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2020) supply and 25% comes from groundwater [15]. Medellin’s average water consumption Surface water is 126,67 liters per person per day [16]. The agricultural sector represents Groundwater 25% Seawater 54% of the total water demand in the city [17]. Medellin has 3 reservoirs, 11 water Rainwater treatment plants and 2 different water supply systems, in which 96% of the water is Reclaimed water distributed by the interconnected system and 4% by the independent system [14]. Others • Increase water supply and drainage system coverage to 100%. • Clean 100% of the Medellin River avoiding the use of harmful chemicals. 75% • Recycle all the wastewater, expand aquifer and install rainwater tanks.

Waste The total urban solid waste generated is 294.643 [18], which most of the waste generated Figure 9: Share of waste disposal (2015) is organic and comes from residential waste. From the total waste, only 18,9% is 1% Recycling 2% Composting recycled, 1,8% used as biomass and 79,2% [19] is disposed on the landfill (3,8km²) 19% Anaerobic digestion which corresponds to 1% of the city’s total area. Sanitary landfill Open dump 2% • Increase plastic recycling to 75%. Reuse • Reuse organic waste into biomass to 30%. Incineration Non-collected • Decrease the area needed for the landfill to 60%. • Generate business through the sustainable reuse and recycle of waste. 76%

Figures: 1- Global Footprint Network, “Ecological Footprint Explorer,” Footprintnetwork.org, 2019. 2- Departamento Administrativo de Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres Medellín, “Plan Municipal de Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres de Medellín 2015-2030,” medellin.gov.co, 2015. 4-DANE, “Censo Nacional de Poblacion y Vivienda,” dane.gov.co, 30-Aug-2019. 5-Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá, “Plan Maestro de Espacios Públicos Verdes del Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá,” metropol.gov.co, 2006. 6- Área Metropolitana Valle de Aburrá, “Encuesta origen destino,” Metropol. gov.co, 2018. 7- International Energy Agency, “IEA - The global energy authority,” Iea.org, 2019. 8- B. Miller and E. Sweigart, “How Countries Manage Water: Colombia,” Americasquarterly.org, 21- Oct-2019. 9- M. P. Molina Quintero and J. A. Barrios Barrera, “Plan de Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos,” Secretaría de Medio Ambiente, Nov. 2014. Aerial image- Google Earth (2016).

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Lima Peru Alejandro Castillo Nolte, Nicole Valentini Fedrizzi, Sebastian Schüle, Stefanie Gocht

Figure 1: Ecological footprint (2016) Country overview Figure 3: Sustainability rating

Income classification1 upper-middle ( 9,873.34US$/capita) Life expectancy2 76.2 years 1.3 Earths Literacy rate3 95.6 % Happiness ranking4 65 of 156 countries

Figure 2: Disaster risks / city hazards City overview

Population5 10,371,712 (2018) Density5 3,683 inhabitants/km (2018) Earthquake Landslide/ Drought Flood Epidemic Mudslide Climate (Köppen-Geiger) Arid Desert Cold/Hot Arid(BWk/BWh) emissions6 CO2 1.50 mtCO2/capita (2012)

LIMA: Juntos, sí se puede! Together, it is posible! Lima as a healthy living space where people feel invited to participate, creating a sense of place and responsibility. A city that respects the natural environment with conscious use of resources, resulting on equal opportunities and the happiness of Limeños.

Urban planning Figure 4: Population by age and gender (2017) Due to a lack of housing offer[1] for low income habitants self-built, poor quality, disaster- prone, informal settlements have developed[2]. The city’s population distribution is characterized by massive sprawl of low-density family houses on the outskirts, overfilled poorly build houses in slums and high buildings in the central and more wealthy parts of the city[2]. • Re-location and control of disaster-prone areas. • Self-organized improvement with state founding to improve the living conditions. • Private and public market enforcement to create housing offer for all citizens. • Planning of multi-centered land-use development and density with a holistic view.

Green infrastructure Figure 5: Green and blue infrastructure (2014) Lima provides little urban green open spaces for the citizens with a mean of 2.72 m2 per capita, especially in the outskirts[3]. Most of the parks are in wealthier districts[3], some are private. Nonetheless, Lima has got some natural sites[2] which could be exploited better, e.g. the coast, seasonal hills and the three rivers. • Renaturate the river and their valleys as they are possible natural green belts and make them accessible for walkers and cyclists. • Focus on native plants that do not use much water. • Use green roofs as a possibility to green that unused spaces. • Build a terrace structure in the cliff in Miraflores as a pilot project.

Mobility Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2018) The majority of trips is done by public transport[4], which is mainly operated by old cycling 2 collective buses. These create safety problems, high particulate matter concentrations motorbike 2 and large congestions[5]. There is a plan for a metro system, one line is already succesfully in operation. Electromobility does not yet play a role. A lack of cycling lanes and saftrefy problems hamper the progress in encouraging cycling as a means of transport. • Invest more into a cycle network in all districts and advertize it in the city. • Persecute illegal transport and ensure accessibility for everybody in public transport. prioritisedbus 4 • Electrify taxis as and buses as pilot projects, set up a smart charging infrastructure. • Integrate the metro system well into the urban structure (polycentric development).

Energy Figure 7: Share of primary energy sources (2017) Lima relies mainly on fossil fuels, which are used for cooking, transportation and transformation to electricity in thermoelectric plants (they provide 72% of the electricity share, the rest comes from hydropower plants)[6]. Natural gas has gained a crucial role in Energy production, displacing almost every other source. Over 99% of the population has got access to the electric network[7] but around 50% of electricity is lost during transformation and distribution processes[3]. • Invest in the local production of biogas from the city´s organic waste. • Invest in renewables, such as wind and ocean energy. • Import electricity coming from renewable energy sources.

Water Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2017) The Peruvian capital is located at the most critical region of the country in terms of water avaiability: water is a scarce resource, while the demand is high. Even though 95% of the population has access to drinking water[8], this does not ensure the potability of water or the quality of the drinking water supply system. • Decrease drinking water demand: more conservation measures, less system losses • Achieve safe and sustainable water supply: make the drinking water drinkable. • Invest in descentralized water and wastewater systems, particularlly non-potable water reuse, desalination, and fog-water harvesting. • Preserve surface and groundwater resources.

Waste Figure 9: Share of waste disposal (2014) Organic and dry recyclable materials are the main share of the total domestic waste generated. The collection services coverage is 88%[9]. However, no efficient waste segregation at the source takes place and almost the totality of the collected waste is disposed in either sanitary landfills or informal open waste dumps. Informal waste workers face critical health and work safety risks. • Implement awareness-raising initiatives on consumption and materials life-cycle. • Reduce packaging and substitute single-use materials with returnable materials • Proper destination and future use of the generated waste: segregation at the source, composting, waste-to-energy, and improved recycling centers and work conditions.

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Mexico City Mexico Sandra Feder, Javier Lopez Garcia, Thomas Merrath, Fabian Kellner

Figure 1: Ecological footprint (2016) Country overview Figure 3: Sustainability rating Urban Planning Income classification1 Upper-middle (9,180 US$/capita) 5 Life expectancy 78 years (women) 72 years (men) [1] 4 1,6 Earths 3 Literacy rate 98,5 % [2] Waste Green Infrastructure Happiness ranking 23 of 156 countries [3] 2 1 Figure 2: Disaster risks / city hazards City overview 0

Population 21.650.668 (2017) [1]

Density 16.000 inhabitants/km [4] Water Mobility Flash Heavy Earthquake Volcano Landslide flood Rain /Mudslide Climate (Köppen-Geiger) Ocean Suptropical Highland (Cwb) [5]

CO2 emissions 2,87 tCO2/capita (2016) [6] Energy Vision - „Make Mexico City green again!” Most of the problems arise from a disrupted relation to nature. The slogan stands for restoring this “green” relation. The city must be the place where you feel secure, enjoy being outside everyday while having high and equal living standards with clean sky and where inhabitants live in full harmony with nature again.

Urban planning

The city was founded on a lake system surrounded by volcanoes. It grew without proper Figure 4: Population by age and gender (2017) planning and by result the lake was drained and built over. The administrative limits of male female 100+ 95-99 the city of Mexico covers 9 million people, while more than the half of the metropolitan 90-94 85-89 80-84 area lives in the neighbor State making complex to synchronize public policies [7]. 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 • An integral agenda among municipalities is needed to reorganize better the land use. 55-59 50-54 45-49 • The challenges are to reduce the inequality among social sectors, improve health 40-44 35-39

Age Range Range (years) Age 30-34 services and provide security. 25-29 20-24 15-19 • 10-14 Create an atlas of risk for vulnerable buildings for earthquakes and floods. 5-9 0-4 -5% -3% -1% 1% 3% 5% % of Total Population Green infrastructure There are around 6731 ha of green areas in the urban part (equals to ca. 4.5 % of the total surface) [8] but they are unevenly distributed. Especially in poor areas, there is often Figure 5: Green and blue infrastructure (2018) not enough vegetation (2.23 m2/capita) [8]. The average is at around 7.54 m2 per person Built-up areas 8% Green areas [8] which is not sufficient according to the WHO [9]. The government and the citizens Blue areas have started several programs in the last years to tackle this problem. Therefore, green areas are becoming more again. • Create green building walls and roofs – tax benefits for companies 32% • Create a bigger, equally distributed park structure with water infiltration areas 60% • Increase urban farming in the city center

Mobility Not taking walking into consideration over 95 % of the trips in Mexico City are made by three means of transport: motorized private vehicles, metro or a big variety of buses, Modal split of transportation (2017) microbuses, collective vans and taxis [10]. Whilst the metro system only covers the Figure 6:

taxi city area all other 13 million inhabitants of the metropolitan region are reliant on road- 5 Active

car Public based ways of travelling. Mexico City is the fourth most congested city worldwide [11] 13 Private and suffers under bad air quality around 250 days a year [12]. The traffic sector is Private walking 43 responsible for 44 % of the cities greenhouse gas emissions [13]. Active metro • Expansion of the metro network 10 • Reduce road space for cars in favour of bikes, pedestrians Public • Revaluate the bus system, bigger buses in a defined network

25 • Expand rail network and bring unused back in use collectivo

Energy

The primary energy is almost 90 % coming from fossil fuels [14]. For electricity, nuclear Figure 7: Share of primary energy sources (2016) energy provides 4 %, hydro 10 %, wind 4 % and solar 1 % which contrast with the high Oil 1% solar irradiation potential of 5.3 kWh/m2 annually [14]. Transport sector is the main 9% Gas 2% Coal source for CO2 and PM2.5 [6]. 4% Nuclear • Generate electricity for renewable sources will diversify the energy market making it Renewables more competitive Others • Refurbish to the old infrastructure for transmission and distributionand, implement 22% 62% Smart-grids • Reduce emissions from internal combustion vehicles switching to public transport • Develop waste-to-energy facilities to supply power and build storage systems

Water

The aquifer which provides around 70 % of the water, is highly overused [15]. Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2013) Therefore, the groundwater table is sinking which causes subsidence and damage on Surface water 7% the infrastructure, the ecosystem and poor water quality [16]. Especially poor people Groundwater suffer from bad access to water and are vulnerable to floods that occur recurrently [16]. 25% S e aw at e r Rainwater

The rates of wastewater treatment and groundwater infiltration are too low [16]. Reclaimed water • Implement rainwater harvesting facilities throughout the whole city Others • Repair damaged water and wastewater infrastructure and expand it - access to clean water for all • Increase groundwater infiltration - implement infiltration systems 68% • Educate inhabitants to use less water • Recycle water, e.g. for flushing toilets Waste Figure 9: Share of waste disposal (2018) Mexico City has one of the highest urban solid waste generation per capita in the world [17]. Nonetheless the city has a solid waste infrastructure with a very good collecting Recy cl i ng 3% Composting 15% rate in the federal district [18]. For the outer areas is not much reliable data available. Anaerobic digestion Sanitary landfill

The main part of the waste is organic and stored in sanitary landfills [19]. Much informal Open dump recycling by people called “pependadores” is happening [17]. Actually, CDMX does not 11% Reuse Incineration use waste-to-energy technologies. Non-collected 6% • Reduce waste generation by banning single use plastic materials • Increase the sensitivity for waste separation 65% • Optimize recycling and reuse rates • Exchange old diesel powered waste trucks by electrical ones

Sources: [1] S. d. Salud., «Agenda estadística 2017.,» Mexico City., 2017. [2] INEGI, «Censo Nacional de Gobiernos Municipales y Delegacionales 2017,» Sistema Nacional de información estadística y geográfica., 2017. [3] R. L. a. J. D. S. John F. Helliwell, «World Happiness Report Mexico,» 2019. [4] S. Z. Arena, « Aspectos socioeconómicos de la problemática en México.,» Editorial Limusa, 2002. [5] Weatherbase.com, «`Weather Mexico city,» 2020. [6] S. d. M. A. d. l. C. d. México, Inventario de emisiones de la ciudad de México., CDMX, 2016. Figures: 1- Global Footprint Network, „Country Trends,“ 2016. 2- CDMX Resilience Office, „CDMX Resilience Strategy,“ 100 Resilient Cities, 2016. 4- Secretaria de Salud de la Ciudad de México. Agenda estadística 2017. CDMX. 5- Own elaboration based on aerial images of Google Maps (2018). 6- I. N. d. E. y. G. INEGI, „Encueste origen destino - En hogares de la zona metropolitana del valle de México,“ México, 2017. 7- Secretaría de Energía, PRODESEN 2018-2031 Programa de Desarrollo del Sistema Eléctrico Nacional, CDMX, 2018.. 8- CONAGUA, 2018, Estadísticas del agua en méxico, edición 2018. Comisión nacional del agua. Secretaría de medio ambiente y Recursos naturales. México.. 9- Facultat de Quimica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 2013. Aerial image- Google Earth (2016). Sustainable Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning Seminar Master WiSe 2019/20

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CuritibaBrazil Adejumoke Lanisa, Eman Taha, Adedayo Ajala, Sherief Elmetwally, Thea Meßmer

Figure 1: Ecological footprint (2006) Country overview Figure 3: Sustainability rating Urban Planning Income classification1 Upper-mid income (9140 US$/capita) [1] 5 [1] Life expectancy 75 years 4 1.73 Earths Literacy rate 93 % [1] 3 Green [2] Waste Happiness ranking 23 of 156 countries Infrastructure 2 Figure 2: Disaster risks / city hazards City overview 1 0 Population 1 933 105 (estimated 2019)[3] Density 4 027.04 inhabitants/km (2010)[3] Heavy Flood Storm Violent [4] rain wind Climate(Köppen-Geiger) Moderate maritime climate (Cfb) Water Mobility [5] CO2 emissions 1.92 mtCO2/capita (2018)

Energy Vision -A Living City for All A sustainable Curitiba offers equal opportunity to all inhabitants. An inclusive social infrastructure enables the citizens to shape their city. The streets, green and bustling, are for the people. Closed circuits and a regional economy achieve resilience.

Urban planning Curitiba is a fast growing city due to its high livability, with a growing population of 1.9 Figure 4: Population by age and gender (2010) male female million. Some challenges arise including overcrowding, informal settlements and slums. 100+ 95-99 90-94 Improvements using suitable management of existing land, targeting the city’s young 85-89 80-84 75-79 population, creating attractive social housing to improve equity and further increase its 70-74 s) r 65-69 a

e 60-64 livability are to be implemented. y 55-59

ge ( 50-54 n 45-49 • Polycentric city of short distances 40-44 35-39 ge Ra

A 30-34 • Mixed use development 25-29 20-24 15-19 • Energyefficient, attractive social housing 10-14 5-9 0-4 • Shared living to reduce housing shortage -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% % ofT otal Population

Green infrastructure • Curitiba is already a very green city. Nearly the half of the area is covert with green, Figure 5: Green and blue infrastructure (2015) which leads to a green area of 64m2 per capita[6] , But the problem with that is, that Built-up areas 3% Green areas most of these areas are not public, and the public ones are not even distributed over Blue areas the city [7]. Because of that not all residents have equal and easy access to the public green space. So, there is still a need for action. 43% • Achieve equal distribution and access to green spaces, 54% • Make Curitiba a biophilic city • Community gardening • Vertical Farming and Gardening

Mobility Curitiba’s bus system has largely contributed to its development. Recently, there has Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2017-2018) been an increase in the use of active transport & cars, and a decrease in bus ridership. Methods to enhance the ability of all its inhabitants to move, through highly accessibile, affordable, environmentally-friendly and high-quality transportation means are: • Not prioritizing cars - road pricing & fuel tax, emission control, campaigns • Attractive bus system - reduce fares, improve quality, higher capacity, electrification • Encourage modal shift - rental e-scooters & bicycles, better infrastructure • Use of technology - telecommuting & traffic signals prioritizing cycling • Future of transport - trams on existing roads

Energy The energy sources of the city’s electricity are mainly renewable, the most important Figure 7: Share of primary energy sources (2018) [8] part is here hydropower with around 70 % . On the other side 18 % comes from non- Oil 4% 9% Gas renewable sources but is responsible for only 6 % of the CO2eq emissions of the energy Coal sector. The other 94 % come from fuels. So, to really save CO eq, there must be a 3% 2 2% Nuclear change in the transportation and the industrial sector[5] . Renewables • Generation of more capacity of cleaner renewable energy such as the wind, solar and Others bio-mass

• Elimination of CO2 emission • Introduction of smart technologies 82%

Water The Metropolitan area’s sources of water are mainly rivers. However, processed drinking Figure 8: Share of water supply sources [9] water is of 6950 l/s which is smaller than the demand of 7000 l/s . This is a problem Surface water 3% for the growing city. Moreover, Curitiba is located in an area with heavy rainfalls, which Groundwater Seawater brings the problem of frequent floods. Measures can be taken for improvement: Rainwater • Better waste water treatment, goal drinking water Reclaimed water • Dam as flood protection Others • Desalination of sea water • Increase awareness of people regarding water • Rainfalls usage as a source of water 97%

Waste Curitiba already has a system in place to recycle plastic, metals, glass and paper, which Figure 9: Share of waste disposal (2015) includes social collection programs. The system is municipally organized and based on Recycling waste pickers. Even though this unfortunately introduces a lot of redundancy in waste Composting 23% Anaerobic digestion treatment, changes need to be handled with care as the livelihood of a few thousand Sanitarylandfill [10] Open dump waste pickers depends on it . Possible improvements include: Reuse • separate collection of organic waste for composting and processing in a biogas plant Incineration Non-collected • regulation for packaging to include recycled material and/or be recyclable • ban of throwaway plastics • upcycle and repair workshops 77%

Sources: [1] https://data.worldbank.org [2] https://happyplanetindex.org [3] https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/pr/curitiba/panorama [4] http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/present.htm [5] EcoWood (2011) http://multimidia.curitiba.pr.gov.br/2012/00118446.pdf [6] Fermino et al. (2013) https://ĳbnpa.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1479-5868-10-35 [7] Grise et al. (2015) https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/312036103_A_FLORESTA_URBANA_DA_CIDADE_DE_CURITIBA-PR [8] https://www.c40knowledgehub.org/s/article/Clean-Energy-Data-Explorer?language=en_ US [9] https://water.nature.org/waterblueprint/city/curitiba [10] Mott MacDonald (2015) https://mid.curitiba.pr.gov.br/2016/00176737.pdf Figures: 1- https://www.footprintnetwork.org/content/images/uploads/Curitiba_report_PT.pdf 2- https://www.c40.org/cities/curitiba#city-climate-risks 4- https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/pr/curitiba/panorama. 5- Grise et al. (2015) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312036103_A_FLORESTA_URBANA_DA_CIDADE_DE_CURITIBA-PR 6- https://www.c40knowledgehub.org/s/article/Transport-Data-Explorer?language=en_US 7- https://www.c40knowledgehub.org/s/article/Clean-Energy-Data-Explorer?language=en_US. 8- https://water.nature.org/waterblueprint/city/curitiba 9- Mott MacDonald (2015) https://mid.curitiba.pr.gov.br/2016/00176737.pdf Aerial image- Google Earth (2020). Sustainable Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning Seminar Master WiSe 2019/20

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Cape Town South Africa Björn Blumtritt, Gbenga John Ogunjinmi, Jeannie Li, Rudolf Heidu, Seyed Saghaeiannejad Esfahani

Figure 1: Ecological footprint (2016) Country overview Figure 3: Sustainability rating Urban Planning Income classification1 Upper-middle (5,750 US$/capita) 5 Life expectancy2 Male: 65.7 Female: 71.1 years 4 1.93 Earths 3 Literacy rate 90.5 % 3 Green Waste 4 Infrastructure Happiness ranking 106 of 156 countries 2 1 Figure 2: Disaster risks / city hazards City overview 0 Population5 4,617,560 (2020) Density6 1,876 inhabitants/km2 (2020) Drought Fire Heavy Crime 7 Water Mobility rain Climate (Köppen-Geiger) Mediterranean warm summer (Csb) emissions8 CO2 5.4 mtCO2/capita (2018)

Energy Vision - Cape Town? Green Town! Its unique beauty lies in the diversity. A City that is colourful, cheerful, and gives chances, despite of origin. That’s what we want for Cape Town. A city that grows for a better future. For a better future for all.

Urban planning Due to the politics of Apartheid, the city was divided. The citizens were separated from Figure 4: Population by age and gender (2016) male female each other and modernist urbanism were used to achieve that. A third of the citizens lives in insufficient conditions. The challenge is to get sufficient living conditions as well +85 80-84 75-79 as equal opportunities to its citizens and avoid negative environmental impacts of that.[1] 70-74 65-69 60-64 • Ensure equal opportunities to the younger generation. Schools and public transport 55-59 50-54 45-49 should be safely, accessible and affordable 40-44 35-39

Age RangeAge (years) 30-34 • Develop a plan how to improve the quality of living in the slums 25-29 20-24 15-19 • Focus on the safety of the public space, passive measurement is always the best 10-14 5-9 0-4 • Protect the authenticity and diversity. Equality doesn’t mean unity. -10,0% -5,0% 0,0% 5,0% 10,0% % of Total Population

Green infrastructure One of the major goals of the CT government is to conserve its native vegetation, which Figure 5: Green and blue infrastructure (2014) is gradually tending to extinction due to urbanization. CT has adopted the use of urban Built-up areas 3% Green areas farming to provide employment for the poor and ensure food security in homes.[2] The Blue areas 21% city has increasingly integrated green area into the urban area. This increased the accessibility of Capetonians to green space.[3] More changes are needed: • Adopt vertical farming as part of the urban farming system in CT • Use vertical farms to tackle the problem of native biodiversity extinction in CT • Adopt a biophilic CT (transfer the indigenous plants grown in vertical farms) 76% • Make a sponge city, preventing flooding and use green spaces for rain water storage

Mobility The streets are not safe, the public transport is paralysed due to vandalism, the number Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2015) of fatalities is alarming. The first item people buy as they get richer is a car. The city is today one of the most congested in the world, however the air pollution is quite good. The challenge is to avoid this development and give the people the possibility of mobility without the need of buying a car.[4] • Make sure that the city is walkable - remove barriers and invest in safety measures • Reduce the costs of public transport • Develop different strategies for different income classes • Quality of public transport is the key to the sustainability, raise civic awareness

Energy CT consumed 5,414,468 TCE final energy in 2012. This translates into global greenhouse Figure 7: Share of primary energy sources (2015) gas emissions of 5.5 tCO2e per capita. CT’s energy supply profile is dominated by oil. Oil 5% 1%1% Coal is the key driver for electricity generation with a share of 94%.[5] Increasing the Gas Coal share of renewable energy and energy efficiency and decreasing the CO2 emission rate Nuclear are improvements for the current state. Solutions to achieve a zero emission city are Renewables 30% Others • Use renewable energy sources (solar radiation, tidal, biomass for electricity generation)

• Energy efficiency in all sectors (retrofitting street/traffic lights; buildings with energy 61% efficient lighting, cooling/heating, insulation and compact design; ecofriendly transport) 2% • Increase the price of petrol and diesel to encourage people to use more public transport

Water The supply of water is a major problem in CT. The city is dependent on rainwater. Rain Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2019) is collected in rain season and consumed over year. 99.5% of the people have access to Surface water 5% Groundwater water with good quality.[6] 2015-2018 was a water crisis in C.T.. Several years of drought Seawater [7] reduced the water reserves to 16%. The water consumption was limited to 50 LPCD. Rainwater Wastewater treatment is insufficient, much water is discharged untreated into nature. Reclaimed water • Permanent reduction of water consumption in all areas. Others • Secure independent water supply. Groundwater, reused water, if needed desalination.

• High standards for drinking water access. Currently:1 tap per 25 houses in townships.[8] • Connect all houses to the canalisation and improve the wastewater treatment plants. 95%

Waste

CT produces 3,713,700 t/a of urban solid waste.[9] 64% of the people in ZA are connected Figure 9: Share of waste disposal (2018) to a waste disposal system. 79% of the waste is disposed in open dumps. Incineration is Recycling 7% Composting [10] [11] 14% prohibited by law. Informal waste pickers are important for the recycling system. The Anaerobic digestion measures to achieve the vision “Zero Waste” and “Cradle to Cradle” are: 0% Sanitary landfill Open dump • The population must be sensitized to this topic. The current lifestyles must be changed. Reuse • Avoid Waste. Products have to be durable and repairable. Recycling is the last step. Incineration Non-collected • Replace materials: Packaging made from algae.[12] Local product and biodegradable. • Organic waste: Generate electricity and heat in biogas plants. Processed as

biomethane used as fuel for mobility. Fermentation residues used as fertilizer. 79%

1 Country income classification from the World Bank Atlas, based on the Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (current US$): low-income countries < 996; lower-middle income countries 996-3.895; 4 upper-midde income countires 3.896-12.055; high-income countries > 12.055. 2 IOL 2019. 3 Socio Economic Profile // City of Cape Town 2016. World Happiness Report 2019. 5 World Population 7 Review 2020. 6 World Population Review 2020. Census 2011. World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification 2006. 8 Energy Consumption and CO2e Emission Database 2018. Sources: [1] dpa international by K. Palitza 2018. [2] State of the Environment Report 2018. [3] UAP 2016. [4] Comprehensive integrated transport plan 2013. The World Air Quality Project. University of Cape Town 2019. WHO 2018. [5] Cape Town State of Energy Report 2015. [6] Official Guide to South Africa 2018/19 Water and Sanitation. [7] The South African by Nic Andersen 2018. [8] City of Cape Town - Water and sanitation services in informal settlements. [9] Green Cape, Waste - 2018 Market Intelligence Report 2018. [10] E+Z Entwicklung und Zusammenarbeit - Voneinander lernen 2016. [11] EU-Reycling by H. Stumpf 2019. [12] Lilli Green 2018. Figures: 1- OCHA. 2- OCHA, Thenounproject by Gan Khoon Lay. 3- various. 4- State of Cape Town Report 2016. 5- European Comission GHS Urban Centre Database 2015. Blue areas: self estimation 6- Research Gate by Marianne Vanderschuren 2015. 7- Cape Town State of Energy Report 2015. 8- University of Cape Town 2019. 9- World Bak 2018, CDP 2018. Aerial image- Google Earth (2019).

Sustainable Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning Seminar Master WiSe 2019/20

Technical University of Munich Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang 5 km

ShanghaiChina Desislava Apostolova, Fernanda de Souza Rocha, Chen Liu, Yue Xia, Zhehong Zhou

Figure 1: Ecological footprint (2012) Country overview Figure 3: Sustainability rating

Income classification1 Upper middle income (9,460 US$/ capita) (2018)[1] Urban Planning 5 Life expectancy 76.5 years (2017)[2] 2.2 Earths 4 Literacy rate 97 % (2018)[3] 3 Green Waste 2 Infrastructure Figure 2: Disaster risks / city hazards City overview 1 Population 27,058,479 persons (2020)[4] 0 Density 3,814 inhabitants/sq km (2017)[5] Storm Heavy rain Flood Cyclone Climate (Köppen-Geiger) humid subtropical climate[6] Water Mobility [7] CO2 emissions 6.72 tCO2/capita (2015)

Vision - The city of regional ecosystems Energy The 2050 Shanghai plan aims to decentralize the currently overpopulated city center and develop the 10 districts that the city consists of. This gives all citizens the opportunity to still enjoy the privileges of a megapolis, but spend the majority of their time in their district, working and living there, reducing the time they have to travel, shifting to a more regional self-sufficient society.

Urban planning The city of Shanghai has been a projection of China ́s immense economic growth during Figure 4: Population by age and gender (2019) the last 40 years. From a population of 5.559.000 people in 1978, the population of male female 100+ 95-99 Shanghai has skyrocketed to 26,317,104 in 2019. The rapid changes that have been 90-94 85-89 80-84 taking place in Shanghai are a result of the Chinese opening-up policies, which have 75-79 70-74 s) been in action for the last 30 years. This meant a great amount of finance coming into r 65-69 ea 60-64 y 55-59 China’s largest city and a respective rise in the quality of life for the citizens. The goal of e ( 50-54 ng 45-49

Ra 40-44

the plan Shanghai 2050 is to create a city enjoyable for all its inhabitants, providing them ge 35-39

A 30-34 25-29 with an infrastructure and public services that correspond to the new living standard 20-24 15-19 of the city, while at the same time decentralizing the statuesque by spreading life in 10-14 5-9 0-4 Shanghai more evenly across the whole city.[8] -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% % of Total Population Green infrastructure

Shanghai owns abundant forest (890 km^2) and wetland (3770 km^2) resources. [9] Figure 5: Green and blue infrastructure (2018)

However, the green area in built-up area is not sufficient, and its distribution is not Built-upareas

uniform. Besides, the government has just started to construct green infrastructures for Green areas 19,5 flooding drainage, so that this city suffers frequently from floods. To improve the status Blue areas

other (wetland, on GI, following strategies and goals are recommended to adopt and achieve: suburb, etc.) • Systematically implement green infrastructure construction to form a healthy, complete 47,5 and accessible ecological network. 22 • Strengthen the protection and management of ecological resources. • Make the total green area coverage reach 40% of the total land area. 11 Mobility The rapid economic growth and high population density embedded in Shanghai challenges, such as congestion, pollution and high commuting time. To sort out these Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2018, 2019) problems, Shanghai has targeted the development of town clusters which aims to 15-minutes life circle to public facilities [10]. Our goal for sustainable mobility in Shanghai is - through the cluster plan - to change travellers’ behaviour, decreasing car as a mean of transportation and increase the use of walking, cycling and public transport. The strategies adopted are: • Strengthening of public transport (100% electric) • Incentive cycling and walking as a mobility mode - Social campaigns and educating children at school • Restrict the access of cars in central areas of each cluster • Incentive electric cars

Energy The rapid increase of energy consumption in Shanghai is due to the economic Figure 7: Share of primary energy sources (2014) development that the city has gone through since the political reforms in the 1980s. [11] Mass production and mass consumption, which are a part of the process of increasing one‘s life standard, is directly connected to energy consumption and the pollution that follows it. At the moment two thirds of Shanghai’s energy comes from coal, which leaves a huge mark on the environment and its citizens’ health. The goal of the 2050 plan is to orientate to more environment-friendly energy source: concentrating mainly on hydro and solar energy, as those are have suitable conditions to develop those, without having to compromise on the economic development of the city. Further the quantity of coal, which is currently the primary source of energy would be reduced by 5% until 2030 and by 15% until 2050 compared to the current state. This would naturally reduce the amount of CO2 pollution.

Water Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2015) Shanghai has sufficient water resources, but it still has many challenges such as high Surface water 2 water consumption, poor water quality. The reasons for these problems are the huge 10 Groundwater population density, the fast-growing economy and the low awareness of residents on Seawater 8 Rainwater water conservation. In addition, water flood disaster is also a serious problem in Shanghai, Reclaimed water owing to being located in Pacific monsoon region with a mild and moist climate, Shanghai Others enjoys four distinct seasons with plenty of rainfall. I suggest Shanghai should build a “sponge city” and use rainfall water, building more green infrastructure and permeable roads to absorb rainwater, building factory to manage rainwater, which can supply more 80 water resource and against water flood disaster.

Waste The domestic waste collection system is good developed in Shanghai. The main waste Figure 9: Share of waste disposal (2018)

treatments in Shanghai are incineration and landfill. Currently, the reuse rate of demolition Recycling 1,2 Composting and construction waste and organic waste is very low. The waste disposal plants have 20,8 Anaerobic digestion bad environmental standards, the soil and air qualities are out of national standards. Sanitarylandfill Open dump Reuse • 100% produced organic waste use biochemical treatment. 39 Incineration • Rebuilding of 5 Landfill plants: retreatment, public space after decontamination. Non-collected • High environmental standards for waste infrastructure: Other • 99% recycle rate of Building waste 39

Sources: [1] “World Development Indicators,” DataBank. [Online]. Available: https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&country=CHN. [Accessed: 02-Feb-2020]. [2] “World Development Indicators,” DataBank. [Online]. Available: https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&country=CHN. [Accessed: 02-Feb-2020]. [3] “Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above),” Data. [Online]. Available: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS. [Accessed: 02-Feb-2020]. [4] “Shanghai Population 2020,” Shanghai Population 2020 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs). [Online]. Available: http://worldpopulationreview. com/world-cities/shanghai-population/. [Accessed: 02-Feb-2020].[5] SHANGHAI STATISTICAL YEARBOOK 2018. [Online]. Available: http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje18.htm?d1=2018tjnje/E0201.htm. [Accessed: 02-Feb-2020]. [6] Kelly, “Shanghai Weather, Shanghai Climate & Best Time to Visit,” China Highlights, 23-Oct-2019. [On- line]. Available: https://www.chinahighlights.com/shanghai/weather.htm. [Accessed: 02-Feb-2020].[7] B. Lin and B. Xu, “Growth of industrial CO2 emissions in Shanghai city: Evidence from a dynamic vector autoregression analysis,” Energy, 12-Mar-2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/ S0360544218304602. [Accessed: 02-Feb-2020]. [8] Y. Sha, J. Wu, Y. Ji, S. L. T. Chan, and W. Q. Lim, “Shanghai Urbanism at the Medium Scale,” Springer Geography, 2014.[9] “national data,” national data. [Online]. Available: http://data.stats.gov.cn/. [Accessed: 02-Feb-2020]. [10] Urban Planning and Land ResourceAdministration Bureau, Shanghai Master Plan 2017-2035, 2018 [11] Shanghai 2035. [Online]. Available: www.supdri.com/2035/. [Accessed: 02-Feb-2020]. Figures:1- Ecologycal foot print (2012). source: “China Ecological Footprint Report 2012,” https://www.footprintnetwork.org/content/images/article_uploads/China_Ecological_Footprint_2012.pdf. 2-Disaster risks/ city harzards. source: “Overview of Shanghai Multi-hazard Early Warning system and the role of Meteorological Services.” . 3-Sustainability rating . 4-Population by age and gender (2019). source: “Demographic Analysis of Shanghai’s Social Structure and Planning Response | Shanghai Urban Planning ,” 04-Apr-2019. [Online]. Available: http://www.sohu.com/a/305991591_747944. [Accessed: 02-Feb-2020]. 5-Green and blue infrastructure (2018). source: “national data,” national data. [Online]. Available: http://data.stats.gov.cn/. [Accessed: 02-Feb-2020]. 6- Modern split of transportation (2018, 2019). source: Administrator, SHANGHAI BASIC FACTS 2019, 2019; Simon Dixon, Shanghai_GlobalCityMobility, 2017- share of primary energy sources (2014). source: “national data,” national data. [Online]. Available: http://data.stats.gov.cn/. [Accessed: 02-Feb-2020]. 8- Share of water supply sources (2015). source: Cai, J. (n.d.). Water Resources Status and Water Saving Management in Shanghai. Retrieved from https://wenku.baidu.com/view/53e80a6478563c1ec5da50e2524de518964bd393.html. 9- Share of waste disposal (2018). source: “Announcement on Prevention and Control of Solid Waste Pollution in Shanghai 2018,” 05-Jun-2019. [Online]. Available: http://sthj.sh.gov.cn/fa/cms/upload/uploadFiles/2019-06-10/file3733.pdf. [Accessed: 02-Feb-2020]. Aerial image- Google Earth (2020). Sustainable Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning Seminar Master WiSe 2019/20

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BarcelonaSpain Ahmed Abdalaziz, Edina Bajrami, Ahmed El Awad, Philipp Hilgartner, Sebastian Vogel

Figure 1: Ecological footprint [1] Country overview Figure 3: Sustainability rating Urban Planning Income classification [2] High income (29,340 US$/capita) 5 Life expectancy [3] 83,7 years 4 2.48 Earths Literacy rate [3] 98.5 % 3 Green Waste Infrastructure Happiness ranking [4] 11 of 156 countries 2

Figure 2: Disaster risks / city hazards City overview 1 0 Population [3] 1.6 Mio. (2018) Density [3] 15,500 inhabitants/km (2018) Heavy rain Heatwave Flash flood Climate (Köppen-Geiger) [5] Warm temperate summer dry (Csa) Water Mobility

CO2 emissions [6] 2.1 tCO2/capita (2017)

Energy Vision - ¡Ready for the future! Striving for a social, sustainable and energy efficient city, that provides a truly green experience through both the built environment and mobility in a society that is aware of the natural resources it is relying on.

Urban planning The municipal city of Barcelona has a population density of about 15.900 inhabitants/ Figure 4: Population by age and gender (2018)

male female km². [3] The rapidly growing density has many disadvantages like the lack of adequate 100+ 95-99 90-94 housing, while the city has no opportunity for expansion. Geographical boarders restrict 85-89 80-84 75-79 the opportunity of growing. The main and self-evident challenge Barcelona has to face 70-74 65-69 60-64 is the fact that it is a compact, dense and consolidated city. Due to this many other (years) 55-59 50-54 45-49 problems follow, such as a bigger impact of climate change causing heat waves with 40-44 35-39 30-34 drought and an irregular but intense rainfall. [3] AgeRange 25-29 20-24 15-19 • Relocating more centres out of the urban centre 10-14 5-9 0-4 • Integrating the idea of superblocks 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% %of Total Population

Green infrastructure Barcelona is a densely populated city and therefore facing difficulties to offer close and Figure 5: Green and blue infrastructure (2013) accessible green areas to every citizen. This is an important issue because green areas Built-up areas Green areas can help regulating city climate and furthermore bring high benefits for the human well- Blue areas being. [7] To integrate green infrastructure following actions must be taken: 35% • Integrating green infrastructure into the built environment through green walls, green roofs and additional trees to counter the effects of climate change

• Urban wetlands for managing surface water flooding and water-storing 65% • More and for everyone accessible and interconnected areas through green corridors • Green policy and citizen awareness, for example through stewardship [8]

Mobility The public transport system is reliable, efficient and accessible to most of the population Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2018) and tourists. Active travelling is promoted by the widely spread cycling network and spaces designated for pedestrians. Despite the decline of private vehicles in downtown, air and noise pollution are still ongoing challenges that need to be addressed. [9] • Maintaining investments in traffic management • Integrating e-mobility for both Public transport and private use • Promoting active travel with bicycle roads and pedestrian zones • Demoting travel with private vehicles by restrictions of time and spaces • Establishing superblocks: More safe space for pedestrians, less private vehicles

Energy Due to the early and extensive measures regarding renewable energy sources, Barcelona Figure 7: Share of primary energy sources (2018) is considered as a leader of sustainability. However, the city faces a major challenge Oil 6% due to the planned nuclear phase-out by 2030 and the current coverage of electricity Gas Coal consumption of over 50% by nuclear power. [10,11] Also, energy poverty is becoming 31% Nuclear due to the steep rise in electricity prices an ever-greater problem in the city, which must Renewables be addressed in combination with the energy transition. [12,13] Others • Producing local energy to minimize the electricity costs 47% • Renovate buildings to reduce the amount of energy consumption • Promote the construction of solar systems to counteract climate change 16%

Water Barcelona can rely on an already developed and sufficient water management system. Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2019) The main source of drinking water is surface water collected in both the rivers and reservoirs to the north and through recent efforts with desalination of seawater. Surface water 5% Wastewater is collected and transported to five wastewater treatment plants. [14] In the Groundwater 17% Seawater event of heavy rainfall 33 rainwater retention tanks will reduce the risk of overflow of Rainwater Reclaimed water untreated wastewater into the environment.[15] Climate change as a main challenge will Others lead to an even scarcer water supply and increased urban and coastal flooding. [16,17] • Diversificating water supply sources, increase water reuse • Separating systems for rainwater/ wastewater transportation 78% • Extending network of retention tanks to reduce risk of wastewater overflow

Waste

Total municipal solid waste production in the metropolitan area of Barcelona is 1,416,763 Figure 9: Share of waste disposal (2016) ton per year in 2016 [19]. The main sources of solid waste are private households and Recycling the agricultural, industrial, construction, commercial, and institutional sectors. With 4.5 Anaerobic digestion million inhabitants and a 30% separate collection rate, in 2019, it seems that Barcelona 21% Incineration Open dump is very unlikely to meet the 50% recycling target for 2020. [20] Composting Other • Reducing single-use and non-recyclable plastic products Sanitary landfill

• Using underground waste infrastructure in the populated areas 55% 15% Non-collected • Life cycle assessment “cradle-to-gate” or “cradle-to-grave” • Zero waste plan in Barcelona (Increasing the separate collection by meeting a target 5% 4% of 55% in 2025) [20] 0%

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Sustainable Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning Seminar Master WiSe 2019/20

Technical University of Munich Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang 5 km

LondonUnited Kingdom Max Schrüfer, Valentin Rucker, Dominik Posselt, Stefan Mürnseer, Julia Degenhart

Figure 1: Ecological footprint (2016) Country overview Figure 3: Sustainability rating

Income classification1 42 579 US$/capita Life expectancy W 83 years, M 78 years 2.68 Earths Literacy rate 99 % Happiness ranking 34 of 156 countries

Figure 2: Disaster risks / city hazards City overview

Population 8.85 mio (2018) Density 5 590 inhabitants/km (2018) Cold wave Flood Heatwave Climate (Köppen-Geiger) Cfb

CO2 emissions 3.5 mtCO2/capita ()

Vision -A ffordable, Healthy Living for everyone! A sustainable city provides healthy living in a green environment with a good air quality. New concepts in the field of mobility, water, energy, waste and affordable housing ensure to reach these goals.

Urban planning ‘End the Housing Crisis! – Affordable, inclusive and healthy living for everyone!’ Figure 4: Population by age and gender (year) The urgent need for affordable housing will be met by speeding-up the system of transformation buildings into residential use combined with a prior approval process assuring the quality standards and a quote of 70% affordable housing. The air quality will be improved through changes in the heating, the biggest source of PM 2.5: Away from incineration towards geothermal heat! The effects of the climate change will be reduced through wind corridors and increased green areas with more trees providing shaded areas. The removal of all physical barriers in public spaced is one measure for an inclusive city, responding to the needs of an ageing society.

Green infrastructure ´More green, less grey` - 47% of London supposed to be green, so why should we Figure 5: Green and blue infrastructure (year) demand even more? Throughout the rising population and the creation of new housing space in inner London the city became greyer. Inhabitants in center have an average green area of 15,1m²/capita compared to an area of 48,5m²/capita in Outer London. Also concerning the GVI (green view index) study, which shows more or less how green a city is, London is on position 23 of 27 evaluated city´s worldwide. The implementation of creating new green spaces in all new building projects and accommodation districts needs to be faced by the responsible city planners.

Mobility ‘Eliminating transport nitrous oxide’ – Every day, 8.9 million people are travelling in Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (year) London. Following this, the transport nitrous oxides are very high, and it is necessary to reduce and further eliminate them. In order to achieve this, London will expand its cycling network until 2024 by 450 kilometers to motivate more inhabitants riding the bike. At the same time, the Ultra-Low Emission Zone will be enlarged, stricter rules for heavy vehicles will be released and all busses and taxis will be equipped with electric engines. These approaches aim to improve the air quality up to 45%.

Energy The main goal is a 100 percent of renewable energy supply in London, connected with a Figure 7: Share of primary energy sources (year) more sustainable energy use. To reach this goal, it’s necessary to increase the amount self-produced energy for example by the installation of solar panels on rooftops. But this will not be enough to satisfy the whole energy-demand of London, therefore also the construction of outer city solar- and water plants will be necessary. In the field of sustainable energy use, it’s important to financial support the households in case of energetic renovations. There has to be an awareness of the importance of sustainable energy use and the limitation of fossil fuels.

Water Water is the elementary base for our life. On the other hand, throughout underestimation Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (year) of the risks it can implicate danger for humans and the environment. London with its location immediate to the River Thames has a potential risk of getting partly flooded. Nevertheless, the rising sea level and the straight tributary of the river to the sea must be faced. Current problems with the wastewater treatment system will be improved by the construction of a new large central sewer and the associated extension of the treatment plant, to protect the Thames from untreated wastewater. London’s population will grow in future. So more water will be needed and more wastewater will be produced. It is time for investing into sustainable, renewable and innovative solutions.

Waste Zero-waste London - Waste is one of the biggest threats to the environment. Not only Figure 9: Share of waste disposal (year) plastic waste but also construction waste, biomass and paper pollute our planet. To make waste treatment more sustainable, the recycling rate should be close to 100%. However, Londons’ recycling rate of 33.6% is far below the European average of 55%. One of the supposedly most sustainable cities in the world lags far behind in recycling. In recent years, London has set itself high targets for a sustainable future. But they have missed their own target set in 2011 to increase the recycling and composting rate to 45% in 2015 by about 7%! London must quickly find a solution to its waste problem to stop producing waste in the near future to get to a zero-waste society.

Urban Planning: https://www.populationpyramid.net/united-kingdom/2018/, 2018, https://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/, retrieved 2019,https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/london-average-air-quality-levels, 2019, Association for the Conservation of Energy, Energy Efficiency in London, page 6, 2016, Copley T, Slums of the Future, Permitted Development conversions in London, 2019 Green infrastructure:, Natural capital accounts for public green space in London by Vivid Economics Limited, 2017, Greenspace Information for Greater London CIC, 2019, http://senseable.mit.edu/ treepedia/cities/london, Water: Tackling Pollution in London’s Rivers, Zoological Society of London, 2017, https://londonist.com/london/features/where-s-my-tap-water-from, https://www.bbc.com/news/ uk-england-london-48529484, https://cycles.thameswater.co.uk/Accessible/The-sewage-treatment-process, https://www.c40knowledgehub.org/s/article/Waste-Data-Explorer?language=en_US, Envi- roment Committee City of London, 2019, Londons waste water future, Thames Water, 2019, Mobility: http://londonroadsafetycouncil.org.uk/dft-launches-urban-mobility-review/ https://tfl.gov.uk/modes/driving/ultra-low-emission-zone, Energy: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/820277/DUKES_2019_Press_No- tice_GOV.UK.pdf,2019, https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/leggi, https://smarterbusiness.co.uk/blogs/where-does-the-uk-energy-supply-come-from/ https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC?locations=GB

Sustainable Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning Seminar Master WiSe 2019/20

Technical University of Munich Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang 5 km

Tokyo Japan Andreea Loloiu, Sophie Haasgoschenhofer, Theresa Jell

Figure 1: Ecological footprint (2019) Country overview Figure 3: Sustainability rating

Income classification1 High-income (41,310 US$/capita) Urban Planning Life expectancy 87.3 years (F), 81.1 years (M) 5 2.76 Earths Literacy rate 99 % 4 Happiness ranking 58 of 156 countries 3 Waste Green Infrastructure 2 Figure 2: Disaster risks / city hazards City overview 1 Population 13.74 million (2017) 0 Density 6,158 inhabitants/km (2015) Cyclone Flash Earthquake Landslide Climate (Köppen-Geiger) Humid subtropical climate (Cfa) flood Water Mobility emissions CO2 4.43 tCO2/capita (2018) (excluding energy sector)

Vision - Happy and Healthy Tokyo Energy Our vision for the future of Tokyo is to create a happy and healthy society where all the needs are satisfied. This will be achieved by developing the environment in a sustainable way.

Urban planning Figure 4: Population by age and gender (2015) Tokyo is a megacity where many people are living. But population is shrinking. Reasons male female for this trend are declining birth rates, little migration, and rapidly aging society. 85+ 80-84 The city – especially downtown of Tokyo - is densely built and populated. The more 75-79 70-74 65-69 central, the higher the density and limited space is given. The cityscape is shaped by 60-64 55-59 50-54 skyscrapers; demolition of old houses to construct new buildings is politically intended. 45-49 40-44 • Livable city for aging society by adapting infrastructure and meeting individual needs 35-39 Age Range (years) Range Age 30-34 25-29 • Decentralization by establishing small urban centers 20-24 15-19 10-14 • Sufficiency instead of efficiency: potential of existing buildings 5-9 0-4 • Resident orientated city through participation of population 10% 5% 5% 10% % of Total Population

Green infrastructure Figure 5: Green and blue infrastructure (2016) In the city of Tokyo, 8.2% of the total area is covered by green spaces, while build- up areas account for 87% and water for 4.8%. Every citizen has 5.4 m2 of green area available. In addition, 6.5% of the ward area is covered by parks and 0,9% is used for agriculture, namely rice paddies. Therefore, urban farms do exist, but are currently only maintained on a small scale. Furthermore, only 0.4% of all buildings in the 23 Wards are covered by green roofs. • Installing green roofs on all office buildings through binding law for green roof coverage • Increasing ratio of urban farming through government sponsoring and public participation • Green facades on 25% of planned and modified office buildings by introduction of appropriate directive

Mobility Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2012) Mobility within Tokyo is characterized by the predominance of public and active transport, as figure 6 shows. The railway system has the highest modal share, which is due to a high density of railway stations in the city of Tokyo. In the greater Tokyo area 15.5 Million people, which is half of all its inhabitants, use the railway every day for commuting. The use of cars has constantly decreased, and governmental policies successfully reduced air pollution and congestion. • Enhance active transport: extend cycling network, broaden sidewalks, provide pedestrian areas in every sub-centre, gear urban planning to keeping distances short • Make public transport accessible for all: make system barrier free, improve interconnection between different services • Increase share of environmentally friendly vehicles: continue their promotion and install additional charging stations

Energy Figure 7: Share of primary energy sources (2018) Tokyo’s cityscape is characterized by highly developed infrastructure, technical progress, Oil 9% 4% illuminated streets and buildings. Energy plays an important role to keep the city operating. Gas Coal

The biggest energy consumers are the commercial and residential sectors; buildings 17% Nuclear have the highest carbon footprint. Primary energy, as well as electricity generation Renewables 37% sources are mostly fossil fuels. Japan depends on imports. After Fukushima in 2011, Others the share of renewable energies has increased. 5% • Reduction of energy consumption by adopting energy efficient appliances and changing consumption behavior • Increase of energy self-sufficiency ratio by expanding the use of renewable energies; 28% climate-neutral energy mix by increasing the share of renewables • Enlightened society regarding energy by creating awareness Water Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2017) Water is an abundant source in Tokyo, and while infrastructure and supply are usually very safe, extreme events like typhoons, droughts and earthquakes can cause problems. The water distribution ratio in Tokyo’s ward area is at 100% and every inhabitant consumes 162 litres of water per day. The city relies mainly on surface water, which accounts for 99.8% of the water supply, while the rest is extracted from ground water. The wastewater treatment ratio in Japan is 78%. Furthermore, only 9% of water was reused in Tokyo as of 2006. Due to its location at sea level, 31% of the city is at threat from a sea level rise of 2m. • Develop resilient solutions to sea level rise: e.g. floating infrastructure inTokyo bay • Increasing rainwater collection by building storage tanks • Separate sewage system by redirecting rainwater into tanks or to treatment plant • Reach 100% clean effluents by raising the wastewater treatment ratio to at least 90%

Waste Figure 9: Share of waste disposal (2017) Separation and collection practices differ within the city of Tokyo. 82 % of the total amount of urban solid waste are incinerated, combined with energy generation. 17.6 % are recycled and 10.6 % of the total amount end up in sanitary landfill. Nevertheless, incineration is not a sustainable treatment and there is no space for new landfills, once the current ones are full. • Prevent, reduce and reuse: incentives and strict regulations for waste producing industries, make campaigns for rising awareness within population, offer sustainable alternatives, e.g. products without packaging • Shift to sustainable treatment: decrease incineration significantly, increase recycling, composting, anaerobic digestion • Reduce final disposal: cyclic use as a consequence of the other actions

Figures: 1- Global Footprint network. Country Trends. 2019, retrieved from http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=110&type=earth. 2- OCHA, retrieved from https://www.preventionweb. net/countries/jpn/data/. 3- Own illustration based on investigated indicators. 4-e-Stat. 2015. Population Census: 2015 Population Census. Population and households of Japan (Final Report of the 2015 Population Census). Excel File. Accessed December 18, 2019. https://www.e-stat.go.jp/en/stat-search/files?page=1&layout=datalist&toukei=00200521&tstat=000001080615&cycle=0&year=20150& month=0&tclass1=000001124175&stat_infid=000031784250. 5- Bureau of General Affairs Statistics Division, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. (2016). Land Use by District [Excel Spreadsheet]. Re- trieved from: http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/tnenkan/2017/tn17q3e002.htm . 6- Ministry of land, infrastructure, transport and tourism. Fy 2012 annual report on infrastructure provision in the national capital region. 2013, found in: Urban rail network, available at http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/english/about/city_view/documents/6_cityviewtokyo_1.pdf 7- IEA (2018c). Energy supply: Total primary energy supply (TPES) by source. Japan. Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/statistics/?country=JPN&isISO=true. 8- Bureau of General Affairs Statistics Division, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. (2017b). Wa- ter Supply by District [Excel Spreadsheet]. Retrieved from: http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/tnenkan/2017/tn17q3e006.htm 9- Bureau of General Affairs, Statistics Division. Tokyo Statistical Yearbook 19-9 Refuse and human waste. 2017, available at http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/tnenkan/2017/tn17q3e019.htm. Aerial image- Google Earth (2020). Sustainable Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning Seminar Master WiSe 2019/20

Scan for further literature: Technical University of Munich Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang 5 km

Zurich Switzerland Maximilian Dufner, Marie Hofmann, Fernando Lasslop, Christoph Raidl, Patricia Schönauer

Figure 1: Ecological footprint (2018) Country overview Figure 3: Sustainability rating Income classification1 718,905 billion US$ (84.410 US$/ Urban Planning capita) [1] 5 Life expectancy w: 84.8 years; m: 81.0 years [2] 4 2.9 Earths Literacy rate 99% [3] 3 Green Waste Infrastructure Happiness ranking 6th of 156 countries [4] 2

Figure 2: Disaster risks / city hazards City overview 1 0 Population 434436 (2019) [5] Density 4699 inhabitants/km2 (2019) [6] Storm Heat wave Fire Climate (Köppen-Geiger) warm temperate fully humid warm Water Mobility summer (Cfb) [7]

CO2 emissions 4.16 tCO2/capita (2018) [8]

Energy Vision - A city spreading positivity We want to create a city that has a positive impact on its inhabitants, but also on the environment. A city that has a high goal in creating a social, healthy society full of opportunities. And an environment, that is not suffering, but profiting from the city. Zurich has the potential of becoming a role model in terms of sustainability worldwide.

Urban planning The city of Zurich has an area of 91.9 km² [9] and expects, according to statisticians, a Figure 4: Population by age and gender (2018) male female population of 505,000 in 2035 [10]. Through direct democracy, inhabitants can not only 100+ 95-99 90-94 elect the political office bearers, but also influence changes in the law through people 85-89 80-84 75-79 votes [11]. In the field of urban planning, indicative planning defines the basis for urban 70-74 65-69 60-64 development and is based on the specifications of studies and model concepts [12]. 55-59 50-54 45-49 • Positioning the city of Zurich as a role model and exchange experiences with others by 40-44 35-39

Age RangeAge (years) 30-34 developing cooperations with different cities in Switzerland and the European Union 25-29 20-24 15-19 • Better accessibility and more quality of life by creating mixed areas for shorter ways 10-14 5-9 0-4 • An almost complete coverage of the building stock in terms of energy efficiency -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% % of Total Population

Green infrastructure Zurich has a total green area of 42.18 km² (45,9%) [13]. This results in an area of Figure 5: Green and blue infrastructure (2018) 97.67 m²/capita. The structure of this green area by type is: Forests (51.6%). Meadows/ Built-up areas 6% Green areas farmland (22.9%). Privately owned gardens (18.01%). Parks, sports facilities and Blue areas cemeteries (8.3%) [14]. Furthermore, an existing trend is Urban Gardening which can be realized in several spots [15]. Zurich offers about 70 parks [16]. • Better storm water management by reducing closed areas and increasing more green 48% • Neutralization of the heat island effect by maximizing the greening of the buildings 46% • Increasing inhabitant’s urban gardening activities through providing an adequate amount of urban gardening areas with simultaneous optimal accessibility

Mobility Zurich has low air pollution, no traffic congestions, a strong transport infrastructure [17] Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2019) and is rated the most sustainable city in the world. [18] However, there is a lack of demarcated cycle paths next to main roads, public transport stops and a higher number of vehicles with environmentally friendly technologies. [19] We want Zurich to be a positive city by creating a city of clean, fast and healthy mobility by: • Improving the cycling/pedestrian infrastructure by creating safer cycling/walking paths • Establishing a higher popularity of Car-Sharing by lowering the rental prices • Extending public transport by creating new stops for all modes of public transport • Making it less attractive to drive normal cars in the city by introducing a 24/7 city toll

Energy Over the past 30 years, Zurich has been able to reduce its consumption of primary Figure 7: Share of primary energy sources (2018) energy from 5200 watts to 3500 watts, and the share of renewable energy has risen Oil from 11% to 27%. CO2 emissions have been reduced from 6.2 t CO2eq/person to 4.4 t 12% Gas Coal over the last 25 years. [20] With the Energy Master Plan, a guideline has been created 33% Nuclear which will ensure a future strategic replanning of the energy concept. [21] Renewables Others • 100% renewable climate-neutral energy with a surplus through the introduction of 27% dual-fluid reactors [22] • No electricity imports through creation of a self-sufficient system

• Achievement of less than 2000 watts total energy consumption per capita & year [23] 7% 21%

Water Zurich has a modern water system. Drinking water is generated mainly out of lake water. Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2017) The water is treated intensely to produce a high-quality tab water, which is provided by Surface water public piping to the settlements. [24] Black water is released to water treatment and then 13% Groundwater to the river Limmat. The water treatment is modern and functional, but therefore also Seawater Rainwater has a high energy demand. [25] Switzerland is highly affected by climate change [26]. Reclaimed water • Rainwater is collected for watering and washing machines [27] Others • Water from showers, sinks and washing machines is reused for toilet flushing [28] -> Freshwater demand reduces by 50%

• Street water is collected and treated separately 87%

Waste High consumption and therefore a high amount of waste, especially food waste, shapes Figure 9: Share of waste disposal (2012)

Zurich [29]. The city has an established waste disposal system, with about 52% of the Recycling community waste being incinerated [29]. The recovered energy, which is declared as Composting Anaerobic digestion 26% climate-neutral, is fed into the electricity and district heating network [30]. In order to Sanitary landfill Open dump have a positive impact on the environment, a circular economy should be pursued: Reuse Incineration • Material consumption reduced to one third by the establishment of a company network 52% 1% Non-collected and the sensitization of the population, especially for food waste 3% • 100% separability of new products by production according to the C2C principle and new buildings according to BAMB for a high reuse and recycling rate 18%

1 Country income classification from the World Bank Atlas, based on the Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (current US$): low-income countries < 996; lower-middle income countries 996-3.895; upper-midde income countires 3.896-12.055; high-income countries > 12.055. Sources: [1] The World Bank Group (2018): GNI, Atlas method (current US$) -Switzerland | Data [2] Stadt Zürich (2018) Lebenserwartung -Stadt Zürich [3] Macrotrends LLC (n.y.) Switzerland Literacy Rate 1990-2020. Available at https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/CHE/switzerland/literacy-rate (accessed 19 January 2020). [4] Helliwell, J., Layard, R., & Sachs, J. (2019). World Happiness Report 2019, New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network [5] Stadt Zürich Präsidialdepartment (2019): Bisherige Bevölkerungsentwicklung [6] (calculated). [7] Kottek, Markus; Grieser, Jürgen; Beck, Christoph; Rudolf, Bruno; Rubel, Franz (2006): World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated [8] Stadt Zürich Gesundheits- und Umweltdepartment; Treibhausgasbilanz Figures: 1- Diakonie Schweiz (2018): CH: Ökologischer Fussabdruck: Schweizer verbrauchen drei Erden 2- Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz BABS (2015): Katastrophen und Notlagen Schweiz 2015. Welche Risiken gefährden die Schweiz? 3- various sources (scan QR-code) 4- N.U. -Stadt Zürich Präsdialdepartment (n.y.). Alter 5- [13] Stadt Zürich Zürich wächst –in die Breite und in die Höhe -Stadt Zürich 6- Cavallasca, L. -Stadt Zürich Tiefbau-und Entsorgungsdepartment (2019). Netzlängen im Vergleich 7- [20] Stadt Zürich Gesundheits- und Umweltdepartment; Primärenergiebilanz 8- [24] Stadt Zürich (2017): Wasser und Energie, (Statistisches Jahrbuch der Stadt Zürich, Kapitel 8) 9- [29] em. o. Univ. Prof. Dr. Gerhard Vogel, David Kricker, Abfallwirtschaft in Europäischen Städten, Wien, 2013.

Sustainable Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning Seminar Master WiSe 2019/20

Scan for further literature: Technical University of Munich Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang 5 km

Amsterdam Netherlands Ming Fricke, Linus Pohl, Tafara Simon

Figure 1: Ecological footprint (2016) Country overview (2019) Figure 3: Sustainability rating

1 Urban Planning Income classification High-income (51,260 US$/capita) 5 Life expectancy 81.51 years 4 2.97 Earths Literacy rate 99 % 3 Green Waste Happiness ranking 5 of 156 countries Infrastructure 2 Figure 2: Disaster risks / city hazards City overview 1 0 Population 813,562 (2016) Density 4908 inhabitants/km (2016) Flood Violent Storm Heavy rain Heatwave Climate wind surge (Köppen-Geiger) Humid temperate climate (Cf) Water Mobility emissions CO2 4,471,000 mtCO2/capita (2016)

City of Participation 2050 Energy Amsterdam’s key strengths are the inclusion and active participation of its citizens. It serves as a role model worldwide for a car free city and solely electric public mobility. The municipality launches efficient policies to combat environmental goals and further growth while simultaneously reducing the ecological footprint.

Urban planning Figure 4: Population by age and gender (2019) Amsterdam currently integrates all aspects in urban planning from mobility to water management. The strategies implemented focus on the mixture of functions to enhance the quality of the space and as well as capitalise on the limited space. However, there are challenges of large population increase and less available space. In order to deal with these aspects, Amsterdam will have to consider making more use of the blue areas for housing as the city faces a huge threat of water disasters with increasing sea levels. The city will have to become more compact to increase its population capacity by increasing density through high rise building. This will also benefit the mobility aspect as the infrastructure will adapt to this by implementing more public transport. All these strategies will have to be carried out in conjunction with the people.

Green infrastructure Figure 5: Green and blue infrastructure (2017) The city today faces a major climate challenge in particular, flooding. This threat has Built-up areas Green areas to do with the combination of increased precipitation and unsuitable drainage systems 21% Blue areas coupled with impermeable ground due to paving. The green infrastructure in the city is spread out but not entirely connected. Improvements in the infrastructure will mean a 41% better interconnected structure throughout the city. This will aid in increasing the water storage capacity of the city for it to become a Sponge city. An increase in the green infrastructure will also assist in reducing the effects of extreme heat conditions due to an increase in shadows and reduction in heat island effect. In the future buildings will 38% become part of the green infrastructure through green facades and green roofs.

Mobility Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2018-2019) Over half the journeys are by walking or by cycling . This has been due to good planning, the prioritisation of cycling in mobility and urban planning. However, the city still encounters heavy car traffic which has caused bad air quality in Amsterdam. The mobility sector will therefore have to move to more electrification of vehicles and at the same time reduce the number of cars in the city. This will improve the city quality by giving even more space to the people and cyclists. Moreover, this will allow for more space and opportunity to develop the public transport network to serve the increasing population. Through densification in the urban planning, this will also ensure that the public transport is functioning at full capacity as this would be the easiest way to travel. The strategies and policies will contribute to better air quality, a greener city and a resilient city.

Energy Figure 7: Share of primary energy sources (2019)

Oil The energy share in Amsterdam is currently dominated by fossil fuels. The building 5% 1% Gas sector is responsible for the large energy consumption due to the old building stock. 10% Coal Amsterdam will have to increase its renewable energy share drastically by making more Nuclear use of onshore wind energy. Solar panels will have to be used were possible and with Renewables this technology, also invest in smart grids to be able to manage the demand and supply 48% better. This will also work hand in hand with electrification in mobility as the vehicles 36% could be used as energy storage at peak production times that do not match the demand. Mass renovations will have to take place to upgrade the buildings to the required energy performance standards.

Water Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2016)

Water management focuses fresh water supply, flood management and wastewater Surface water 5% 12% Groundwater management. Water supply is currently from natural sources. The biggest challenge is 9% Surface water Seawater adapting the current water systems to the increasing pressure of population increase Rainwater and as well as the changing climate. The resulting strategy will follow the capture-store- ReclaimedGroundwater water 18% 45% drain outline which involves more permeable surfaces, green infrastructure and better Others drainage systems in the streets in order to buffer the rainfall and be able to handle increased water volumes. Another adaptation would be building on water as a way of 9% working with the changing climate and topography. 14% 88%

Waste When looking at the major building-related types of waste, household (HH) and Figure 9: Share of waste disposal (2015) construction/demolition (C&D) waste, Amsterdam is still far from being sustainable. Recycling 10% Composting Almost three quarters of the HH waste are incinerated. C&D waste is mainly downcycled 15% Anaerobic digestion 27 into aggregates for road construction. The city will need to become a circular economy. Sanitary landfill 15% Open dump 10% Improvements of waste collection will be required to recycle the waste efficiently and Reuse Recycling reduce incineration waste. The city will need to implement circular land tendering to Incineration IncinerationNon-collected ensure smart construction (disassembly, modularity, etc.) and therefore reducing or 10% 10% avoiding C&D waste. Development of material banks for existing districts/buildings (high- 73 10% value reuse). Moreover, the public will have to change the way they live by reducing 20% consumption levels in order to reduce the waste output. This aspect is key in reducing the ecological footprint of Amsterdam from 2.97 earths to less than 1 earth.

1 Country income classification from the World Bank Atlas, based on the Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (current US$): low-income countries < 996; lower-middle income countries 996-3.895; upper-midde income countires 3.896-12.055; high-income countries > 12.055. Figure Sources: [Fig.4] World Population Review, “Netherlands Population 2019 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs).” [Online]. Available: http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/netherlands-population/#targetText=Life expectancy in the Netherlands,Netherlands population is 42.6 years. [Accessed: 26-Oct-2019].. [Fig.5] Own illustration according to City of Amsterdam, Land use 2017 [Online]. Available: https://maps.amsterdam.nl/open_geodata/?LANG=en [Accessed: 14. Jan. 2020]. [Fig.6] Own illustration based on: Deloitte 2018: Deloitte city mobility index. Amsterdam. [Online]. Available: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/insights/us/articles/4331_Deloitte-City-Mobility-Index/city-mobility-index_ AMSTERDAM_FINAL.pdf Onderzoek Informatie en Statistiek, „Amsterdam in cijfers 2019,“ OIS Amsterdam, Amsterdam, p. 121, Nov. 2019. [Fig.7] Own depiction based on: Statistisches Bundesamt. Statistisches Jahrbuch, Deutschland und Internationales 2019. [Online]: https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Querschnitt/Jahrbuch/jb-internationaler-anhang-2019.pdf?__blob=publicationFile. 2019. p.694 [Fig.8] Own illustration according to C. J. Van Leeuwen und R. M. A. Sjerps, ‘The City Blueprint of Amsterdam: an assess-ment of integrated water resources management in the capital of the Netherlands’.. [Fig.9] Gemeente Amsterdam, Afvalketen in Beeld - Grondstoffen uit Amsterdam, Amsterdam: Gemeente Amsterdam, 2015. p. 21 Aerial image- Google Earth (2019).

Sustainable Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning Seminar Master WiSe 2019/20

Technical University of Munich Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang 5 km

Moscow Russian Federation Ilia Sokolinskii, Korbinian Kreutzarek

Figure 1: Ecological footprint (2019) Country overview Figure 3: Sustainability rating Urban Planning 5 Income classification1 Upper-middle (10,230 US$/capita) [1] Life expectancy 72.1 years [1] 4 3.2 Earths 3 Literacy rate 99.68 % [2] Waste Green Infrastructure Happiness ranking 68 of 156 countries [3] 2 1 Figure 2: Disaster risks / city hazards City overview 0

Population 12,409,700 (2018) [4] Density 4,752.08 inhabitants/km (2016) [5] Water Mobility Cold wave Snowfall Heavy Fire rain Climate (Köppen-Geiger) Warm-summer humid continental [6] CO emissions 2 6.9 mtCO2/capita (2018) [7] Energy

Making Mosow livable - let’s work together! There are many problems that need to be solved in Moscow but you can’t change them on their own. Water and waste are related, urban planning and mobility is also coherent. To make Moscow a livable city every sector needs to be a part of the change!

Urban planning The Moscow Metropolitan area has a population of over 17 Million people and is the 20th Figure 4: Population by age and gender (2020) male female largest agglomeration worldwide [8]. In the area in and around Moscow 14% of the total 100+ 95-99 90-94 85-89 Russian population can be found [8]. Soviet time was responsible for inherited planing 80-84 75-79 70-74 mistakes like wide roads and commuter cities in the outskirts of Moscow. The symbol 65-69 60-64 55-59 of soviet urban planning are low cost concrete-paneled buildings (“Khrushchyovka”) [9]. 50-54 45-49 40-44 • Mixed smart development (commercial, residential and other use types) 35-39

Age Range (years) 30-34 25-29 • 20-24 European style quarter and mixed-structured development 15-19 10-14 • 5-9 Insulation and renovation (instead of demolition) of soviet-time low quality apartment 0-4 building -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% % of Total Population

Green infrastructure Mostly green areas are leisure parks or protected areas with different level of conservation. Figure 5: Green and blue infrastructure (2014) Out of 2561.5 km² official square of Moscow (together “Old” and “New” Moscow) protected Built-up areas 4% Green areas green areas occupy 760km² [10]. There are 700 public parks and gardens in Moscow Blue areas

[11]. They were important part of the urban policy in Moscow in the last decade and 26% provide high quality public spaces for citizens. However, they are not equally distributed and sometimes even attract additional traffic into the city center (Gorky Park). • Restoration of natural habitats in protected areas und increase biodiversity • Stop the development of projects in protected green areas 70% • Create more high-quality public spaces

Mobility Moscow has the worlds worst traffic even though 78% of all trips are done by public Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2017) transport and only 20% by cars [12, 13]. Roads were planned without consideration of Active

car future traffic streams, leading to busses that are stuck in traffic jams. The fifth longest 19 Public metro system worldwide transported 2.56 billion people in 2019 and peaks at 9 people Private Private per square meter during rush hours [13]. 258 people died and over 5.5 thousand were b… injured in traffic accidents in the first half of 2016 [14]. The suggestions are following:

• Reduction of speed limits, traffic calming via safety islands and other tools Public • More focus on safe infrastructure for pedestrian and bicycle traffic metro 78 • Diversification of public transportation: provide alternatives for the subway systems

Energy Russia is worldwide known for it’s gas production and export to Europe and Asia. Figure 7: Share of primary energy sources (2019)

In Moscow it makes up as for 97% of the energy share while hydro energy only has Oil 3% 0.1% [15]. The total electricity consumption in 2016 was 55.5 GWh which produced Gas Coal approximately 83.2 million tons of CO2 [16]. Moesk is the electricity provider for nearly Nuclear every household in Moscow and its agglomerate. The largest gas producer is the state- Renewables Others run company Gazprom. Together with a fossil fuel lobby they hinder renewable energy. • Independency of Moesk in order to focus on renewables • Spread awareness about fossil fuels and shift the energy demand to renewables • At same time subsidize and invest in wind farms, hydro parks and privat PV plants 97%

Water Around 99% of all the water used in Moscow comes from surface sources [17]. The Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2019) average water consumption per capita used to be 270L (2007) and decreased to 133L Surface water 1% in 2019 [18]. Drinking water gets treated in 5 treatment plants with a total capacity of Groundwater S e aw at e r

3.54 million cubic meters per day [17]. Over the past years modern technologies like Rainwater Ozonorption were installed. Wastewater is treated in 4 plants with a capacity of 5.5 Reclaimed water Others million cubic meters per day [17]. • Determine sources of waste and pollution intakes and try to eliminate them • Replace dilapidated and rusty pipes with a new and long lasting infrastructure • Educate the population about the consequences of water pollution 99%

Waste Waste is a main issue in Moscow. As there is no interest in recycling, everything is sent Figure 9: Share of waste disposal (2016) to one of the 210 (only 43 legal) landfills from which most are at their capacity limit Recy cl i ng 1% 5% Composting [19]. The governmental solutions are the construction of new landfills in the outback of Anaerobic digestion Russia and sending the waste to incineration plants. Though these can used to produce Sanitary landfill Open dump energy they also emit toxic smoke which many local residents are scared of. The total Reuse amount of waste more than 4.55 million tons per year [20]. Incineration Non-collected • Stop the construction of new landfills and securely lock down current ones • Establish a waste sorting program to succesfully recycle the residential waste • On a short term incinerations could only work with a safe filtering system 94%

Sources: [1] https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/russia/overview [2] https://countryeconomy.com/demography/literacy-rate/russia [3] https://countryeconomy.com/demography/world-happiness- index/russia [4] http://data.un.org/en/iso/ru.html. [5] https://knoema.com/atlas/Russian-Federation/Moscow-City/Population-density. [6] http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/present.htm [7] Moran, D., Kanemoto K; Jiborn, M., Wood, R., Többen, J., and Seto, K.C. (2018) Carbon footprints of 13,000 cities. Environmental Research Letters. Figures: 1- https://www.overshootday.org/content/uploads/2019/05/How_many_Earths_2019_English.pdf 2- Assumption. 3-see QR-Code. 4-https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/russia-demographics/#age-structure. 5- http://atlasofurbanexpan- sion.org/cities/view/Moscow. 6- https://report2010-2017.transport.mos.ru/download/full-reports/ar_en_annual-report_spreads.pdf. 7- https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/30936073/. 8- http://citypopula- tion.de/.9 - https://hamburg.hk24.de/Veranstaltung/Anlagen/VSDB/131018589/so_2018-11-21_AHK_Russland_Kurzanalyse_Kreislaufwirtschaft.pdf. Aerial image- Google Earth (2020).

Sustainable Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning Seminar Master WiSe 2019/20

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Seoul South Korea Joshua Huang, Estefanía M. Pérez Chávez, Tatiana Aparisi López, MuCheng Xu, Abdelrhman Mahfouz-Alian

Figure 1: Ecological footprint (2016) Country overview Figure 3: Sustainability rating

Income classification1 38,000 US$/capita Life expectancy 82.5 years 3.66 Earths Urban Planning Literacy rate 99.2 % 5 Happiness ranking 57 of 156 countries 4 3 Green W aste Figure 2: Disaster risks / city hazards City overview Infrastructure 2 Population 9,766,866 (2019) 1 Density 16,202.46 inhabitants/km (2018) 0 Cold wave Cyclone Storm Flash (Köppen-Geiger) flood Climate Dwa CO emissions 31,591 mtCO /capita (2018) 2 2 W ater Mobility

Vision - An eco-friendly, clean and responsible Seoul as a role model of Energy urban sustainability Seoul has been developing policies towards becoming a sustainable city, in the recent years. However, Seoul has the capability to not just improve on sustainability but also Figure 4: Population by age and gender (2020) to become a world leader in sustainability through industry, innovation and technology. male female 100+ 95-99 90-94 Urban planning 85-89 80-84 75-79 Seoul is on the right track with a few major policies of urban planning: a greenbelt innercity, 70-74 65-69 renewal, and planned outward development. The two polices act in cooperation with 60-64 55-59 50-54 the greenbelt. Some of the suburban development are quite successful, but in general 45-49 40-44 35-39 causes traffic problems. A more efficient traffic network is also needed. The government Age Range (years) 30-34 25-29 needs to develop an industry that improves efficiency of energy and resources generally 20-24 15-19 10-14 across economic activities, produces goods and provides services. We recommend: 5-9 0-4 • For the renewal project, reliable investors should be found in long-term planning. -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% • Provide decent jobs to citizens by nurturing green industries. % of Total Population

Greeen infrastructure Figure 5: Green and blue infrastructure (2016) Seoul was succesful in increasing parks and green areas and to provide high quality green spaces in the city. But there are also a large amount of aged urban infrasteucture. Built-up areas 6% Green areas The forests and numerous parks in Seoul provide an opportunity to activate a network Blue areas for biodiversity by the following: • Abandoned or aging infrastructure can be turned to green infrastructure. 28% • Aging viaducts can be redesigned as eco-trails or greenways like the “Skygarden 7010” project. • Design and build multiple services in green infrastructure in parks like retarding basins 66% and wildlife crossing structures.

Mobility With regard to mobility, the Government of Seoul is moving in the right direction: new Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2015) metro lines are being built to supply the city’s large number of inhabitants and the population is becoming increasingly aware of the need for a new and sustainable Seoul, but much remains to be done: • Implementation of a network of bicycle lanes, thus decreasing both the use of the private car and the percentage of obesity (high compared to other megacities). • Exclusive pedestrian areas in the city centre. • Better connections between different means of public transport.

Air Quality The level of sustainability in the air quality sector is critically poor due to the high levels of particulate matter (26 μm/m³ from 2016-2018 of PM2.5) largely due to the transportation sector. In comparison, this is 1.7-2.7 times higher than other major Figure 7: Share of primary energy sources (2018) cities. Oil 0% • Low emissions diesel vehicle program Gas 20% • 100% electric vehicles in the Seoul Capital Area (SCA) Coal Nuclear

Renewables Energy Others 10% 50% Sustainability in the energy sector of Seoul is fairly inadequate. The main contributor is the low share of renewable energy sources (3.1%). Many similar cities have a much higher 10% share of renewable energy sources. The main reason is the low amount of investments and public awareness. Although, energy consumption and carbon emissions also need 10% improvements. In order to make progress in there areas, we propose the following: • 100% renewable energy by 2050 by aggresively incentivize investments in renewable energy and energy efficient technologies. Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2018) • 200 watt society by 2040 by introducing new and strengthnening existing legislation

Surface water on minimum efficiencies for electronics, buildings and other related products. 0% Groundwater Water Seawater Rainwater Seoul has an efficient water supply system in compare to other megacities. However, it Reclaimed water has high-water stress, which is detrimental in the long term. In the recent years, Seoul Others has suffered an increment of flood occurence from 3.5 to 4.1 floods/year. Consequently, the current wastewater system has started to collapse during raining season since it has a combined pipe system. 100% • To reduce the water stress by improving the current pipe network system. • Reduction of floods by separating the sewage in storm water and waste and implementing stormwater collection points. • Increment of water reuse by introduction of policies encouraging water reuse. Figure 9: Share of waste disposal (2014)

Recycling Waste 0% Composting Anaerobic digestion As Seoul is big developing city in economic terms; the volume of the city’s solid waste 27% Sanitary landfill generated was 6,000 ton/day and energy recovery was 2,500 ton/day. Moreover, the Open dump Reuse landfill volume is 700 ton/day; this means that the total volume is 9,200 ton/day, the Incineration waste generation per capita per day is about 0.88 kg/day. For future sustainability 0% Non-collected 8% improvement, we suggest: 65% • Use Total Collection System (TCS) for sustainable city, a system that will be the most effective for Seoul

Sources: [1] D. Lin, J. Martindill, S. Melziade, et. al., “Korea Ecological Foootprint Report” (2016) [2] “Urban Form for Seoul” (2004), Kwang-Joong Kim and Sang Chuel Choe]. [3] Shin J.H., Chung J.Y. and Lee S.J. (2012), “Gyeong-in waterway puts Seoul back on the maritime map”. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Civil Engineering 165(CE2). [4] Seoul Urban Solutions Agency (n.d.) “Transportation Infrastructure - Convenient Mobility” [online]. Available at: http://susa.or.kr/en/content/transportation?ckattempt=1 [Accessed 15 Dec. 2019]. [5] Cho Y. (2019) Yearbook of Regional Energy Statics (2018). “Yearbook of Regional Energy Statics Vol. 19”. [6] Choi, Y-J. (2017) “Water management policy of the City of Seoul. Available at: https://www.seoulsolution.kr/sites/default/files/ Seoul_final.pdf. [7] K-Y. Yoo, “Seoul Seeks Breakthrough in reduction & utilization of waste” (2015) [online]. Available at: https://www.seoulsolution.kr/en/content/municipal-solid-waste-management Figures: 1 and 4- http://susa.or.kr/en/content/transportation?ckattempt=1. 2- xhttps://www.worldometers.info/demographics/south-korea-demographics/. 3-http://www.worldcitiescultureforum.com/. 5-http://www.kesis.net/sub/sub_0003_eng.jsp. 6- https://www.seoulsolution.kr/en/node/3575. 7- http://susa.or.kr/en/content/solid-waste-management?ckattempt=1. Aerial image- Google Earth (2018).

Sustainable Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning Seminar Master WiSe 2019/20

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Malmö Sweden

Figure 1: Ecological footprint (2016) Country overview Figure 3: Sustainability rating

1 Income classification high income (55,070 US$/capita) [1] Life expectancy 82 years [2] 3.96 Earths Literacy rate 99 % [2]

Happiness ranking 7 of 156 countries [3]

Figure 2: Disaster risks / city hazards City overview [4]

Population 339,313 (2018) [4] Density 2,167 inhabitants/km (2018) [4] Heat wave Flash [5] flood Climate (Köppen-Geiger) Oceanic climate [6] CO2 emissions 3.75 mtCO2/capita (2018)

Vision - “The city for the future” Malmö will aim to become the most sustainable city by 2030. There should be more affordable and energy-efficient buildings. The accessibility should be increased. The energy supply should be 100% renewable. The impact of flooding should be minimized and the availability of water and sanitation should be ensured for all. Also, there should be no waste and no use of landfill sites. Urban planning Figure 4: The city center is the oldest part of the city, which was built between the 14th and 17th Population by age and gender (2018) centuries [7]. 54% of the residential dwellings were constructed between 1946 and

1990 [8]. Since the 21st century, there has been more modern buildings and district in Malmö. However, with the increasing population, the housing shortage has become a big problem. Another problem is homelessness. In 2018 there were nearly 3500 homeless people, from which the number of children has increased by 26% compared to 2017 [9] • More affordable housing • No homeless people in 2030 • Community college and training center for young people

Greeen infrastructure Figure 5: Green and blue infrastructure (2018) In matters of green areas, the city has maintained a value close to 50% in the last decade (2010-2019) and more than 85% of the population with proximity less than or equal to 300 meters to at least one green area according to SCB [10]. Regarding Green Infrastructure and according to the European Environment Agency Malmö has a value of 10.7% of “Effective green infrastructure” which, is defined as the probability of finding a functional green infrastructure element both in the urban area as in the peripheral. Malmö is classified within the group of 83 European cities with the lowest effective Green Infrastructure indicator (Those below 24%) , which evidences a wide range of improvement in this aspect.[11] .

Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2018) Mobility Today, the city of Malmö is facing a challenge of urban growth and getting densified at an unprecedented pace. The city’s policy is to make walking, cycling and public transport as the foremost choice of transport and reduce private transport. The city also looking forward to make its vehicle fleet 100% green and therefore moving towards a more clean environment [12]. Also, accessibility is a big challenge for Malmö, therefore the city has a goal to be equally accessible to every citizen. • Modal shift by providing better transport facilities and increased bicycling tracks. • Green vehicle fleet by car sharing and electric vehicles.

• Increase accessibility by prioritizing surface efficient transport. [13]

Energy Figure 7: Share of primary energy sources (2017) The overall energy consumption in Malmö amounted to 6740 GWh in 2017. Renewable & recycle energy produced in the Malmö’s geographical area is 32% of the total energy demand of Malmö. CO2 emissions have decreased by 12% between 1990 and 2018. The city has 100% renewable electricity supply in the municipal operations since 2015. The overall status shows positive trends, as most of the targets are moving in the right direction [14]. • Smart grid system. • Green buildings certifications. • Levy on fossil fuels.

Figure 8: Share of water supply sources Water

Sweden is rich in water. there are almost 100000 lakes in Sweden, the total area of lakes 7% Surface water account for 9% of the total area of the country. besides the water quality and accessibility 13% Groundwater in Sweden are at the forefront of the world.some of the rivers is even drinkable [15]. Due Others to climate change, water flooding and extreme precipitation have become the major problems in the city.

• Protection of water resources 80% • Adaption to climate changes

• Stormwater collection system [16]

Waste Figure 9: Share of waste disposal (2018) Malmö wants to follows a zero waste policy which makes it one of the most Recycling Composting environment friendly cities of the world. The policy makers are keen to look waste as Anaerobic digestion 28% Sanitary landfill a source of energy for the city. About 65% of the city’s heat requirement is fulfilled by Open dump Construction 46% waste incineration [17]. Since, burning of waste has its shortcomings Recovery therefore, food waste particularly is converted to bio-fuel using biodigestors. Non-collected 8% • 100% recyling achieved by spreading household awareness. 7% • Since most of the waste comes from construction sites (one-third of total) 6% 5% • reusable material are being used for construction. • Burning of waste itself creates releases harmful gases in the environment.

Sources: Figures: 1- https://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/analyzeTrends?type=earth&cn=210. 2- https://www.preventionweb.net/applications/hfa/lgsat/en/image/href/2323. 3-https:// datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups. . 4-https://ugeo.urbistat.com/AdminStat/en/se/demografia/eta/malmo/20299264/4 5- http:// www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__MI__MI0805__MI0805A/GYtaMarkTacke/table/tableViewLayout1/ 6- http://beslutstod.skane.se/QvAJAXZfc/opendoc.htm? document=documents%5Cresvanor.qvw&lang=en-US&host=QVS%40rspapp 035&anonymous=true.. 7- https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/energi/energibalanser/kommunal-ochre- gional-energistatistik/ 8- https://tradingeconomics.com/sweden/annual-fresh-water-withdrawals-domestic-percent-of-total-freshwater-withdrawal-wb-data.html. 9- https://www.avfallsverige.se/ fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationer/Avfallshantering_2018_EN.pdf.. Aerial image- Google Earth (2019).

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Sydney Australia Badr Hayar, Tigran Rkoian, Baris Omer Balota, Yuting Wang, Christian Huck

Figure 1: Ecological footprint, Australia (2016) Country overview Figure 3: Sustainability rating Urban Planning Income classification1 high-income (53,230 US$/capita) 5 Life expectancy 84 years 4 4.07 Earths Literacy rate 99 % 3 Green Waste Infrastructure Happiness ranking 11 of 156 countries 2

Figure 2: Disaster risks / city hazards City overview 1 0 Population 4,823,991 (2016) Density 407 inhabitants/km2 (2018) Storm Fire Flood Drought Climate (Köppen-Geiger) Humid Subtropical Climate (Cfa) Water Mobility emissions CO2 0.68 mtCO2/capita (2018) Sustain Able Change to Preserve a Livable Future Energy Liveable future is endangered by environmental hazards, excessive consumption and shortage of resources but we have the needed tools to start the change. A change where innovation,communication and diversity will provide a sufficient, healthy and Figure 4: Population by age and gender (2016) livable future in Sydney. male female 85+ 80-84 Urban planning 75-79 70-74 65-69 Continued population growth in Sydney is placing increasing pressure on infrastructure, 60-64 55-59 50-54 such as public transport and roadways, energy, air and water systems within the urban 45-49 40-44 environment. Urban planning is undertaken at all levels of the government. However, 35-39 30-34

Age Range (years) 25-29 the Federal Government is playing an increasing part in setting policy as part of an 20-24 15-19 overall response to developing climate adaptation and mitigation strategies. The local 10-14 5-9 government has also been engaging with the community to make decisions on urban 0-4 -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% planning designs that help to promote social cohesion. % of Total Population • Integrating Land Use and Public Transport • Water sensitive urban design & Urban renewal and consolidation Figure 5: Green and blue infrastructure (2019) Greeen infrastructure Built-up areas 11% Green areas While Sydney has a quite good situation with proximity to green areas (88%) and green Blue areas 2 area per capita (81 m ), the city has to focus also on the problems of lack of available 10% data in green infrastructure, excessive heat, shrinking farmlands and recent bushfires[1]. • Amount of green roof, green walls and raingardens should be increased. • Projects similar to Sydney City Farm should be supported in several and different locations in the city. Volunteering should be encouraged. • To overcome the effects of urban heat island, tree canopy cover should be increased. 79% • Lands affected by recent bushfires should be healed by considering the natural habitat of the species. • Interaction between the councils of the city should be improved to be able to conduct more researches. Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2019)

Mobility Congestion is one of the major issues facing the city, and the problem is rapidly becoming worse, road Congestion costs businesses and residents across the region around 8 Billion $ by 2020 [2]. Solutions rely on a forward thinking and innovative State Government: • An Integrated Inner Sydney Transport Network, including new sustainable transport, 80 % of trips to work during the AM peak are undertaken by public transport by 2030, by city residents and those travelling to Central Sydney from elsewhere [3]. • A Liveable Green Network of continuous green corridors integrated with liveable streets and dedicated pedestrian and cycleway networks. 33 % of trips to work during the AM peak undertaken by walking, by city residents & 10 % by Cycling by 2030 [3]. Figure 7: Share of primary energy sources (2019)

Oil Energy 6% Gas Australia requires 2.1 x 10 8 Tons of Carbon Equivalent of energy per year that is on the Coal Renewables list of 20 countries with the biggest primary energy consumption [4]. 6% of the energy 38% goes from the renewable sources. The largest source of electricity is coal (62.9%) and 32% gas (20.8%) [5]. Total CO2 emissions for Sydney are 3.556 million of tCO2 (the most from the building, transport and energy sectors (country) [6, 7]). • Reduce peak demand in the electricity network.

• Increase taxes for consumption of electricity and gas, time limitations, innovations. 24% • Reduce CO2 emissions by Passive House Construction and renewable energy. • Use electric or hybrid vehicles, tax exemption for owners.

Water Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2019) The daily water demand in Sydney is around 300 liters per capita [8]. This amount is much higher than the WHO recommendation of 100 litres per capita and should therefore 9% Surface water be decreased. Sydney’s water supply mainly depends on precipitation, as 80% of the Seawater 15% drinking water is supplied by the surrounding dams. In times of drought desalination can Reclaimed water supply up to 15% of the water demand [9]. But alternative water supply sources must be considered as hot weather conditions appear more frequently. • Demand Reduction: Stricter water restriction; Increase water efficiency. • Inner Water Cycle: Cradle to Cradle; Increase water reuse rate; Rainwater harvesting. 76% • Alternative Supply Sources: Find possible sources; Assess feasibility and sustainability; Implement favorable source.

Waste As to residential waste, the government should further divide the waste types in order to Figure 9: Share of waste disposal (2019) increase the recycle rate, for example, collect food and textile waste from the residential Recycling 13% Composting waste. The city government should provide the service of collecting industrial waste and Anaerobic digestion provide more detailed guidelines for the industrial sector, where the recycle rate is only 28% Sanitary landfill 11% Open dump 52% due to the lack of direct control [10]. The economic incentives to tackle energy- Reuse to-waste problems are needed. The cooperation of the organizations when it comes to Incineration 7% Non-collected 4% educate people and show them how to reduce waste is also a must. 1% • Recycle more than 90% of the waste in all the sectors. 5% • Reduce waste consumption in industrial sector. 31% • Use incentives to make waste valuable.

Figures: 1- Global Footprint Network (2019). National Footprint Accounts. 2- City of Sydney (2017). Local Area Overview and Summary. 4- ID Community (n.d.). City of Sydney, Age and Sex Pyramid. 5- Own Elaboration. 6- Deloitte (2019). The 2019 Deloitte City Mobility Index. 7- Australian Government (2019). Energy Resources and Market. 8- Sydney Water (2019). Water & the Environment. 9- City of Sydney (2017). Waste Strategy and Action Plan 2017-2030.

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VancouverCanada Nevada Ulmer, Lei Jin, Tianqi Wang, Haining Ma, Florian Perkuhn

Figure 1: Ecological footprint (2016) Country overview Figure 3: Sustainability rating

Income classification1 high-income (50,407 US$/capita) [1] Urban Planning 5 Life expectancy 84.4 years [2] 4 4.75 Earths Literacy rate 99 % [3] 3 Happiness ranking 9 of 156 countries [4] Waste Green Infrastructure 2 Figure 2: Disaster risks / city hazards City overview 1 0 Population 631,486 (2016) [5] Density 5,492.6 inhabitants/km (2016) [5] Flash Drought Storm Heavy Less Fire Heatwave Water Mobility flood Rain snow Climate (Köppen-Geiger) Csb, Marine West Coast Climate [6]

CO2 emissions 3.9 mtCO2/capita (2016) [7]

Energy Vision - Be the first truly sustainable city in the world. Enable a large residential population to live in the most liveable and literally greenest city that provides the cleanest drinking water, recycles all waste and uses it as a resource, achieves 100 % renewable energy consumption, and where mobility is reliable and safe for everyone.

Urban planning In Vancouver, urban planning is largely focused on livability and the city has been Figure 4: Population by age and gender (2016) male female repeatedly ranked among the most livable cities in the world. Nonetheless, the current 100+ 95-99 90-94 85-89 situation has a few issues concerning urban planning; planning due to the sea level 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 rising, the homeless population and governmental regulation. 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 • Long term planning for sea level rising with dikes, soft shorelines and lifted standards 40-44 35-39 30-34 Age Range2 (years) 5-29 for building. 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 • Governmental involvement and funding for shelter and aid for the homeless population. 0-4 10% 5% 5% 10% • “Re-urbanization”, to turn old industrial areas into sustainable dense residential areas, % of Total Popula�on • and relocate the industrial centers from waterfront to new districts. [10]

Green infrastructure If the city of Vancouver is a clear leader in one area of sustainability, that area would be Figure 5: Green and blue infrastructure (2018) in green infrastructure. Currently Vancouver has numerous uses of Green Infrastructure including but not limited to; open green areas, parks, community gardens, green roofs, living walls, urban tree canopy, urban farming and bioswales. • Capture and treat 90% of annual rainfall reducing the need for grey infrastructure to treat water not needed for drinking purposes. • Reach 150.000 trees planted. • Standard for new builds to include green infrastructure and regenerative qualities. • Increase number of small, neighborhood urban farms for local food production. [11]

Mobility Vancouver has been facing more and more challenges in mobility and transportation, Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2018) which includes limited road space in a growing downtown, increasing demand for transit, Ac�ve

bus Public aging population, growing greenhouse gas emissions from roads, and climate change. 10 Public • Expend and upgrade pedestrian, cycling, transit networks and build up multi-mode Private cycling 7,3 integration facilities. car Private 47,3 • Support transformation to low-carbon automobiles as well as build up a efficient and ve easily accessible car sharing, car rental and ridesharing system. Ac�

alking • Improve transportation safety with new technologies. w 28,5 • Optimize the local goods distribution and transportation. [12]

Energy In the field of eletricity generation, Vancouver has a share of 98% out of renewable Figure 7: Share of primary energy sources (2018) sources. But in general, 69% of the primary energy has its origin in the fossil fuels crude Oil oil and natural gas. The main goal is to stop combusting fossil fuels for heating and Gas 22% Coal transportation because 55% of the CO2 emissions comes from buildings and 41% from 32% Nuclear transportation. Renewables Others • Saving energy by improving efficiency and increase the knowledge about energy consumption and its environmental impacts. • Replace fossil fuels by renewable fuels as hydrogen or methane (concept power-to-x)

• Support decentralized and independent energy generation and reinvest carbon tax 46% income. [13]

Water Vancouver collects water from rainfall and snowmelt, resulting in three watersheds -- Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2019) each providing 1/3 the city’s water supply. Two drinking water treatment facilities ensure Surface water Groundwater the drinking water is clean and safe for the residents. Overall the quality of drinking 10 % 10 % Seawater Rainwater Reclaimed water water in Vancouver in previous years was very good. Although Vancouver has abundant Others water resources, the whole of Canada, not only Vancouver, is the world’s second largest water user after the United States. • Reduce water consumption to save water. • Rainwater reuse and install water meters on Vancouver homes.

• Raise water rate and promote water-saving awareness. [14] 80 %

Waste The city diversion rate of Vancouver 64% is much higher than the national average Figure 9: Share of waste disposal (2019) diversion rate of Canada 25%. To be more specific, 59% of the total waste generated Recycling Composting is recycled, 35% is sent to sanitary landfill, 5% is sent to composting, and 1% is sent 1% Anaerobic digestion Sanitary landfill Open dump to incineration. According to the World Bank 2018, the food organic waste accounts for Reuse Incineration 43.0% of all the waste in Vancouver, which is the main composition of the waste. 35 % Non-collected • Reduce food waste by 50% of 2018 by 2030.

• Reduce recycling contamination to 3%. 59 % • Increase landfill gas utilization and leachate collection to nearly 100%. 5% • Offer more waste reduction education chances to the public. [8], [9], [15], [16]

Figures: 1- http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=33&type=earth. 2- https://vancouver.ca/green-vancouver/why-renewable-city.aspx. 3- various. 4- https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census- re-censement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=933&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=Vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&T AB ID=1. 5- http://www.metrovancouver.org/services/regional-planning/PlanningPublications/PolicyBackgrounder-GreenInfrastructure.pdf. 6- https://vancouver.ca/streets-transportation/new-mobility. aspx. 7- https://www.cer-rec.gc.ca/nrg/ntgrtd/mrkt/nrgsstmprfls/ bc-eng.html. 8- https://tappwater.co/us/can-you-drink-vancouver-tap-water/. 9- https://www.c40knowledgehub.org/s/article/Waste-Data- Explorer?language=en_US.

Aerial image- Google Earth (2020).

Sustainable Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning Seminar Master WiSe 2019/20

Scan for further literature: Technical University of Munich Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang 5 km

New York City USA Helene Chemnitz, Patrick Reiser, Felix Ries, Gourav Sindhu, Sebastian Wohlmannstetter

Figure 1: Ecological footprint (2016) Country overview Figure 3: Sustainability rating Urban Planning Income classification1 high-income (62,850 US$/capita) 5 Life expectancy2 79 years 4 5 Earths 3 Literacy rate 96 % 3 Green Waste 4 Infrastructure Happiness ranking 19 of 156 countries 2

Figure 2: Disaster risks / city hazards City overview 1 0 Population5 8,400,000 (2018) Density5 10,715 inhabitants/km² (2018) Flood Tornado Drought Earthquake Snowfall Heatwave Storm Climate (Köppen-Geiger)6 Dfb Water Mobility 7 CO2 emissions 5.8 mtCO2/capita (year)

Energy Vision - Big Apple Goes Green Apple - Pioneering Future Sustainability New York City is currently counting to the global “back-of-the-pack” regarding sustainability. Therefore, the city wants to reach the ambitious goals to become green, sufficient and liveable and to achieve a global leader role in sustainability.

Urban planning New York City is the biggest city of the United States. Its population is 8.4 million people, Figure 4: Population by age and gender (2019) which is 2.57% of the total US population. 52.3% are female and 47.7% are male with Female Male

a growth rate of 0.58% [8]. The total acquired land area is 784 km² with a density of 85+ 80-84 75-79 10,715 people per square kilometer. The city has 65% of built up environment with a 70-74 65-69 60-64 total of 372,897 affordable, old age and low income apartments [9][10]. New York is also 55-59 50-54 45-49 the richest city in the world with a GDP of 1.53 billion USD. 40-44 35-39

Age Range (years) Age 30-34 • Reduction of CO2 and GHG emissions by 30% until 2030 [11] 25-29 20-24 15-19 • To provide more affordable housing [12] 10-14 5-9 0-4 • Reduced ecological footprint [11] -10,00% -5,00% 0,00% 5,00% 10,00% % of Total Population

Green infrastructure The green areas available to New York City residents are in total high at 117 km². However, Figure 5: Green and blue infrastructure (2017) the area per capita, at 13.56 m², is a very low value and comes last in comparison of Built-up areas Green areas 15 US-cities [13]. The installation of green spaces on the buildings has so far played a Blue areas minor role in New York. Less than 0.1% of the buildings have green areas [14]. In order 35% to relieve the sewer systems in the event of flooding, 4585 assets have been built so far, which correspond to a green area of 2.4 km² [15]. 55% • Double the green space per capita, so that there is enough green for everybody • Improvement of green infrastructure in the built environment • Construction of new assets to treat 10% of rainwater through green areas 10%

Mobility The metro and rail passenger numbers stagnated between 2013 and 2016. Since Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2018)

2017 they are still decreasing. Also bus traffic has shown a steady downward trend Active since 2013. The average commuter traffic speed is 15.8 km/h, which is a reason for the Public

car walking Private average commuting time of 71.8 min/day [16][17]. For the bicycle traffic it is particularly 32,4 27,6 Active Other noticeable, that it has increased strongly since 2000 [17][18]. It has also become much Private more attractive to walk. 96% of New Yorkers walk to a transportation facility [16][17]. • Follow the global street design guide to build new greenways [19]

• Expend bicycle lanes as planned by 2030 (plaNYC 2030) [20] bus Public 8

metro

train • Full transparency of the means of transport for the best traffic connection 23,7

Energy The city has a very high primary energy requirement and is in general using primarily Figure 7: Share of primary energy sources (2015)

non-renewable resources [21][22]. On the other hand, the CO2 emissions per capita are Oil 4% relatively low and are overall decreasing [23][24]. The remaining emissions are mainly Gas 19% 26% Coal attributable to the building’s often outdated significant energy consuming systems [21] Nuclear [25]. Furthermore, on the social side, energy poverty exists for a big percentage of low- Renewables 0% and moderate-income households [26]. Others • Increase share of renewables by installation of PV systems & OTEC • Updating significant systems: Separated DHW systems [25] & water cooling systems • Reduction of energy burden by using by-products of OTEC & compensation payments 51%

Water NYC gets water from 19 reservoirs and three controlled lakes, spread across a nearly Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2018)

2,000 km². The total water consumption of New York City is 3814 million liters per day, Surface water 5% which is 456 liters per capita per day [27]. The city has 14 waste water treatment plants, Groundwater in which 85-95% of pollutants are treated. NYC has experienced 9 periods of droughts Seawater Rainwater since 1939 and 4 major floods since 1970. The city is located at the coast. The sea level Reclaimed water near it has raised by 9 inches since 1950 [8]. Others • Reduction of water demand by 38 million liters per day in 5 years • Reduction of sewer overflows into NYC waterways by 40% by 2030 • Improvement of water reuse systems [11] 95%

Waste New Yorkers generate 12.7 million metric tons of solid waste annually. About 50% of the Figure 9: Share of waste disposal (2018) waste is going to landfills, which are the third largest source of greenhouse gas emissions Recycling Composting in the country [28][29]. But actually the city does not have any landfills. The waste has 17% Anaerobic digestion to travel long distances and the waste management is inefficient [30]. Furthermore the Sanitary landfill 33% 1% Open dump amount of recycling is far below the national average of over 30%, composting is nearly Reuse not existent [31]. Therefore the city developed the “Zero Waste Plan” [32], to Incineration Non-collected • Reduce landfills by 90% until 2030 by improving other disposal opportunities • Reduce GHG emissions by 80% until 2050, partly by diverting waste from landfills

• Reduce total amount of waste by reusage and environmental education to the public 49%

References for Overview and Texts: Follow QR-Code

Figures: 1- OCHA. 2- OCHA. 3- [-]. 4-https://opendata.cityofnewyork.us/. 5- http://www.heimatundwelt.de/kartenansicht.xtp?artId=978-3-14-100271-3&stichwort=Brooklyn&fs=1. 6- https://www.c40knowledgehub.org/s/article/Transport-Data-Explorer?language=en_US. 7- https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/sustainability/downloads/pdf/publications/NYC_GHG_Inventory_2015_FI- NAL.pdf. 8- https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/dep/downloads/pdf/water/drinking-water/drinking-water-supply-quality-report/2018-drinking-water-supply-quality-report.pdf. 9- https://www.c40knowledgehub.

Sustainable Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning Seminar Master WiSe 2019/20

Technical University of Munich Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang 5 km

Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Jayasurya Kannankatil, Hari krishna Krishnakumar,Mohamed Abdelhamid,Mohamed Elzahani,Mohand Baraya

Figure 1: Ecological footprint (2014) Country overview Figure 3: Sustainability rating

Income classification1 High Income (40880 US$/capita) Life expectancy 77.1 years[15] Urban Planning 5.47 Earths Literacy rate 95%[16] 5 Happiness ranking 21 of 156 countries[17] 4 3 Green Waste Figure 2: Disaster risks / city hazards City overview Infrastructure 2 Population 3.23 million (2019)[18] 1 Density 49.8 inhabitants/ sq.km (2016)[1] 0 Drought Flash Heatwave Violent flood wind Climate (Köppen-Geiger) Arid-Desert-Hot Arid[19]

CO2 emissions 40.5mtCO2/capita (2018)[9] Water Mobility

Vision - From a fake pearl to a real pearl in the middle of the desert. Abu Dhabi is an emerging ambitious city. The city laid out many plans which are Energy prosperous but not completely sustainable ,hence not enough to achieve the goal. Our vision is to bring efficient and effective measures to make Abu Dhabi a real pearl

Urban planning Abu Dhabi is the ever-evolving historical capital city of United Arab Emirates, where Figure 4: Population by age and gender (2018) expatriates are settled more than their citizens [1].Eventhough the city is small and can be male female 100+ 95-99 easilydesignedordeveloped,thecityisfacingcheapqualityandlowskilledcraftsmanship, 90-94 85-89 80-84 which lead to a short building life span of 15 to 30 years[2]. The construction dogma is 75-79 70-74 s)

r 65-69 going into impressing and hyping more than focusing on sustainable concepts[3]. 60-64 55-59 e (yea 50-54

• Emphasizing on Sustainability to focus more on what is needed rather than hypes. ng

a 45-49

R 40-44

e 35-39 • Design, construct and use more sustainable materials to enlarge the building life g A 30-34 25-29 20-24 span. 15-19 10-14 • Use more resilient rain water drainage system. 5-9 0-4 -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% % of Total Population Green infrastructure • Abu Dhabi is one of the most arid lands on earth and they have enormously increased Figure 5: Green and blue infrastructure (2000) their green cover through strong afforestation measures and programmes. Even through these efforts Abu Dhabi still does not meet the Universal Standard of 20% of green open space[4]. They can attain better green infrastructure through: • Flood and rainwater drainage systems for the frequent floods in the city. • Creating a green backbone to the city with vast city parks, community recreation areas, public plazas, and green boulevards. • Roof Urban Farming can be implemented on large scale by using advanced technology. • Green and historically compatible buildings with better thermal efficiency.

Mobility The City of Abu Dhabi is known for the high density of luxurious private cars, the city Figure 6: Modal split of transportation (2012) where 72% of the people rely on their own private vehicle [5].Even though the public transport is covering the whole city[6], people still use private vehicles more. The city is also facing serious lack of adequate pedestrian facilities[7] which is causes jaywalking[8]. • Overcoming social stigma of using public transport. • Diversify the public transport modes. • Provide incentives for electric vehicles. • Prevent jaywalking.

Energy Abu Dhabi is Known for its rich fossil fuel reserves, the city is almost fully dependent Figure 7: Share of primary energy sources (2016) on natural gas for its economy and consumption[9].Despite having one of the worlds largest solar project ‘‘Noor Abu Dhabi’’, the economic dependency on oil and gas is still high along with new nuclear power projects[10]. • Utilize the geothermal, hydro, and biomass energy potential. • Regulate the energy consumption in buildings. • Decrease the electricity subsidization in households. • Plan on shifting the economy away from fossil fuel.

Water The City of Abu Dhabi is regarded as a region with high water stress and scarcity due to Figure 8: Share of water supply sources (2017) the lack of natural potable water resources. The city mainly rely on desalinated seawater with a percentage of 72% for the whole Emirates[11].Despite the fact that the water is accessible to the whole public with availability of 90 days water reserve[12], the city is still facing depletion of ground water level and marine pollution. • Sensitising about drinking from tap water. • Better groundwater management. • Fossil power sources of desalination plants need to be replaced with solar power.

Waste The amount of solid waste generated in the Emirate ofAbu Dhabi is about 9.675 Figure 9: Share of waste disposal (2018) Million tons in 2018. Data shows that the daily per capita municipal waste was increased approximately 1.46kg/day in 2016 [14] to 1.76 kg /day in 2018. Despite the action plans from the city administration, we can clearly see an increase in the waste production[13]. • The main goal is to produce maximum energy from waste but through sustainable methods of energy production and also to improve waste separation. • Improve to at least 20% energy from waste. • Awareness of reducing waste consumption and therby personal ecological footprint among the public.

1 Country income classification from the World Bank Atlas, based on the Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (current US$): low-income countries < 996; lower-middle income countries 996-3.895; upper-midde income countires 3.896-12.055; high-income countries > 12.055. [1] Statistical Yearbook of Abu Dhabi 2018 - SCAD. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://scad.ae/Release Documents/SYB_2018_EN_9Sep _Chart Correction.pdf. [2] Kwong, M. (2010, March 21). Tenants victims of rise in demolitions. Retrieved from https://www.thenational.ae/uae/tenants-victims-of-rise-in-demolitions-1.518997

Figure: 1- “Open Data Platform,” Open Data Platform. [Online]. Available: http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?type=earth&cn=2. [Accessed: 22-Jan-2020]. Figure 2- Dhanhani, H.A.G. & Duncan, Angus & Chester, David. (2010). United Arab Emirates: Disaster management with regard to rapid onset natural disasters. Advanced ICTs for Disaster Management and Threat Detection: Collaborative and Distributed Frameworks. 65-79. 10.4018/978-1-61520-987-3.ch005. Figure 4-[1]Figure 5 Abdi, A. M., & Nan- dipati, A. Abu Dhabi Island: Analysis of Development and Vegetation Change Using Remote Sensing (1972–2000), 20, 43–53. Figure 6- [5] Figure 6- [9] Figure 8- [11] Figure 9- [13] Aerial image- Google Earth (2020).

Sustainable Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning Seminar Master WiSe 2019/20 Scan for further literature: Technical University of Munich Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Lang